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From: Nonpesticide Methods for Controlling Diseases and Insect Pests ©APO 2005, ISBN: 92-833-7037-6 (02-AG-GE-SEM-06) Report of the APO Seminar on Nonpesticide Methods for Controlling Diseases and Insect Pests held in Japan, 10–17 April 2002 Edited by Dr. Peter A. C. Ooi, IPM Expert, FAO, Bangkok, Thailand Published by the Asian Productivity Organization 1-2-10 Hirakawacho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0093, Japan Tel: (81-3) 5226 3920 • Fax: (81-3) 5226 3950 E-mail: [email protected] • URL: www.apo-tokyo.org Disclaimer and Permission to Use This document is a part of the above-titled publication, and is provided in PDF format for educational use. It may be copied and reproduced for personal use only. For all other purposes, the APO's permission must first be obtained. The responsibility for opinions and factual matter as expressed in this document rests solely with its author(s), and its publication does not constitute an endorsement by the APO of any such expressed opinion, nor is it affirmation of the accuracy of information herein provided. Note: This title is available over the Internet as an APO e-book, and has not been published as a bound edition. NONPESTICIDE METHODS FOR CONTROLLING DISEASES AND INSECT PESTS 2005 Asian Productivity Organization Tokyo Report of the APO Seminar on Nonpesticide Methods for Controlling Diseases and Insect Pests held in Japan, 10-17 April 2002 (02-AG-GE-SEM-06). This report was edited by Dr. Peter A. C. Ooi, IPM Expert, FAO, Bangkok, Thailand. The opinions expressed in this publication do not reflect the official view of the Asian Productivity Organization. For reproduction of the contents in part or in full, the APO’s prior permission is required. ©Asian Productivity Organization, 2005 ISBN: 92-833-7037-6 CONTENTS Foreword Part I Summary of Findings ....................................................... 1 Part II Selected Resource Papers 1. Some Non-Pesticide Methods for Managing Crop Insect Pests – Present Status, Issues and Strategies……………………………… Peter A. C. Ooi .15 2. Non-Pesticide Methods for Sustainable Crop Disease Management in the Asia-Pacific Region: Present Status, Issues and Strategies ………………………………………………………………………… D. G. Hunter .24 3. Biological Control of Vegetable Pests with Natural Enemies…………… Eizi Yano .41 4. Non-Pesticide Methods for Managing Crop Weeds in the Asia-Pacific Region – Allelopathic Cover Crops………………………………………… Yoshiharu Fujii .48 Part III Selected Country Papers 1. Republic of China………………………………………………… Tze-chung Huang .62 2. India……………………………………………………………… K. J. Devendrappa .81 3. Indonesia…………………………………………………………… Sutarto Alimoeso .92 4. Malaysia……… Mohd Norowi Hamid, Mohd Roff Mohd Noor and Lo Nyok Piang 100 5. Mongolia………………………………………………… Davaasambuu Undarmaa 111 6. Pakistan………………………………………………………………… Abdul Khaliq 112 7. Philippines…………………… Pio A. Javier, Rizaldy G. Bayot and Flor V. Bariuan 122 8. Sri Lanka (1)……………………………………………………… Fazal Sultanbawa 138 9. Sri Lanka (2)………………………………………………………… C. Kudagamage 143 10. Thailand (1)……………………………………………………… Turnjit Satayavirut 154 11. Thailand (2)……………………………………………………… Wiwat Suasa-ard 161 12. Vietnam………………………………………… Pham Van Bien and La Pham Lan 167 Part IV Appendices 1. List of Participants, Resource Speakers, and Secretariat........................ 175 2. Program of Activities ................................................... 179 FOREWORD The effective control of pests such as weeds, insects, and diseases is critical to assuring healthy crops and enhancing agricultural productivity. Various pest control methods have been adopted. One is the use of chemical pesticides, which is still the most common method in many APO member countries because it is cheap and often very effective. The effectiveness of chemical pesticides in protecting crops, however, has masked the negative impacts associated with their use. For farmers, the most serious are the acquisition of pest resistance to the chemicals, secondary pest outbreaks, and health hazards associated with the application of chemicals. For consumers, the main problems are pesticide residues in food and environmental degradation. Because of such concerns, there is a great deal of interest in applying nonpesticide control methods. The success of nonpesticide approaches to controlling crop pests requires concerted efforts by the parties concerned, ranging from increased awareness of the method by farmers, policy shifts on plant protection, to better labeling of agricultural products for traceability and informed consumer choice. To review the present use of nonpesticide methods for controlling crop pests in member countries, discuss issues and problems in promoting their use, and formulate measures to address them, the APO organized the seminar on “Nonpesticide Methods for Controlling Diseases and Insect Pests”. This volume is a compilation of the papers and proceedings of the seminar. I hope that it will serve as a useful reference on the subject in APO member countries and elsewhere. The APO is grateful to the Government of Japan for hosting the seminar, in particular to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for providing financial and technical assistance, and to the Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture and Forestry for implementing the program. Special thanks are due to Dr. Peter A.C. Ooi for editing the present volume. Shigeo Takenaka Secretary-General Tokyo August 2005 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS INTRODUCTION The Seminar on Nonpesticide Methods for Controlling Diseases and Insect Pests which was organized by the Asian Productivity Organization (APO) and hosted by the Government of Japan was held in Tokyo from 10 to 17 April 2002. The Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture and Forestry (AICAF)* with financial and technical cooperation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) implemented the program. Sixteen participants from 12 member countries and five resources speakers from: FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok; Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Fiji; National Agricultural Research Center, Japan; and National Institute for Agro- Environmental Sciences, Japan, participated in the seminar. The objectives of the seminar were to: 1) review the present situation in using nonpesticide methods for controlling crop pests in member countries; and 2) identify issues and problems in promoting the use of such nonpesticide methods and formulate measures for addressing such issues and problems. The seminar consisted of the presentation of resource papers and country papers, workshop sessions and field visits to the Ibaraki prefecture. The topics covered by the resource papers were: 1) Some Nonpesticide Methods for Managing Crop Insect Pests – Present Status, Issues and Strategies; 2) Nonpesticide Methods for Sustainable Crop Disease Management in the Asia-Pacific Region: Present Status, Issues and Strategies; 3) Biological Control of Vegetable Pests with Natural Enemies; 4) Nonpesticide Methods for Managing Crop Weeds in the Asia-Pacific Region – Allelopathic Cover Crops; and 5) Control of Plant Virus Disease by Cross Protection in Japan. While the country papers focused on current status of using nonpesticide methods for controlling crop pests in participating member countries. In the workshop participants identified the major issues and problems in promoting the use of nonpesticide methods for managing crop pests in the APO member countries; and suggested strategies/ solutions and action plans to address such issues. The seminar highlights are presented below: RESOURCE PAPERS Some Nonpesticide Methods for Managing Crop Insect Pests – Present Status, Issues and Strategies (Dr. Peter A. C. Ooi) The use of chemical pesticides has been dominating the plant protection since1950s. This parochial approach has led to neglect in the study of alternative pest management methods and increased pest outbreaks in oil palm, rice, vegetable and even tea. However, with advances made in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Asia in the last decade, there is growing interest in nonpesticide methods. Two main types of nonpesticide methods are discussed in this paper, namely; biological control and physical and cultural practices. Case studies demonstrated that promoting indigenous and ecological knowledge encouraged development of nonpesticide methods. The first case study of the diamondback moth demonstrated the need to understand that the insect was an introduced pest. It lacked effective natural control factors. This understanding encouraged the importation of effective biological control agents. Following establishment of parasitoids in the cooler highlands, the impact of the parasