CEU eTD Collection In partialfulfillmen RURAL-URBAN LABOR MIGRATION RURAL-URBAN LABOR Supervisor: Assistant Professor Valentina Dimitrova-Grajzl Dimitrova-Grajzl Valentina Professor Assistant Supervisor: t ofthe requirements IN AZERBAIJAN Central European Central European University Department ofPublicPolicy Budapest, Hungary Public Policy Submitted to Isa Aliyev 2008 By By

for the degree of Master of Arts in in ofArts Master degreeof the for CEU eTD Collection Abstract used to collect data and to analyze the phenomenon. the phenomenon. analyze to and data collect used to addition, statistical provide data In areas ofAzerbaijan. moveddifferent Bakufrom migrants 70rural morethan among migrinternalinfluencing of factors and the idea in-depth patternsmethodology. To get anon the employed as a is interviewing, research comparative whichhave the country, cities of ma rural-urban migrationeffectively shouldbe migrof internal determinants andconsequences in ur poverty rising unemployment and sectors, rural thetraditional of distortion labor, skilled of misallocation to the leads phenomenon in temporary urban employed sectors irrelevant the and knowledge, to their skills are most migrants and services, and public basic for migrants employment of increasing demands meet the can not capital city As the government. the challenginga problem for also is Azerbaijan of city capital the to ruralareas from directed basically is migration which urban various factors,rural- Fuelledby decades. in thelastfew suchaphenomenon experiencing manythe countries, particularly problem for a challenging becoming increasingly areas is tourban rural people of flow continuing The

d by the state bodies and independent sources are effectivelyare sources and independent bodies thestate d by ii ation in Azerbaijan, a survey was conducted conducted was a survey inAzerbaijan, ation

naged by changing its direction to other bigto other itschanging direction by naged ation in Azerbaijan, the thesis concludes that that concludes thesis the ation inAzerbaijan, advantages. Qualitative method, Qualitativeadvantages. particularly less developed countriesless which developed been have ban areas. theReviewing country-specific CEU eTD Collection research. mypolicy on conductingand skills practical acomprehensive knowledge developing in role avital played assistance valuable and comments her that mention I must effectively. valuable suggestions, stimulating ideas anden forher Dimitrova-Grajzl Valentina myProfessor supervisor,Assistant thankfultoI am very Acknowledgement iii couragements for conducting this research couragements thisresearch forconducting CEU eTD Collection Chapter 2: Rural-Urban Migration in Azerbaijan: ItsPa Azerbaijan: 2: Rural-Urban in Chapter Migration Chapter 1: Migration: Theoretical Approaches Internal ...... Introduction Acknowledgement...... Abstract Table ofContents ...... 1:Appendix INTERVIEW GUIDE Bibliography...... Conclusion...... options 4: Policy Chapter 27 migration Azerbaijan...... in of Chapter 3: internal Consequences . asso ua-ra irto nAebia ...... 17 ...... Azerbaijan in migration rural-urban of 2.3 Causes 1 ...... Azerbaijan profile in rural-urban 2.2 Changing ...... inAzerbaijan Migration 2.1 Rural-Urban 3.2 Consequences of internal migratio internal of 3.2 Consequences migration areas forrural internal of 3.1 Consequences 2.3.3 Other factors fuelling internal migration inAzerba migration internal factors fuelling Other 2.3.3 migrati causinginternal Conflict-related factors 2.3.2 18 ...... Azerbaijan migration in internal fuelling factors Economic 2.3.1 o ra ra fAebia ...... 32 ...... ofAzerbaijan n forurbanareas iv n tad fRsac...... 6 andof Strands Research...... trsad eemnns...... 14 ...... tterns and Determinants fAebia...... 27 of Azerbaijan...... ni zrajn...... 22 ...... Azerbaijan on in jn...... 23 ...... ijan ...... ii ...... 2 ...... 39 ...... 41 ...... iii ...... iii ...... 35 ...... 45 .. .14 5 CEU eTD Collection 2 Chapter Tables and List ofFigures

Figure 1: Proportion of Agriculture Products in GDP (%) ……………………………….31 GDP (%)……………………………….31 in Products of Agriculture Figure 1:Proportion 3 Chapter Table 2: Discrepancies among the regions in the number of entities, employees employees number ofentities, the theamong regionsin Discrepancies Table 2: Table 1: Average monthly nominal wages in January-December 2007……….…19 nominal 2007……….…19 monthly wages inJanuary-December Average Table 1: and incomes ……….……………………………………………………21 ……….……………………………………………………21 andincomes v CEU eTD Collection centers of the country. country. centers ofthe urban surroundingthe and the regions to area movefrom thedisputed peopleto of thousands of forced hundreds over Nagorno-Karabagh Armenia and Azerbaijan conflictbetween addition, - the city urbancenters,Baku.In tothecapital developing especially the relatively infrastructure unfavorable opportunities, income mid-ninetiesthe rural pulled population, whowe from starting in theeastern partoil industry ofAzerbaijan the of development the exact, To be ruraland areasbetween urban and to forced the population move from centers.to rural urban particularly to theeastern part of the ledwhich in income country, turn togaps significant towns, ormoved and cities major to established That is, were the industries Azerbaijan. (UNPD) (UNPD) United States AgencyforInternational Development (USAID)and the United NationsPopulation Division Introduction 1 productivity inareas. rural productivity in urban areasanddepopulation, ge poverty overpopulat migration has ledto process steady mediumrun, this sectors, the whilein of urban motivating expansion and the integration opportunitiesfor employment rural population, migrationrural-urban has helped to alle the in theshortrun, Thatis, destination. origin and theareasof for consequences negative the country has been significantly changing in the recent years. According to the data the data Accordingto the recent in changing years. hasbeen significantly country the The State Statistical Committee ofAzerbaijan (ASSC),the Caucasus Research Resource Center (CRRC), the Rural-urban migration Azerbaijan has in Rural-urban in urbanization with rapid accompanied market has been economy to Transition The state and independent organizations independent The stateand

viate poverty by creating new income and and income new creating by poverty viate 2 1 ion, congestion, unemployment, pollution and pollution unemployment, ion, congestion, have estimated that the rural-urban profile of have of therural-urban estimatedprofile that nder and age imbalances and decrease in in and decrease imbalances andage nder facilitating rural-urban economic and social social and economicfacilitating rural-urban re suffering from a lack of employment and employmentand lack of a fromre suffering and littleaccessto basic public toservices, been accompanied with both positive and and positive withboth accompanied been CEU eTD Collection paper. Azerbaijani government does not announce official figures illustrating internal migration announce internal official illustrating doesnot figures government Azerbaijani at mostpresent. city in the capital and ofthem Although the resideareas, urban only half more than theseorganizations, by provided 2 Azerbaijan will continue with a faster pace and increase significantly in the coming few years. few coming in the years. a significantly pace with and increase willcontinue faster Azerbaijan foreca (2007) the UNPD long run.Whatisworse, inthe country for the negative consequences significantly canhave traditional sectors, rural underdev the andconstruction, industry as oil mostsituation. Considering that aremigrants urbansectorsruralemployed in temporary such more ruralareasa stagnant rural leads to active population most of and youngest group migrationAt the rates andunemployment. mainly involves same time, rural-urban the which suchasoverpopul capitalproblems the city, for forthe ischaracteristics process urbanization is, irregular That inBaku. particularly country, ofthe part eastern the in concentrated has provided the (2008) ASSC the total population of reveals percent by at least country) that40 of statistical different datathe of the in sales (e.g. the country, analysis regions turnover retail development of the country. The major contribution of the research to the field is to develop develop to is field to the research ofthe contribution major The country. of the development ofreducing re important viewpoint the from migrationmanaging is rural-urban that thesis underlines the migrationin Azerbaijan, internal of consequences and determinants patterns, country-specific the Reviewing others. from same consequences leveland problem, the patterns, char areas. Inspite ofseveral fromto urban rural flow majorthe population fuelling factors the and explores Azerbaijan of The terms “rural-urbantermsThe migration” and“internalmigration” used interchangeably are thein literature this and This thesis analyzes general tendency expe tendency general analyzes thesis This

acteristics similar to gional disparities and achieving socio-economic achieving disparitiesand gional 3 ation, congestion, pollution, increasing crime increasing congestion, pollution, ation, of thetotal populationAzerbaijan of lives in case of Azerbaijan, which creates serious createsserious which case ofAzerbaijan, sts that theirregularsts that urbanization in process rienced in the changing rural-urban profile changing rural-urbanprofile inthe rienced of internal migration inAzerbaijan ofinternal differs elopment of other sectors, particularly elopment ofother sectors,particularly other less developed countries facing the the countries facing lessother developed 2 in CEU eTD Collection researchers (Lewis (1954), Todaro (1969) Todaro(1969) (Lewis (1954), researchers opposingsides. is, two some migrationThat in canbegrouped on views thethe On whole, of and disadvantages ontheadvantages research Westley (2001) Westley opportunities researchers (Michaelwhile other intermsphenomenon poverty alleviating of basic public services in areas)urban fa moreareas) rural better and higherincomes, employment of provision (e.g. opportunities, pull in conflicts services, public toaccess basic little income, lower (e.g.unemployment, push frommigration explains rural-urban both rural Lewis (2003), by (1954)andTodaro highlighted factors pureeconomic goesbeyond who an stagnant rural sectors between differentials from population of rural ofhigh movement income areastourbancenters asaconsequence migrati rural-urban explain Todaro (2003), Arthur suchasthemodels Some of theseby Lewis introduced (1954) and Michael theories, models andappr and varioustheories, angles, demographers, sociologists, economists, region migration studied by widely hasbeen Rural-urban andconsequences. patterns, determinants their greatdealdevelopment, of literature ha development. economic sustainable achieve andto country the of parts and other city capital the between inorder toreduce gaps effectively huge migration control onhowto suggest recommendations relevant policies of on based the consequences

In migration, addition to another for on reasons strandof literature exists there As rural-urbanmigration has experienced been in most countries at different stages of et al. ) view rural-urban migration both as a cause and consequence of poverty ofpoverty amigrationcause andconsequence bothas rural-urban ) view ctors fuelling rural-urban migration.ctors fuellingrural-urban through providingnewincome sourcesandjob on from urban perspective and consider the consider the from perspective and on urban s provided migration,extensive research on its et al. d developing urban developing sectors. Everett d Lee (1966), 4 Lipton (1976), Paul Harrison(1993) and John and urban perspectives. Lee (1966) determines determines (1966) perspectives. Lee urban and oaches have been introduced and developed. anddeveloped. introduced been have oaches al scientists and geographers fromal scientists andgeographers different rural-urban migration in Azerbaijan, and to to migration Azerbaijan,and in rural-urban rural-urban migration in academic circles. circles. migrationacademic in rural-urban ) consider ) consider internal migration a positive CEU eTD Collection different policy options are evaluated. optionsareevaluated. different policy mana to Azerbaijanigovernment by conducted be can that interventions and policies the chapter last Inthe and destination. oforigin areas studies and urbanareas.This both econo chapter withthe deals chapter Thethird are discussed. thedetermin In thesecondchapter evaluated. and compared discussed, are approaches different chapter Inthis migration. on literature existent Population Division Nations the United and Development for International Agency States United the Center, Resource organizations, suchas CommitteeAzerbaijan reportsa of andthe Statistical State the providedby members. Furthermore, statistics and their family migrants interviews with collected through been have methodology. Data asaresearch employed is qualitative in-depth, research phenomenon the analyze andto pursued the goals To attain analysis. anvarious in-depth most requires depends phenomena, on factorsand,like human migration the datatofollow Inaddition, accurate process. isacomplexwhich phenomenon to another. country phenomenon canbedifferent from one this of consequences the and various factors fuelled by migration is that show countries African and some Nepal China,Germany, fromCase taken studies Bolivia, in acountry.

The paper is consisted of four chapters. The first chapter provides an overview of the an overview provides chapters.Thefirstchapter four consistedof is The paper As internal migration isnot officially regist are used for data collection. collection. fordata are used The State Statistical Committee of Azerbaijan, the Caucasus Research Research theCaucasus Azerbaijan, of StateStatisticalCommittee The 5 consequences ofrural-urbanmigrationconsequences onrural nd studies conducted by some international mic ofmigrationand social consequences in ants of rural-urban migration in Azerbaijan migrationantsinAzerbaijan ofrural-urban ge internal migration are discussed and migrationand are discussed ge internal ered in Azerbaijan, it is challenging to get get to challenging is it in Azerbaijan, ered CEU eTD Collection rural-urban migration, its determinantsconsequences. and models, whichare re models. sophisticated These migration andOdedStark(1986)have studiedKatz extensively internal anddeveloped T Michael Lee (1966), Everett Lewis (1954), as Arthur such Economists migrate”549). 1974: (Derek Byerlee to motives in the decision and demographic] researcher discussed in migrationextensively been has migration, its major andimpactdeterminants agreemis nogeneral factors,theredemographic complexmigrationphenomenon rural-urban isa impact econ agreat on and ithashad history, developmentArthur W. explainsmigration economist Lewis (1954),which rural-urban in the the determin toexplore these theories migration and utilize some oninternal ofthe theories main present will Thischapter economy. migrationrural ofinternalfor consequences migr of studies thedesirability rural-urban variousfactors an influencing explores indi migration and causes ofinternal the strandofliteratureinvestigates One circles. academic 1:InternalChapter Migration:

In general, there are several strands of l of several strands are there In general, in beenexperienced migrationRural-urban has One of the earliest views on internal migrat oninternal One ofearliestthe views of Research s have recognized the overriding importance of economic s have importance recognized theoverriding ants and consequences of the phenomenon. of consequences and ants Theoretical Approa Theoretical development economics and even “most [social [social “most even and economics development ation in different contexts depending on the dependingon the indifferentcontexts ation 6 s on rural and urban areas. However, internal rural urban areas.However, s on and vidual’s decision to migrate. decisiontostrand Another vidual’s odaro (1969), Derek Byerlee (1974), Eliakim Eliakim Derek Byerlee (1974), odaro (1969), and urbansectors and as wellfor overall the omic andomic sociallife ofthesecountries. Since ent among scholars on the causes ofinternal iterature exploring rural-urban migration rural-urban in exploring iterature viewed and compared below, help to explain explain helpto compared below, and viewed fuelled by economic, social, geographic and and social, geographic economic, by fuelled ion is the two-sector model proposedby iontwo-sector isthe most countries at certain stages of their oftheir stages certain at most countries ches and Strands ches andStrands

CEU eTD Collection urban migration, some of its key assumptions do not fit the institutional and and economic institutional notfitthe do assumptions migration, ofitskey urban some sector. the‘capitalist’ by absorbed is fully sector ‘subsistence’ inthe labor surplus until continues migration rural-urban begins” (Timalsina p.23).Lewis (1954: 2007: p. areas supplements the laborshortage in urban Under sector(Bauer1956:p.633). ‘subsistence’ employment many for sector provideshigher andsurpluslaborincome opportunities from the cite 1954: sector (Lewis p.8 the ‘subsistence’ creates sector ‘capitalist’ labor shortages wh betwee differentials income increases sector 1956:p.633). (Bauer progress” income andwages “capital, per head, the proportionof income the saved and rate of technical terms of in sector industrial traditional thanurban the whichis sector, more developed modernrefers tocited p.633) Bauer the 1956: (1954: p.2 Lewis ‘capitalist’ By 117). sector, Smith pp.116- loss and any 2003: ofoutput sector traditional(Todaro without ‘subsistence’ labor’, which ‘surplus is defined as such from the model, can bewithdrawn in Lewis zerounemployment, oreven “negligible, with and underdevelopment is characterized by which sector, traditional agricultural sector. By ‘subsistence’ sector,Lewis(1954: ‘capitalist’ small a and sector ‘subsistence’ a large - sectors two into economy the divides model,p.5 citedBauer1956: p.633) Lewis (1954: Smithp.117). Inhis and 2003: (Todaro an labortransfer of process the “the more exact, Tobe growth. ofeconomic light

Although Lewis’ (1954) two-sector modeltwo-sector Although Lewis’ pr (1954) arguesthatLewis (1954:p.8citedBauer 1956:the development an industrial p.634) of d ofoutputthe growth d modern and employment inthesector” ich are gradually covered by surplus labor from surplus labor from covered by areich gradually n rural and urban areas. The expansion Theexpansion areas. of rural and n the urban 7 d d Bauer p.633).Hence the 1956: ‘capitalist’ referstothe 1956:p.633) p.2citedBauer 8 cited Bauer 1956: p.633) further 8 1956:p.633) argues cited Bauer that areas, and in this way rural-urban migration rural-urbanway this andin areas, negative marginal labor productivity”. So, marginalproductivity”. labor negative primary focus of the Lewismodel is on both these conditions,“the laborthese surplusinrural ovides the basic explanation forrural-explanation ovides the basic CEU eTD Collection attain a more permanent modernthe Herebasic assumptionmorep.139). sectorjob (Todaro 1969: attain permanent a migrants thesecond stage In 1969:p.139). modern (Todaro sector inthe urban employed not regularly those workers all encompasses which sector traditional” “urban inthe time of period acertain spends a migrant stage, first the in model, to the According process. stage migration it course ofinternalexplains and p.139) viewsurbanunemployment underemployment (1969: aand as natural case in the mostcountries asthe re in observed developing earning 1969: p.140). average (Todaro rural higherthan isfairly income urban is unlikely to migrate inhighly case the probability of finding a job is “one evenfifth”, if tomigrate decision individual’s 1969: (Todaro theprobability views of obtaining additionally, sector prevail their aver over migrate from decide to areas ifindividuals expected to urban intheurban theirincomes rural areas p.336). inurban 2003: (TodaroandSmith unemployment despite rising developing countries are highflow which experiencing of people from rural into urban areas modern model to ofthis applicability the modeland decrease oftheLewis validity the lessen assumptions shortage.These labor elimination of after the areas, urban unemployment in sector ‘capitalist’ or theflowof people fro the absorbed by sector surplus will claim that befromthe fully can hardly ‘subsistence’ labor In one 2003:p.119). (Todaro andSmith fact, countries now modern developing realities of differences in who(2003: p.337), considersmigrationargues economic that rural-urban a pure phenomenon, and Smith Todaro (1969). model, by Michael Todaro was introduced which is theTodaro The model alsodiscusses The the high andunderemployment urban unemployment Another modelwell-known explaining internal expected income are the key factor fuelling internal migration. That is, is, That migration. internal factor fuelling the key are income age earnings in the rural sector (Todaro 1969: p.139). The author, rural earnings in the age sector(Todaro1969:p.139).Theauthor, by classifying rural-urban migration as atwo- migration rural-urban classifying by 8 mrural to urban areaswill stop incaseof p.139). p.139). According to the author, an individual sult of massive rural-urban migration. Todaro massiveTodaro migration. rural-urban sult of an urban job as a key factor influencing an an influencing factor key job asa an urban migration from viewpoint aneconomic CEU eTD Collection aversion toward risk even if the risks associated with urban income earnings are initially high” high” initially are earnings income with urban associated risks if the even risk toward aversion a consistent person’s migrationwith as a which is“perfectly phenomenon, rural-urban views theirimplicationsmigration of (K decision” the possible all to with able (…) deal notmay be i.e. “people bounded, to be rationality human preferring leave,peopleauthors remainingare riskconsider the sothe averse”. Secondly, areand Stark consider that rural-urbanmigrants (1986:135) “risk-loving”, i.e. “only the risk- justifyp.135). The 1986: theirauthors positions wi Stark and (Katz area rural ofthe that than lower can be areas in urban income expected if even model KatzandStark’s postula p.134). 1986: Stark of reaping ahighrewardissufficientto trig of migration.internalexplore other and determinants authorsargue that “a chance The small ofinternalmigration. theory theaboveand (1986:pp.134-149) go KatzStark beyond theories p.24). 2007: explain model does not areas.Thus, rural the risksin facinghigher migrants migration is pp.32-33).Second, 2007: (Timalsina model Todaro in the ignored thisfactbeen job; has forapermanent instead ofwaiting areas informal the in urban in economy are rural migrants migration. many engaged urban First, of rural- aspects key of several theabsence of because circles academic in criticized also been it andunderemployment, modelhas to Lewis’ andexplains urban unemployment compared them bettergive compensation (Timalsina p.24). 2007: can that job migrants urban toareas, apermanent as expect find in urban underemployment is basedmi onthefact rural-urban labor that

Questioning Todaro’s model, Eliakim Katz and Oded Stark (1986) introduce a new (1986) introducenew Oded Stark a and Eliakim Katz Todaro’smodel, Questioning Although model (1969) migrationTodaro’s a broader rural-urban sense in describes urban areas or improving livelihood in rural areas can return to can returnto in ruralareas areasor livelihood improving urban gration continues despite high unemployment and unemployment continuesdespite and high gration atz and Stark 1986: p.135). Thirdly, themodel 9 ger rural-to-urban labor migration”and rural-to-urbanlabor (Katz ger the dynamic nature of migration natureof the dynamic (Timalsina tesindividualan candecidemigrate that to th four possiblethfour assumptions. Katz Firstly, not a static or a one-way process, i.e. one-way astatic or a not CEU eTD Collection aspects. The main aspects. observed inLee’s The point theory of aspectsvariety migration ofrural-urban su anindividual. pure rational decisionand by made joba and relatedincome-related is economists development by introduced models ofthe assumption common The system”. rural social to the relating variables economic information andnon- rural and of education the role ruralincomes, of determinants as the questions such andcritical address areurban donot oriented arguesthat“[they] rightly p.551) mostly from an economic viewpoint and from an an and from viewpoint economic from an mostly itskey determinants and possible implications, theseapproaches discussthe phenomenon thegrea others, with in comparison individual migrant’sana maximizeothers, of wealth can utility among i.e.“thegreater the status which p.140 1986: (Katzand Stark agriculturalproduction in change technological and inrural facilitate areas canbe that invested remittances tomigrate.individual an motivationssome influencing of motivationsOne the major is key and Stark 1986:p.136). (Katz portfoliothe long-run in migrants family diversifies remittances by sent back and the short-run, in risk reduces unemployedsector initially inurban is migrantwho the to thefamily by support provided The arrangement. cooperative and in risk trade intra-familial involve and migrant family i.e. decision-maker, an important isalso family memberwho migrantof a as a a view p.136) certainperi aftera and disappear employment canpermanent diminish with risks initialhigh In otherwords, p.135). 1986: Stark and (Katz

Nevertheless, the approach introduced by Everett S. Lee (1966) considers a larger alarger (1966) considers Everett Lee S. by introduced Nevertheless, the approach Though the above-mentioned theories andmodels explainmigrationand theories rural-urban the above-mentioned Though referto pp.134-149) Stark(1986: and Katz highreward”, ofreaping chance “a By ter his utility” (Katz and Stark 1986:p.141). (Katzand Stark ter hisutility” 10 ch as social,demographic and physiological od of time. Finally, Katz and Stark (1986: and Katz time. Finally, of od urban perspective. Ther urban perspective. is the consideration of possible influential is theconsideration of possible influential ). Another important motivation). Anotherimportant isasocial that rural-urban migration is basically basically migrationis thatrural-urban efore, Byerlee (1974: efore, Byerlee CEU eTD Collection migration as a cause of poverty, depopulation, underdevelopment and increasing dependency dependency increasing and depopulation, underdevelopment of poverty, migrationas acause (1993)QuillianHarrison (1999)andJohnWestley Lincoln such as Byerlee researchers, (1986)andLy and Stark KatzTodaro (1969), betw andsocialintegration delivery service and urbanareas,toalleviate rural pove between migrat Moreover,rural-urban 1969). Todaro 1954; jobmobilityopportunities provides more labor that such migration argue further rural-urban of Advocates growth. economic of forces driving Todaro (1954), (1969), Katz (1986)and (1986) Stark mi of rural-urban or disadvantages advantages p.51). (Lee1966: migrate to decision and awareness of conditionsintelligence in dest aspersonal sensitivities, such factors, and personal and restrictions, asdistance such bigcities.to In areas can pullruralpeople urban opportunitiesemployment andbetter provision of and moreincome while tourban areas, rural canpush people in rural areas experienced andincome opportunitiesasemployment well lack (Leeattract instance, of For p.50). people can orrepel 1966: which destination area oforiginand bothinthe (“push”)factors negative and positive(“pull”) many are there migrant.some ofa obstacles characteristics Theauthor andpersonal arguesthat intervening in a decision migration of views asaresult p.50) Lee(1966: words, Inother out. individual “push” an can that area the origin in existing factors

Another strand of research on migrati on research of Another strand (1974), Michael Lipton (1976), Bryan R.RobertsPaul Bryan (1989), (1976), Lipton Michael (1974), een rural and urban communities (Lewis (1954), (Lewis rural and een communities urban 11 and better income sources for the poor (Lewis income the better sourcesfor and ination are factors an influencing individual’s gration. Some researchers, such as Lewis as such researchers, Some gration. addition, some other intervening obstacles, obstacles, intervening addition,some other fluenced by both “push” and “pull” factors, and both“push” by fluenced kke E. Andersen (2002). However, other However, Andersenkke E. (2002). rty, to foster rty, effectiveefficient public and on in academicon circles investigatesthe ion is claimed to reduce income disparities ion isclaimed to income disparities reduce education, health and transport services in transport services in and health education, as lessaccess basic services to public , considermigrationis one that ofthe et al (2001), view rural-urban viewrural-urban (2001), CEU eTD Collection 1974: p. 543). p.543). 1974: prices food rising food deficits, cities, national in ascaused migration problems, highunemployment such has rural-urban serious annually, cent per about 7 averaging world, in the the highest among is urbanization the rateof where mostcountries, in orcities”. However, in African towns are gathered they when people to healthservices and schools electricity, water, piped basic serviceslike to provide cheaper much “it isso that argues migration in Bolivia, of therural-urban p.1),inastudy (2002: aecon forceand for driving alleviation poverty migr Forinstance,to country. internal country implications the that show countries similar urban areas. in and pollution congestion,rate in unemployment ruralareas,well as asoverpopulation,

social factors. Although most scholars support the fact that economic factors have more factors economic most have that the scholars Although fact social factors. support and demographic aseconomic, such offactors, avariety by fuelled be can that phenomenon p.4). doubts” consideration and atto raise some (Stark seemswholesight picture first the1967: “m i.e. more complicated, the becomes problem viewpoint, migrationof fromcommunity However,desirability itcomesp.4). to the when the which offersmigrant a higherliving standard That is, tomovement for an an active individual, urban areacan advantage, be aneconomic view point whilethis is not always the case from view point acommunity (Stark 1967: p.4). Moreover, internal migration can often be and other India, Nepal, Vietnam Germany, China, Bolivia, from Brazil, Case studies The literature briefly introduced above show introducedabove briefly The literature 12 of rural-urban migration can be can be migrationof different rural-urban from s and better income opportunities (Stark1967: and inequitable distribution of income (Byerlee (Byerlee ofincome distribution inequitable and any more economic aspectsmust be taken into ation has been considered the easiest way of way theeasiest ation hasbeenconsidered omic growth in Bolivia. E.Andersen in Lykke omic growth economically beneficial from an individual beneficial froman economically s that rural-urban migrations that is rural-urban a complex CEU eTD Collection Azerbaijan. migration ofinternal in and disadvantages advantages and the urbancommunities, and on rural implications its determinants, mostand significant specific rural-ur thesis studies the above, assumptions and and approaches distortion the Based oftraditional on distribution,sectors. poverty income problems,as unequal to serious it canlead such cases alleviation, while inother poverty and differences income interregional reduction of migration canleadtothe some In cases, internal can beadvantageous, whil mobility cases labor insome is, That countries. across can differ economy aggregate as forthe well as societies consequences either. Furthermore, the ignored migrate, decision to and anindividual’s demographic factors cannotbe social on influence

13 ban labor migration in Azerbaijan, its country- its inAzerbaijan, migration ban labor

e in other cases disadvantageous for a country. of rural-urban migration for rural and urban urban for ruraland migration of rural-urban CEU eTD Collection Rural-Urban in Migration 2.1 Azerbaijan 2:Rural-UrbanMigrationin Chapter

However, the economic growth in eastern part of the country is not the only reasonforthe is not the only of thecountry growth in eastern parteconomic the However, displacedpeople internally and refugees of number the huge for withoutaccounting urban population, the percentof 55 more than hosts the whichcomprises peninsula, Now only six percent of ofthethe country, wholeterritory after (ASSC 2008). development significantly its increased capital city rapid inthe dwellers with 46percent ofthe total urbanpopulation before the transition period, the of number of the country city thebiggest Although Bakuwas partofthecountry. eastern to the inflow upurbanization andpopulation inBaku,andspeeded especially peninsula, theon Absheron the in industrialization, oilsector, particularly development of the oil andindustry other urban sectors in recent Thatis, growing the years. migration.urban in urban growth population areas inthecomingfuelled decades will rural- by be significantly of compilers the World (WUP) expected (2007) illustrate that Urbanization Prospects the madeby 2007:Forecasts p.15-16). (ESCAP) Pacific the and Asia for Commission Social countriesin lessdeveloped fastest (LDCs) pace atthe ishappening urbanareas to peoplefrom rural of Migration urban areas. developing to of ruralpopulation majorinlarge citiesflow of and the industries concentration with the isaccompanied growth economic rapid people fromHence, tourbanareas. rural of movement The development of sectorsurban many in Azerbaijan has also been experiencing rapid rural-urban migration as the result of the ofthe result the as migration rural-urban rapid experiencing been hasalso Azerbaijan Determinants 14 has led to the concentration of most of concentration industries led tothe has of and thePacificAsia (Economic and region (IDPs) in the area (Khanlarov 2006: p.2). p.2). thearea (Khanlarov2006: in (IDPs) countries countries is fostering urbanization andthe Azerbaijan:Its Patterns and CEU eTD Collection the process in Azerbaijan is “mono-centrism inAzerbaijan the process of feature typical centers, the tothesemovementof population the and cities andtowns new migration the 2002).on (USAID other and rural-urban hand one onthe growth population natural of result till asthe percent 64 2015 urba 2008). of RegionalThe level Studies(CGIRS) and (Centerfor International Global, the of2000s beginning 57percent at to increased and the pr Azerbaijan, in urbanization fostered movement the of from ru Consequently, population migration thatmanaged was administrative through policies in the former Soviet regime. regions sectors and between tofillthe gaps traditional to finance sources established lackingenough government was newly which The of theeastern part country. to the the the inflow andregions ledto population between the gaps Absheron increased thepeninsula in most oil-rich of industries concentration and the times Soviet aflost and their financial sources the in government central the subsidizedby mostly which were sectors, traditional rural infrastructureand is,distortion the That of the of considerably. speeded1990s uptheprocess fundamentalthe economic changes a in political, eastern over the thelast partofthecountry, Azerbaijan in profile rural-urban Changing 2.2 below. the sections in more in detail explored are migration,continuing internal and it has also b

Although Azerbaijan had experienced population inflow to urban areas, particularly experienced urbanareas, particularly had population to inflow Although Azerbaijan Although urbanization in most countries has been characterized with the emergence of the of characterizedmost with emergence been has Although urbanizationin countries

15 oportion of urban population in totaloportion ofurbanpopulation population of jobthe lack opportunities change, ter regime een fuelled by een fuelledpolitical which social by factors and completely completely removed the control internal over century as thecentury ofindustrialization, the result ” (Khanlarov 2006: p.2). In other words, In other 2006:p.2). words, ” (Khanlarov nd social life of the country at the beginning at the beginning nd sociallife country the of ral areas torelatively developing cities has nization is even forecasted to increase to to toincrease forecasted iseven nization CEU eTD Collection migration has been one of the majorfactor of the migration beenone has cities urbanization, rural-urban ofpopulationfrom that of outflow to therate concludes compares the p.127), who Rumiantsevurban (2004: population. of thenumber increasing on areas either from surrounding city capital of thehous 66.7percent around illustrate that in 2007 theCRRC by conducted survey a household Findingsof 2007). (ASSC mentioned regions of theshows country that Bakuconst retail sales ofcarsand the turnover, transported number the passengers overnumber the of ofdata illustrating is, comparison Baku.approximate That in number ofpopulation dwelled pr some government, statistical data Azerbaijani ofrural-urban level the Although documents. presentedinofficial much higher themight than in city be ofpeople the number accounted, nu If the huge inBaku. only aresettled million 1.9 approximately million outof2.2 people Furthermore, 2007). (ASSC peninsula Absheron in millionsettled million approximatelyis of4.4 people out 2.2 precise, urbanpopulation more inpeninsula, inAbsheron Baku. Tobe particularly is settledonly urbanpopulation of (Kurtubadze2008). biggest urbancenterthe Caucasus in areas,but alsothe urban amonglargest population withthe of thecountry the city biggest only becomeBaku has not andmaincountry the forruralmigrantsdestination (Rumiantsev 2004:p.127). Consequently, Baku,ha which particularly peninsula, Absheron affectedoil-rich mainly and country throughout the distributed unevenly hasvery urbanization peninsula[particularly onAbsheron manifestation of its mono-centrism and process irregular urbanization has undergone “Azerbaijan

Further analysis of thestatistical shows data According to the official statistics provided by the ASSC (2007), more than 50 percent morepercent 50 than (2007), theASSC by provided statistics theofficial to According or other regions of the country. country. regionsofthe or other 16 itutes around 50 percentitutes in alltheparameters around s influencing the urban population growth, growth, population theurban influencing s eholds surveyed in Baku have moved to the moved tothe have inBaku eholds surveyed mber of refugees from Armenia and IDPs are IDPs and Armenia from refugees of mber migration is not officially announced by the the announcedby migrationis notofficially that internal migration has had a great impact great migrationa internal had has that ovided by ASSC (2007) help to calculate the the calculate helpto ASSC (2007) by ovided s become the major the s become industrialcenter ofthe in 2006:p.2). Baku]” (Khanlarov Thatis, CEU eTD Collection economy were selected for interviews. Moreth were selected interviews. economy for regionvarious fromrepresentativeness, people maintain Baku.To in migrants with rural working are individuals who by conducted most senttoSomewas of were electronically. (seerespondents Appendix) the surveys questionnaire The survey Baku. in ofmigrants asurvey I conducted migration, ruralurban of consequences possible the analyze andto migrate to decision an individual’s influence factors little informationkind andpatterns. about itsvolume, what determinants To determine of 2.3 Causes of rural-urban migration in Azerbaijan migration in Azerbaijan of rural-urban Causes 2.3 p.127). 2004: (Rumiantsev intocities inAzerbaijan rural population inflow of an enormous which proves increased, even and change not did urbanpopulation of percentage city-dwellers, the of huge outflow (Rumiantsev Turkey Despite p.127). the 2004: and in Russia particularly countries, forajob inother in search country the left intelligentsia, mainmillion were who two people, approximately Furthermore, 1999: p.77-78). (Yunusov Russians 1990-1992 leftAzerbaijanthousand during more that in Embassy than 220 shows the Russian Azerbaijan, Yunusov (1999: pp.77-78) country2004: (Rumiantsev p.127). Referring the left to dwellers, provided the information by city- mainly were mostwho emergence andArmenians, Russians and of instability, political ofthe ofthe1990s,i.e. atbeginning regime oftheformer consequence events the collapse Asa and 2004:p.127). percent 15.2percent Armenians (Rumiantsev population urban of 1959,Russians in constituted percent 24.8 urban populationwas the51.3 among Azerbaijanis of is, the percentage That to 1959. compared considerably increased end of1990s the towards amongcity-dwelling Azerbaijanis p.127) statesthat (2004: in Baku.Rumiantsev particularly

As internal migration inmonitored Azerbaijan isnotofficially andannounced, is there 17 an 70 respondents participated in the survey. survey. in the 70respondents participated an s of Azerbaijan and from different sectors of sectors of and fromAzerbaijandifferents of ly city-dwellers, primarily the members city-dwellers, of primarily ly CEU eTD Collection 2.3.1 Economic factors fuelling internal migration in Azerbaijan inAzerbaijan fuelling internalmigration Economicfactors 2.3.1 below. more detail in are reviewed which parameters and social political economic, andareunder grouped factors, andpushing pulling in light of explored are factors the all to Baku. Therefore, particularly growing time,urban rapidly sector andindustrialization cities, pullrurallaborto big public service in delivery push ruralAzerbaijan opportuni job stagnant lackof economy, rural Morespecifically, move cities. to the to people motivating ones arepositive others while coming sections. inthe mentioned parameters the themigrTherefore, factorsfuelling rural-urban migrate. to decision their influenced have factors, and social political economic, as such degr percent a of the university have respondents of and percent 25-45 ages aremales. 25 ofthemfemales 57 are while75 Around percent sector, in the eastern part of the country hasat the country of eastern part sector, inthe oil particularly industry, developing migrate.the hand, other On to themmajor for reasons sources andless pooreconomic income conditions more To be 72 precise, outof respondents 32pe lefttheirthat have interviewed they stated areprevailingfactors. the the Most country urban centersof respondents of developing areasand rural between opportunities andemployment differentialsinincome areas, urban

Some of these determinants are negative are negative determinants Some ofthese the betweenare show respondents of that percent the of 85 the survey The findings Among economicAmongan indivi factors influencing previous placeprevious of residence economic for reasons. 18 tracted rural people who havetracted ruralpeople who lost their jobs and influencing an an individual’s influencing decision tomigrate ation in Azerbaijan have been grouped beenunder grouped ation inAzerbaijanhave ople stated lack of employment opportunities, ties, scarce income sources and ineffective income ties, scarce sources and ineffective people out of rural areas, while at the same of ruralareas, while atthesame people out ee. The responses show that various factors, factors, thatvarious show Theresponses ee. factors pushing people out of rural areas, people ofruralareas, factors pushing out in their previous place of residence as the asthe residence place of in theirprevious dual’s decision to migrate dual’s from to to decision rural CEU eTD Collection Table 1: Average monthly nominal wages in January-December 2007 2007 inJanuary-December wages nominal monthly Average Table 1: sectorsofeconomy. in other tothose compared the are among in still lowest agriculture those employed nominal of wages fields. generating monthly of the andone income That is, average lowest still in stagnation capital in agriculture sector hasprevented this branch of economy from developing,and it is percent at the beginning of the 2000s (SPPRED the restoration of traditional sectoragriculture and increasedemployment more by than 10 agriculture dropped to the lowest level to lowest agriculture the dropped sect most stagnant the has become allocations, dependentonstate subsidie was highly which urbanareas. ruralto from the stagnant rural sectorbetween and developi urban sector.of the sameIn otherwords,hugeincome time, appeared gaps rapid growth at and economy rural traditional the of thecollapse of consequence natural the as considered can be Azerbaijan in experienced migration internal So, sources. income lacking were

ihn 56 89 71 1437.3 88.9 514.7 85.6 90.9 846 324.9 85.8 171.2 87.3 Mining andquarrying Fishing 214 hunting andforestry Agriculture, industries average all National for Name ofkinds activitiesName of Nevertheless, theintroduced landreform the by government hada positive on impact Since the collapse of the former regime and transition to market economy, agriculture, agriculture, market economy, to andtransition theformer regime of Sincecollapse the (29 percent)mid-nineties 2007). in(29 (ASSC Averagemonthly nominalwages (inmanat) Total 19 or of economy. Consequently, employment in employment Consequently, economy. of or ng ng urban sectorhas led to the population flow 2003: p.48). However, lack of investment and s and other kinds of central kinds of government s andother State Non-state of which of which CEU eTD Collection areas on the one hand, and growing urbansectorother.pullsto citiesonthe rural growing and people one hand, areas onthe push the ruralTo putit rural population of out lower andproductivity income differently, are actingas af inurban fuelling areas, growing whicharerapidly miningconstruction, sector, andservice suchasindustry, economy, employs which agriculture between gaps income ofthat onetenth approximately sector inconstruction inmining. and the huge wage So, of onethird approximately is sector agriculture 2007 ofAzerbaijan, Committee State The Statistical Source:

Education 143 142.4 187.8 187.8 169.8 142.4 89.9 143 92.2 839.5 214.7 activities personal service 334.2 and social Other community, 475 work Healthand social 169 Education 687.6 205.6 security social compulsory 286.2 Public administration anddefence; activities 211.8 business Realrenting and estate, 195 220 385.8 Financial intermediation communications and Transport, storage 210.7 212.1 and restaurants Hotels householdgoods personal and and motorcycles vehicles, motor 210.3 Wholesale and retail trade; repair of Construction Electricity, gas supply andwater Manufacturing The table illustrates that the average nominal wages per month in the traditional traditional monthin the per wages nominal theaverage that illustrates The table 129.7 109.5 254.3 129.7 109.5254.3 82.6 206.5 246 473.7 211.1 1063.8 424.6 248.6 216 173.6 178.9173.5 20 the national average, one fourth of the nominal fourth one average, the national actor of rural-urban migration in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan. in migration of rural-urban actor most of the labor force and other sectors of sectorsof and other force labor most the of CEU eTD Collection Table 2: and otherof thecountry. regions peninsula Absheron between partic peninsula, inAbsheron concentrated are most oftheindustries as and underemployment from unemployment are suffering Azerbaijan 2003: (SPPRED to 58and54 percent accordingly increased country the of cities and towns in small rate thepoverty Consequently, acrisis. such the prevented related sectors and industry oil more toa even led urbanpopulation cities and downofindustriesmajormigrant Closing service origin. another and sectors in towns small

rneooi ein 95 216 89.5 211.6 232.9 economic region Kelbejer-Lachin economic region 59650 Upper Karabakh region Aran economic economic region Guba-Khachmaz 573.6 region Lankaran economic economic region Sheki-Zagatala 122580 economic region Ganja-Gazakh region Absheron economic Economic regions: Baku city 318013 Republic Azerbaijan The Moreover, smalltowns andcities ofthe

incomes incomes th in theregions Discrepancies among

Number of legal and legal natural entities entities 84 91 93.7 49.1 18248 80.9 68.2 20765 76.6 69.2 17704 82.7 141.3 31904 99.4 74.1 20098 534. 72.8 3573 41.8 6 95 73.9 867 39.5 (thousand persons) 21 Average annual vulnerable situation, while the development of of the development while situation, vulnerable Absheron peninsula, particularly Baku, from Baku, particularly Absheron peninsula, employees in in employees number of of number ularly in Baku. That in turn widens gaps turn widensgaps That in inBaku. ularly economy economy 1337.5 149.0 149.0 1337.5 country outside Absheron outside Absheron peninsula are country p.23). Now, p.23).Now, small andcitiestowns of e number ofentities, employeesand nominal wages of wages nominal Average monthly monthly Average employees in in employees (manats) economy CEU eTD Collection country (IDMC 2008: p.2). About 40 percent of IDPs have been resettled only in Absheron inAbsheron been resettled only IDPshave of 40percent About p.2). (IDMC2008: country the distributed throughout evenly been havenot they and Ganja, Mingachevir Barda, Agdam, asFizuli, such ofAzerbaijan, and towns cities in different resettled been IDPshas part of reportsp.3), (2008: as of more inthe IDPs Thoughsome April country than 572,000 2008. (IDMC) the InternalDisplacement MonitoringCentre in 1994, andArmenia Azerbaijan between agreed ceasefire the after returned theirhometowns (IDPs) to people displaced (Norwegian RefugeeCouncil 2003: Azerbaijan regionstotheother Armenia, partsof Nagorno-Karabakhand thesurrounding outof people 778,000 around movement of the in resulted migration,which factor internalanother of been Conflict-related internalmigrationcausing 2.3.2 inAzerbaijan factors ofthecountry. and smalltowns cities other causemass and ofpopulation the theother city the country inflow to Bakufrom regions of capital thebetween existing gaps the regions.Therefore, muchin other as those as twice least are at wagesinBaku nominal average the average; and national the other regions the all over prevails again Baku employees, of wages nominal average the Regarding employees. total 43 the same percent approximately time islocatedonly in Baku,whichat holds of country

region economic Nakhchivan economic region Shirvan Mountainous The table illustratesthat around percent 40 2007 ofAzerbaijan, StateCommittee Source: The Statistical The conflict between Azerbaijan and Arme and conflict between Azerbaijan The 15163 60.9 104.7 104.7 60.9 15163 413. 79.6 7461 39.6 22 nia over since over Nagorno-Karabakh 1988 has nia p.22). Though some of the internally internally of the someThough p.22). of legal and natural entities over the entitiesand natural the of legal over

CEU eTD Collection That is, after the collapse of the former Soviet regime, the newly established Azerbaijani is, after thethe former establishedThat of newly Sovietregime, Azerbaijani collapse the to pushing major bigger rural people factors the among inbeen rural areassupplies water have and energy of poor delivery and health, 2.3.3 Other factors Other fuelling internalmigration inAzerbaijan2.3.3 2008: p.6). toBaku(IDMC particularly eastern country, developing of the part the to settled, were initially they where areas, migrate the from to force IDPs conditions less unskilled and accesstobasic IDPs, rate living poor high public services, of poverty mentionedi.e. above, allthesefactors So, p.6). 2003: Council Refugee (49percent) (Norwegian average than thenational significantly higher is (63percent) IDPs incidence among the poverty least, butp.6). Last not 2008: wage” (IDMC are stillto orearn were public displaced they servants strugglingadequate findjobs before an displa publicmainly before servants were who mainlythose were who engagedtraditional rural in theemployed economy, while are those IDPsare unemployed Most assistance. dependent ongovernment arehighly IDPs unemployed that p.6) shows (2008: the unemployment rate among is around IDPs 70 percent,and p.5). Moreover, referring tothe governmentin conducted among studies2003, IDMC IDPs communiti are oftendistantfromlinks and other transport regions without public depressed ineconomically resettled IDPs been have “many accessand less tobasi opportunities income fewer (IDMC2008:pp.2-3). present capital The in Baku. particularly peninsula,

Distortion of infrastructure, less access to IDPs are the most vulnerable group of Azerbaijan population, who are suffering from from aresufferingmost who IDPs arethe Azerbaijanpopulation, group of vulnerable 23 city officially city 187,000IDPs hosts around at urban centers with relatively better conditions. conditions. urban centers with better relatively ced. That is, “IDPs and “IDPs retunees who wereced. That not is, es and administrative centers” (IDMC 2008: basic public services, such as educationand lack of job opportunities particularly for c public services and fertileand land.That servicesis, c public CEU eTD Collection Kelbejer-Lachin” (Salahov 2008: p.1). 2008:p.1). (Salahov Kelbejer-Lachin” of region southwestern the in residents 10,000 per doctors about 10 at to rock-bottom and number mere falls per physicians to a residents 15 10,000 the region Lankaran, in of southern “Whilesupplies pp.1-3). (Salahov2008: Baku cont andgas water electricity, with facilities and healthcare lack ofdoctors suffering from are areas sector ofhealthcarein exists this the provision in ofthe country otherregions Baku and gapbetween doctors. The and facilities healthcare major factorpushing urbancente rural people to this processmore broadly. in Baku after finishingmakes their education it to challenging the describe picture of whole graduatesstaying ofuniversity on the number lackavailable data of Unfortunately, education. higher of their the in Bakutoworkor completion toupon live stay tend of number graduates more, a significant Whatis Admissionp.28). Commission Students ofAzerbaijan2007: (State accounted, Bakuthe number ofstudentscoming to for study every yearcanexceed 20,000 If theprivat (ASSC 2007). institutions educational cont to year every city capital the to come 2007) percent ofthestatehighereducationalinstitutio with 71 ofthecountry center major educational Bakuisthe higher As institutions. educational for thepurpos moved Baku to have respondents urban major to factorsrural pullingyouth to Baku. particularly country, migrate centersofthe to urban startedto from theseinconveniences suffering rural Consequently, in ruralpopulation particularly areas. whichwaslackingsources, c enough government,

The poor of conditions the healthcare services My findings of the interviews withmigrants rural education that suggest is ofthe one 24 of public service as well. That is, most rural is, as well.That of public service ns, thousands of school leavers (16,489 as of ofschool asof leavers (16,489 ns, thousands inue their inue their educationand higher atuniversities centers, i.e. approximately 18 percent of 18 percent of approximately centers, i.e. rs which arerelatively better providedwith ould not provide public services effectively, publicservicesould not effectively, provide es of studying in universities and other andother es inuniversities ofstudying ains 95 doctors per 10,000 residents, that doctorsthat 10,000residents, per ains 95 e higher educational institutions are also in rural areas of Azerbaijan are another are another of Azerbaijan ruralareas in CEU eTD Collection characterized with characterized i.e. the “mono-centrism”, particularly to Baku. areas out sources inrural pushpeople and energy water of delivery wellaspoor as areas, of doctorsinrural and lack facilities healthcare rural of majorconcentration higher educational institutions in capital the city, poor conditions in them.childrenmembers, with and family spouses to bringtheir as parents, such prefer migrants unemployment, and problems members housing moved. Despite haveother or placea new of to migrated married have are who all ofthoseand almost I survey administered thataround 30 percent interviewees show of the str very relationshipsare family as children and spouses their with Baku to moving are migrants most is, That well. as migration in p.1). 2005: 40 of than percent rural population noaccessimprovedhad to water (UNSD sourcesin 2004 livedwithout supply in water areasrural (USAID more (2002: in2001 p.1) of Azerbaijan and theprovisionofbasic of interms utilities.the people of is, 82percent counterparts That (2005), also(UNSD) that urbanpeople conclude (20 such asUSAID organizations, independent for several ( only hoursper guaranteed day Absh and Baku outside intheregions reliable regionsof the other suppliesth and betweenBaku

To conclude all those discussed in this chapter, urbanization in Azerbaijan is is chapter, in Azerbaijan in this urbanization discussed all those To conclude provisionof basicpublicservices, su So, poor an play role important relationships, asfamily cultural such factors, least, not Last but in the provision alsohuge are there of water Furthermore, discrepancies and energy SPPRED 2003: p.26). The studies conducted by by conducted The studies p.26). 2003: SPPRED ong The from society. in results Azerbaijan the 25 02) and the United Nations Statistics and theUnited Division Nations 02) eron peninsula, in supplywhich energy is residencejust becausethe head ofthe family concentration of most of urban sectors and concentration e country. That is, energy supplies are Thatis,energy less e country. have also been‘luc also have of centers, rural urban areastobigger ch as education and healthcare, i.e., the the i.e., andhealthcare, education as ch kier’ than their rural kier’ than CEU eTD Collection Azerbaijan. case forthe is of specific conflict, which the ethnic the in has fuelled by other process LDCs, alsobeenexperienced significantly basic publicservices beenmajorhave factor the discrepancies regionsgrowing between income, job opportunities in and provision of in Baku.Whilethe particularly eastern partofthecountry, the in onearea, population

26 s of internal migrationAzerbaijan as in s ofinternal CEU eTD Collection flow. population from the continuingrural-urban lossesderived and benefits the determine consequencesof internalmigration in Azerbaijanboth for ruraland urbanareas, and to economic development of theThis chapter country. to dedicated is therefore the explore socio- light of in evaluated migration communities should be forruraland urban both or should not. thesebe encouraged To answer the of internal questions, consequences of ruraland the inflow to centers socio-economic population development urban Azerbaijan’s of fromthe viewpoint or negatively positively migrationconsidered be internal should migration chapter inthe analyzed previous the samples country-speci and the ofcasestudies formal or informal urban sectors. To be more precise, approximately 28 percent of the 28percentofthe moreinformalapproximately or formal precise, Tobe sectors. urban illustrate mostthat migrants who were unemploye Thefindingsofin country. ofthe eastern part the the centers,developing particularly oil-rich urban offeredby opportunities income and of skilled hand. labor ontheother and loss population and itcauses the oftraditional distortion rura hand, one morepublic onthe access tobasic services opportunities forruralpopulation and income and new employment migration creates Rural-urban and negatively. positively 3:Consequenc Chapter

3.1 Consequences of internal migration for rural areas offor Azerbaijan ruralareas Consequences migration of internal 3.1 The possible consequences and assumptions briefly introduced in the first chapter in in chapter first the in introduced briefly and assumptions consequences The possible Internal migrationInternalin Azerbaijan has been One of thebenefits of migrationinternal for employment isrural new communities es of internal migration in Azerbaijan es ofinternalmigrationinAzerbaijan l sector, age and gender imbalances amongrural l genderimbalances sector,ageand 27 cause to raise such questions asthe ongoing terviews I administeredterviews I migrants with rural fic determinants and patterns of rural-urban rural-urban patterns of and fic determinants d before migrating have found migrating found jobs ineither have d before affecting rural areas affecting rural ofthecountry both CEU eTD Collection (USAID 2002) while this rate declined by 6 percent in 2007 (IFAD 2007). (IFAD 6percentin 2007 rate by 2002)whilethis (USAID declined Hence, total rural population48 percentpopulation of under constituted in level poverty 2000 during 2000and2007. inrural declinedAzerbaijan significantly that shows poverty (2007), sources, such as USAID (2002)and Internatio th in Therefore, rural areas. poverty alleviate and communities andurban rural between gaps income areas to in urbanhas helped reduce moving newemploymentopportunities to and income since the capital city. Finding working have been while they before migrating, were unemployed havethey statedrespondents that survey so far. Thehousehold part income large family ofrural remittances donotconstitute of could their income positions and low-income in are employed migrants most as However, income. offamily apart contain areas rural in left members to other family sent back is, incomecreating opportunities. That remittances new area. in the urban costs higher living facewith and even to Baku moving migrate rural to although people encouraging some couldof them get not a higher income by motivations placeofresidence.are the Such tothosein previous compared conditions members living theirfamily better offersthem and city to Bakuas the tomovecapital decided 70 percent oftherespondents Iinterviewed instance,that around stated areas. For they living thecostinur of positions and low-income not get well-paid jobs immediately aftermoving better both migrantsliving conditions membersfor migrants andtheir even though can family relatively provide migratetends tourbanareas areas. That towhich is, populationrural still more andregul access tobasicpublicservices Another benefit of rural-urban migration inmigration of rural-urban Another benefit Furthermore, rural-urban migration can lead to the diversification of family income by income diversificationmigration by to offamily the lead can rural-urban Furthermore, 28 e comparison of data provided by independent ofdatacomparison by e provided nal forFund nal Agricultural Development (IFAD) ar water and energy supplyurbanarenergy water provided by and ten meet only their basic needs in urban areas, areas, meet their only basic ten needs inurban ban areas is pretty higherban areasispretty than thatof rural to urban areas, they are in employed often to urbanareas, they Azerbaijan is better living conditions, living isbetter Azerbaijan CEU eTD Collection willing to return villages under the existing conditions in rural areas. Therefore, considering considering areas. Therefore, existing inrural conditions underthe villages toreturn willing returnplace to their previous of residence is quit migrantsto ofskilled thatthe willingness illustrate also among ruralmigrants conducted I ofthesurvey Thefindings 2007). (CRRC migrating after ofresidence place previous their migrants to return percentof 15-20 around that show data The place ofresidence. theirmigrants previous returnto illustrate rarely that in 2007 CRRC the by conducted survey toth back tocome willing hardly are areas migrants find In addition, who unemployed. in urban opportunities better jobsincome and are in info - they employed either professions to their irrelevant inpositions employed are percent) (around68 thesepeople mostof that my show of survey findings The engineers. and accountants doctors, lawyers, are teachers, are skilled orthey among employees education there higher whom have interviewed migrants ruralpopu mostactive groupof and youngest the of25-45 which constitute migrants ages are the most between that show migrants Iconducted among ofthesurvey The findings rural areas. labor in loss ofskilled to the caused Azerbaijan migration in has,onthe contrary, migrants. Internal among the rural common is not this that my show of survey findings the However, urban sector. in and knowledge skills new acquire positions inhigher employed are thosewho That is, areas. in rural capital human inhigherpositions in employed are migrants rural few thatonly myshow interviews of The findings areas. in rural labor of skilled loss areas.negative onrural impacts (CRRC2007). country of the most ruralareas in income 10percentof family only contain Center Research Resource Caucasus by conducted

One of the negative consequences of internal migration for rural communities is the for ruralthe of internalmigrationcommunities is consequences thenegativeOne of withsome accompanied also migration is internal sides, these positive Despite all rmal andlower economy positionsin or industry 29 e previous place ofre urban areas, which helps the development of helpsthedevelopment which urban areas, e low; i.e. almost none of skilled migrants is migrants is of skilled none almost i.e. low; e lation. Additionally, around 57 percent of of around57percent Additionally, lation. (CRRC) in 2007 illustrate that remittances illustrate remittances in 2007 that (CRRC) sidence. The household CEU eTD Collection labor for rural communities can be claimed pretty high. high. pretty claimed can be communities labor forrural inopportunities and employment lessincomeof skilled rural areas, thei.e. loss circumstances, arein urbanand they not sectors willing to go back to ruralareas under existing are improperly migrants, employed of they aproportion large labor constitutes that the skilled

over1995-2006. agriculture in products GDP clearly observedcan be from trend the following figure illustrateswhich the proportion of agriculture sector in has a productivity significantly declined Such overthe past years. few laborforcebecauslacks productive sector rural sector.Asagriculturemost labor-demanding the is one andthis of sectorsofeconomy females.and older children people, i.e. ofpopulation, group dependent arepeople less willing migrateto and rura that older inferred be can it finding this hard jobs. From in can work who people are young migrants mostthemy showthat of migrate. survey theare less of Moreover, findings to likely females that inferred be therefore can it and migrate, to of females the chances reduces which in labor-demandingmainly se is sectors urban in available However,the work of thesituation. a picture togive challenging is it country, the statistics on the of malepercentage and female migrants moving from rural to urban areas of official is no there migrate. major As to factors them influencing members werethe family that st stated migrants interviewed female most is, That are. males as migrate to willing so are not thatfemales show migrants female with my interviews findingsof The in rural areas. balances and age gender of distortion Another negative impact of rural-urban Another negativeimpact of Finally, internal migration has led to a serious decline of productivity in traditional in traditional productivity decline of to aserious led has migration internal Finally, udying and movement their spouses and other movementand other their spouses and udying 30 e of outflow of young and active people, people, andactive of outflow e young l population left behind in villages is more more in is villages leftbehind population l ctors such asconstruction and oil industry, migration on rural communities is the the is communities migration rural on CEU eTD Collection Figure 1

2008:p.246). (IMF country rural overallthe bothareas and for consequences leadto significantnegative can continuing a decline inruralsector such years coming the in arecession toundergo likely is highly that Azerbaijan Considering development. sustainable and attain to industry on extractive to non-oil sectorsof its dependency reduce economy extr dependenton is highly which thecountry on negativeimpact asignificantly adeclinecan have either. Such ignored migrationcan notbe ofagriculture therolein GDP, of rural-urban proportion ofthe decline roleimportantin the in increase the Although 18.8 percent. by declined The figure obviously that theillustrates The figure perc obviously Source: Azerbaijan State Statistical Committee, 2007 Committee, State Statistical Source: Azerbaijan 31 active industry and is attempting to develop develop to attempting andis industry active productivity in urban sectors has played an productivity inurbansectors an has played entage of entage agriculture productsin has GDP

CEU eTD Collection for Consequences urban ofAzerbaijan migration of internal areas 3.2

highcrime rate,poor deliveryof basic public Onthe and sectors. service such asindustry force inturn which cheaplabor with sectors both positively and negatively. On the one hand,internal migration provides developing urban contains around 60 percent of the total GDP GDP total percent ofthe 60 contains around almostallof the which located, around industries oil (ASSC Baku, 2008). are country of 62percent around capital hasattracted the city In 2008). addition, toBaku(ASSC only beendirected have investments capital percentof 70 more and than city, capital the in haveconcentrated country overthe entities all of percent 39 a service and developing companies, producing almostmost industries, all theoil the with of of country the center of economic major the conc labor force and has capital most As sectors. urban sectors, of labor flowto the development laborshortages. which were undergoing urbansectors to developing move to rural sector subsistence in surplus-labor caused Azerbaijan has migration in internal migrationof labor from the covered by urban areas. sectors, which to fully were rural So, mid-ninetie andservicesectorsin construction indust of development rapid the Hence, sectors. urbandeveloping industries of Azerbaijan, such regions. As in ruralAs areasAzerbaijan, internalmi of Another benefit of rural-urban migration for urban areas has been the contribution of of migrationhascontribution beentheAnother benefitareas ofrural-urban urban for Above rural-urban migration all, cove has other hand, it causes overpopulation, congestion, congestion, hand,it other causes overpopulation, 32 without considering other urban sectors (ASSC (ASSC urban sectors other without considering services inurbanarea creates opportunities to expand urbansectors to creates opportunities particularly constructionindustry, andservice particularly nd construction sectors. Now, approximatelyNow, nd construction sectors. s created huge laborshortages intheurban entrated in Baku, the capital city has become capital city inBaku,the entrated as oil production, construction and and serviceas oilconstruction production, ry, particularly oiland ry, oil-related sectors, gration has alsobeen affecting has gration areas urban foreign investment directed to the investment directed the overall foreign to red the huge red demand for labor force in s andinequalitiesamong CEU eTD Collection with the highest population density (889/km density population highest the with affected to cities.population by Bakuhas inflow of the city Now the become country densest internal migrati by increased both directly growth affectedurban population internalmigration 2008).So, has its to inrate from(ASSC 1.6 inincreasing 2.1 2006 2000 fertility by theurban has affected migrants rural among young Highbirth rate 2008). (ASSC among than that ruralnow migrants ofurbanpopulationas birth (2.6) is higher the rate (2.0) to it is than be farhigher islikely apopulationgrowth inBaku. Such particularly areas, urban migration has areas. Aboveall, been manifestedinternal in the population growth in rapid crime pollution,inurban high rates and unemployment as congestion, urban areas, suchfor country. ofthe center economic also but political major the only So, the2008). and investmentof labor concentration not inBakuhasmadecity capital the

hospital services, medicalhospital services, supplies and the presen ranks 215 which cities based on levels of airmanagement, pollution, water waste portability, Foundation, Gateway theDevelopment by conducted survey according tothe Therefore, pr to systems,sewage haschallenged and supply experiencedoverpopulation inthe capitalcity wi is, the That inBaku. particularly cities, in the crime rate increasing and pollution congestion. appearing settlemeand population increasing of needs basic meetthe to capacity enough lacks city capital As the urbancommunities. for inhabited mostly settlements illegal increasing The for dwellers. systems communication adequate without city the capital around slums Nevertheless, internal migration has also been accompanied by more negative impacts more by impacts negative accompanied has also migration internal been Nevertheless, Migration of rural Migration of areashaspopulation to urban also beenaccompanied with the on and natural population growth which is also significantly is alsosignificantly and growth which on natural population 2 ) (ASSC 2008). In addition, there have appeared 2008). In appeared ) (ASSC have addition, there nts around it, Baku has been experiencing high high beenexperiencing aroundit,Bakuhas nts 33 by rural migrants create congestion problems problems migrantscongestion rural create by and indirectly, i.e. urban population has i.e.urbanpopulation been and indirectly, eserve environment and to prevent diseases. prevent diseases. andto environment eserve ce of infectious disease, Baku is now atthe is now Baku of infectiousdisease, ce th insufficient infrastructure, such as water th insufficient infrastructure, aswater such CEU eTD Collection migration isfairly high despitelow rateofjo are around36percent doubled ofallsuchpeople inBaku.As in Bakuhas and of the level of pe thenumber (2008), ASSC by provided areas. statistics urban Accordingto challenge the that unemployment andunderemployment has animportant played role. cities least secure of one ofthe considered cases beenhave in over the country recordedBaku.Therefore, thecity isnow only capital and theMinistryASSCof by Internal Affair provided The data city. capital in the rates crime increasing with the accompanied been also dirtiest (Luc cities ofthe 25 world top ofthe

affecting rural and urban areas as well areasaswell affectingruraland urban affected both ruraland urbanareas positively. Ho For a movement. certain period population of of aconsequence as andlosses benefits experience areas that both show country the of tourbanareas. transfer poverty rural simply and areas in canincrease urban poverty underemployment and to unemployment or children either sectors, i.e. members migrated are family who their “p with fromfindings withruralmigrants sh interviews My and underemployment. unemployment ofurban increase the causes sectors, urban members such asspouses andchildren withmigrants, whoarenot generally employed in movement ofother Inaddition, the family and underemployment. unemployment facing Another important problem derived from rural-urban migration increasing is rural-urban from derived problem Another important In conclusion, the analyses of internal migr ofinternal analyses the In conclusion, spouses of migrants. spousesof Therefore,internalmigrationleads which as overall the country adversely.country the as overall k 2008). Furthermore, the population increase has increase Furthermore, population the has k 2008). the country, in which population inflow to Baku in toBaku populationthe inflow country, which rsons receiving compensation for unemployment receiving forunemployment rsons compensation 34 s show that around 44 percent of the criminalthatthe percents show of 44 around b creation in industrial creation b ow that around 60 percent of respondents have have that of respondents around 60percent ow time rural-urban population movement has movement time has rural-urbanpopulation assive” migrants inurban withoutemployed assive” wever, the continuing process is increasingly isincreasingly process wever, thecontinuing ation in the context of rural and urban areas areas urban ofruraland context ation inthe sector, urban areas are sector, urbanareas are CEU eTD Collection urban areas or encouraged to stay in villages. invillages. tostay or encouraged areas urban encouragedwhile in other cases rural people we India, andMalaysia migrationthat insomeIndonesia show cases, rural-urban has been Ghana, Bolivia, from China, case The studies ways. indifferent phenomenon this to treat and existing the government interventions should beevaluated. migrationshould beconsidered of internal andpositive consequences negative and long-term severalaspects of theAzerbaijan, phenomenon internalmigration. In order to develop relevant policies tomanage rural-urbanmigration in of sides andtopositive benefit from capital city to ofpopulation the the inflow down slow migration,consequences requ ofrural-urban and migration, of features asThe specific such regions. thesurrounding and the capital rural city to people of flow continuing the manage to policy a comprehensive notimplementing government is the problem,Azerbaijani the of the level of unemployment is growiincreasingly urban sectorscan not provideemployment opportunities for current andpotential migrants, existing Moreover,asthe forthe problems forcecancauselabor country. toserious skilled mismanagement of and rural sector oftraditional distortion migration leadstothe which urban thoughfor the thelong run, rural- it fortheshortrun.Furthermore, country for canbepositive andconstruction, rural-ur industry as extractive such sectors, mainly inshort-termurban employed are migrants that effectively. Considering inthe urgesthemanage government longrun, country Azerbaijani to the phenomenon options 4:Policy Chapter

Rural-urban migration in Azerbaijan, whic The consequences of internal migration in various countries have urged governments governments urged countrieshave migrationin various ofinternal consequences The its mono-centrism,its country-specific determinants 35 ban migration is unlikely to be advantageous migration tobeadvantageous ban isunlikely ng in the capital city. Despite the significance significance the Despite capital city. ng inthe should be carefully examined and short-term examinedshould becarefully and short-term ire that adequate policies be implemented to adequate to policiesbeimplemented ire that re either forbidden to migrate from to rural h can lead to serious challengesh canleadserious to the for CEU eTD Collection and agriculture potentials, can change the canchangedirec the potentials, and agriculture cities beenthe have which of national import Shamaxi, and Alibayramli Mingachevir, Guba, Lankaran, Zagatala, as Ganja, such cities, industriesmore capital Putting labor-intensive in other p.48-49). opening investments and extensively implemented policies to manage internal migrationworld (Lall manage inthe internal to policies implemented extensively to other move to migrants rural for incentives as“growth su centers”, new establishing government can effectively manage internal mi i.e. The torural to encourage migratepoor country, country. of to the centers other urban applicable in thecase ofAzerbaijan, which sugges berestricted. migrationcan hardly rural areas to developing urban centers is a na stagnant from population movement of As the rural areas. in poverty of the level increase and situation stagnant more to a people rural canlead policy restrictive awide-scale areas, urban employme conditions,i.e. huge existing the under However, run. the long in activities insuch forthoseengaged canprovidebenefits economy informal time, legalizing At thesame short-run. similarin the government the payments to canhavepositiveeconomy in termsimpacts ofta informal on restrictions capital Possible city. the in widely-spread is which economy informal in Restrictiveurban towork polici migrants areas. moveof rural numberlimited tothecapital andofferingareduced ofpeopleto city number can government Africa. Azerbaijani The South from rural areas to the capital city can be a restrictive policy, similar to that of and Indonesia

Nevertheless, there can be a “positive” policy (in 1986: line with Jones p.208) can bea“positive” Nevertheless,policy there movement population steady the to in response applied canbe that thepolicies One of ggested by Riddel (1978: p.256) and creating Riddel(1978: p.256)and by ggested 36 tural tural marketprocess in rural-urban economy, a ance because of industrial,ance their tourism huge cities of the country, which is one of the most the of isone which country, the cities of introduce a restrictive policy allowing only aonly allowing arestrictiveintroduce policy tion of rural-urban migration to cities. these nt and income disparities between ruraland es can be particularly effective in legalizing in effective legalizing es canbe particularly xes, social security contributions and other other contributions and socialsecurity xes, ts the dispersion of urbanization across the gration by influencing its direction, i.e. influencinggration by itsdirection,i.e. et al et 2006: 2006: CEU eTD Collection provided with necessary conditions (Ridell 1978: p.256). 1978: conditions (Ridell with necessary provided be equally “growth centers” Therefore, the new should (Ridell 1978: p.256). as passage-ways acting by city capital the from to areas migration rural of level the canincrease centers these city, capital the in as those same the are not urbancenters new inthese conditions ifthe is, negativeconsequences for effective management of rural-urbanmigration in Azerbaijan. That ofmigration the changing canNevertheless, direction centers and new urban have creating andknowledge. skills getjobs inurbanareas to their migrantsrelevant can potential thisway, sectors. By urban in employment information on necessary migrants with potential otherareas, recruitment urban officescan es be mismanagementmigration to In order toavoid other hand. of skilled whileencouraging labor onthe these as cities aswelltheir surroundingregions of andfosterhand, the development providene migrationcenters can Creating new

should beimplemented by local authorities as migrants withadequate by thegovernment providinginformation conducted while potential centers”is, shouldbe the ofnew“growth determination That locallevels. and national close cities as welland asenergy water supplies. the improvement can be infrastructure ofrural stepareas to havepositive develop effects rural can Another onrural development. business for rural process easing loangranting and and famerscredits with long-term special discounts Establishing inruralAzerbaijan. people business shouldprovide sectors government adeq the market can behuge for the inurbanareas.produced products Todevelop the rural stagnant developing ruralareas Additionally, employed. centers”could be new“growth absorbed by Moreover, rural areas should be equally de equally Moreover, ruralareasshouldbe Implementation and management of these policies should be addressed both in the in the both addressed be these policiesshould managementandImplementation of 37 uate financial opportunities financial uate and for farmers they have more have information their laborthey about tablished inmajormigrant origins to provide w opportunities for rural people on the one theone for ruralon opportunities people w such as roads connecting rural areas to the rural to the areas asroads connecting such credit organizations in rural areas, offering areas, organizationscredit in rural veloped so that labor that can not be cannotbe velopedlabor that sothat CEU eTD Collection ofeconomy. sectors non-oil of improvement andotherregionsthe of thecountry part eastern the between theof highdisparities regions, of thereduction can thedevelopment lead to investment and other to cities ofthecountry from Baku migration of rural-urban direction the changing Thatis, sustainable growth. and development forrural consequences and urbansocieties, it government-localand implemented of introduced framework in the officials’ coordination. rural developmentRegarding suchpoliciesforce anditspotential. programs, shouldbe

To conclude, though internal migration in Azerbaijan creates some negative some migrationnegative thoughinternal inAzerbaijan creates To conclude, providing these cities with cheap labor force and these citiesand labor forceproviding with cheap 38 can bechanged toa driving force of national CEU eTD Collection advantages of rural-urban migration. ofrural-urban The advantages poli frommovementthe to benefit areas and manage from to urban thepopulation rural to for thegovernment options possible some policy aimed topropose thethesis thecountry, for inthecities. poverty and unemployment rates, high crime congestion, service sectorsinurban areas, and construction cheap laborexpansion sectorswith toindustry, the of force and providedled urban th on intraditionalrural sector productivity of decline and has ledtothe loss labor of skilled andage imbalances force,depopulation, gender employment opportunities and accessbetter to ba migrantmajor areas.the receiving regions became thesurrounding and Baku i.e. wa Azerbaijan in urbanization However, pace. in Azerbaijan increased is rapidly and forecasted to urbanareas on theother people rural pulled betterpr andserviceconstruction sectors, and the and hand, the citiesonone to big people infrastructureagriculturesector, poor andless of factors suchaspoliti avariety fuelled by migration, rural- literature on the extensive in oil tothe particularly centers, urban developing to ruralpopulation of movement the caused the1990s Azerbaijanin in experienced sector Conclusion

Considering the determinants of internal migration in Azerbaijan and its consequences consequences its and migration inAzerbaijan of internal the determinants Considering Internalmigration has provided poorrural population with and new income traditional rural of the stagnation and sector of urbanindustry development rapid The 39 cal, economic and social factors. The stagnant stagnant The factors. and social economic cal, cy options which are based on the experiences are basedontheexperiences options which cy urban migration in the case of Azerbaijan was migrationcase ofAzerbaijan the in urban access to basic rural public services pushed s characterized with its mono-centric with its feature, characterized s while the process has caused overpopulation, -rich eastern part of the country. As discussed discussed As thecountry. eastern partof -rich ovision of basic public services in big cities cities ovisioninbigservices of basicpublic hand. Consequently, the level of urbanization urbanization of thelevel hand. Consequently, e other. Furthermore, internal migration has migration has internal e other.Furthermore, developing urbandeveloping sectors,suchasindustry, sic public the one hand, andit services on a at fast years coming the in to continue CEU eTD Collection characteristic other features. and migrants migrants,major andsex migrant number of origins,ages of the about more accuratedata Therefore, theof migrants registration in thear theprocess. follow challengingmovement to people,itis theabout of information provide not originareasdo in authorities andthe areas inthe destination not registered are migrants isthelack information aboutAzerbaijan flow ofpeopleacross the of rural thecountry. As the situationmoreanalyze in detail andtode residence. place of rural from their earnings outside to decreaseorder population of the dependency in policies development rural with relevant beaccompanied can also policy This the country. managed by changing its direction from Baku migration can that effectively facingsimilar be otherproblems countries internal of show

However, the limitations of the thesis can not be excluded. The major challenge to to challenge major The beexcluded. can not ofthethesis However, thelimitations 40 eas of origin and destination can enable to get a to get can enable andof eas destination origin and the surrounding regions to other cities of and the cities of surroundingregionstoother termine the rate of rural-urban migration rural-urbanin rate of the termine CEU eTD Collection CGIRS, 2008. CGIRS, andResearch Policy inAfrica:Theory, Migration Rural-Urban D.,1974. Byerlee, of Economic 1956.Lewis’ Growth. Theory Bauer, P.T., 2008. ASSC, 2008. ASSC, 2008. ASSC, ASSC, 2008. ASSC, 2008. ASSC, ASSC, 2007. ASSC, 2007. ASSC, 2007. ASSC, 2007. ASSC, 2007. ASSC, 2007. ASSC, 2002. L.E., Andersen, Bibliography

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и . Eurasia Insight. Insight. Eurasia

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UNPD, 2007.World UrbanizationProspects:UNPD, StatisticsDivision,2005, Nations United Division, 2008. Department Affairs/Population United Nations Economic and Social of 1996. UNDP, Moscow), 77-90Moscow), Zayonchkovskoy. J. ed.of the Countries. Migrationin Under CIS of Situation The ситуация International Organizati Armenian-Azerbaijan Conflict: Migration Aspects). Aspects). Conflict:Migration Armenian-Azerbaijan http://www.makingcitieswork.org/files/pdf/e-europe-central-asia/Azerbaijan.pdf http://www.makingcitieswork.org/files/pdf/e-europe-central-asia/Azerbaijan.pdf http://esa.un.org/unup/p2k0data.asp from: Available UN. York: Developed Countries. Developed erbaijan.pdf http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environmen UNDP. Availablefrom: Prospects:The2007Review Urbanization Azerbaijan Human Development Report Development Human Azerbaijan

Making Cities Work. в

Rural Poverty Report2001 Poverty Rural странах

СНГ The American Economic Review Economic The American Migration and Poverty Alleviation in China Alleviation Poverty Migration and on forMigration. Economic Development. ». ». Под Environment Statistics Country Snapshot Statistics Environment

44 ред The 2007 RevisionPopulation Database. The 2007 Baku: USAID. Available from: t/envpdf/Country%20Snapshots_apr2007/Az y Konflikt: Migrachionni Aspekti (The Aspekti (The Konflikt:Migrachionni y . . New York,Oxford . New University Press. Ж . NewYork: United Nations . . Baku: UNDP Зайончковской Boston: Addison Wesley Boston: Addison , 59 (1), 138-148 , 59(1), Сборник . Москва : « Миграционная , (Collection: , (Collection: . Geneva: . Geneva: . Baku: . Baku: World New New

CEU eTD Collection voluntary. is completely status. Moreover,yourparticipation employment or your residence affect any way in willnot and agencies any official with shared only for used be will thesurvey from results thatPlease note you the answers will this for The provide are completely survey confidential.

5) 4) 3) 2) 1) I.

Personal Characteristics:Personal If □ □ □ □ Status: Martial □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ attainment:Educational □ □ Sex: Age:

married (i) Other Divorced Married Single Other (pleasestate)______Doctor ofSciences Sciences of Candidate University withMaster degree degree Bachelor with University school Technical (secondary) School Secondary Middle School Primary School Female Male

What does your spousedo? What does □ □

: Employed in the informal economy economy informal the in Employed economy intheformal Employed Appendix 1:INTERVIEWGUIDE 45 research purposes by the author, will notbe author, will bythe research purposes CEU eTD Collection

8) 7) 9andproceed section. withthe next 7 through skipquestions If “No”, 6)

For each child please identify theirFor each child identify educational attainment: please have? many children doyou How children? haveany Do you (ii) □ ______not? Ifnot,why □

Did your spouse move to Baku with you? toBakuwithyou? Did yourspousemove □ □ □ □ □ □ Kindergarten orbelow: Kindergarten □ □ □ □ Primary school:

Other atIs retired withoutdependents home or care dependents taking Is athome of Is studying Is lookingforwork business Works inafamily No Yes No Yes (please state) (please ______46 1 1   st st

2 2   nd nd

3 3   rd rd

4 4   th th

5 5   th th

CEU eTD Collection

3) 2) 1) II. ______9)

Decision tomigrate: Decision Check Check move previous from to placeofresidence? reasonforyou your the What was movingBaku? ______to live Wheredid before you lived ______longhave inBaku? you How If not, why not? not? If not,why Did your children movechildren to Baku with you? Did your □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

No Yes all Lack of recreational and leisure activities activities andleisure Lack of recreational Ethnic tensions crimeHigh rate climate Unfavorable Bad quality of housing provisionlack ofpublic of publicPoor transport or transport educationPoor services services health Poor economicconditions Poor jobquality Poor Less income Fewer employment benefits opportunities Lack ofjob Secondary school:Secondary University: University: that apply. 47 1 1   st st

2 2   nd nd

3 3   rd rd

4 4   th th

5 5   th th

CEU eTD Collection

3) 4) (Please provide asmuch ______2) 1) III.

Which of the following options describes your employment status? status? employment your options describes following Which ofthe mainWhat sectorwasjobmovedactivity ofthe toBaku(i.e.your inbefore the you etc.) accountant (e.g. schoolmechanic, secondary teacher, isoccupation? What your Employment Check Check Why did you choose tomove to Baku? retail trade) trade) retail services, health (e.g.education, migrating to Baku)? worked before you place where ______□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

all Unemployed not looking for a for job notUnemployed looking a lookingjobUnemployed for Employed Other (please state) ______(please state)______Other Cannot achieve desiredlifestyle Other (please state) ______(please state)______Other Have relati desiredCan lifestyle achieve of recreational andleisureactivities Availability Cultural diversity tensions Lack ofethnic Less crime Less pollution ofhousing quality Good Better provisionofpublictransport services Better education services Better health services conditions economic Better Better employmentbenefits job quality Higher More jobopportunities that apply. ves from Baku detail aspossible) 48 CEU eTD Collection

4) 5) 7) 6) through 5 8. If “unemployed”,pleaseskipquestions (Please provide asmuch ______8)

currently working)? (e.g. education, (e.g. working)? currently What sector is your job innow(i.e. the isyour What sector If somewhat dissatisfied or very dissatisfied, why? dissatisfied, why? If somewhator very dissatisfied How satisfied with job? your areyou Baku? in status employment your describes options best following Which ofthe How well does your total income meet your everyday meetneeds forthings as income total everyday such your does your How well Check Check one option. Check only housing, food, clothing and other necessities? and othernecessities? housing, food,clothing □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ ______□

all I am deprived of employment benefits groupinsurance, (e.g. benefits employment retirement I of deprived am bad. are conditions Working I amexperiencingmigrant.aI am discriminationmy employer frombecause istoolow. Pay my preferredis not job occupation. This my experience. expertise skills, and work I am not using dissatisfied Very Somewhat dissatisfied nordissatisfied Neither satisfied Somewhat satisfied satisfied Very Other (pleasestate)______business a family in Working employing others and NOT Self employed my others in business and employing Self employed ininformal Employed economy informal Employed economy Other (pleasestate)______My current job is less secure, i.e. the chance of losing my job and being being of losing joband my My currentjobisless the chance secure,i.e. Other (please state) ______Other (pleasestate)______benefits, sick leave, vacation and social security). security). and social leave, vacation sick benefits, unemployed is very high. isvery unemployed that apply.

detail aspossible) health services, retail trade) 49 main activity of the place where you are are you where oftheplace activity main CEU eTD Collection

14) 13) ______be differences the state Please 13) (B) 12) 11) 10) 9)

Would you consider moving back to your previous place of residence? placeofresidence? previous movingyour to back consider Would you ______between the similarities (A) Please state How do you relate/compare your previous occupation with present job? job? withpresent How do you previous relate/compare occupation your Please evaluate job opportunities/job quality inBaku. quality job opportunities/job Pleaseevaluate Please evaluate job opportunities/job quality at the place where you lived before before lived where you the place at quality job opportunities/job Pleaseevaluate Prior to living and working in Baku, how well did your total income meet your meet your income total your welldid in Baku,how working and Prior toliving migrating. everyday needs for things such as housing, food, clothing and othernecessities? clothingand needs food, such ashousing, forthings everyday □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

No Yes Very different Very Somewhat different similar Somewhat Very similar No jobopportunities No badquality jobopportunities, Few jobopportunities,goodquality Few jobopportunities, bad quality Many jobopportunities, quality good Many No jobopportunities No badquality jobopportunities, Few jobopportunities,goodquality Few jobopportunities, bad quality Many jobopportunities, quality good Many More than enough money enough More than money Enough money enough Not money enough More than money Enough money enough Not 50 tween your previous and present jobs. present jobs. previous and your tween your previous job and your present job. presentjob. previousjobandyour your CEU eTD Collection

15) If “Yes”, what would motivate you to return your previous place of residence? previous motivate placeofresidence? your toreturn you If“Yes”,what would 15) Check

□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

Other (please state) ______(please state) ______Other andof leisureactivitiesProvision recreational conflicts ofethnic Decrease Reduction crime of pollution Reduction of housing ofgood Provision ofbetter services publicProvision transport services ofbetter health Provision ofbetterservices educationProvision Improvement ofeconomicconditions more benefits employment of Provision Improvement ofjobquality Creation ofmore job opportunities all that apply. that apply. 51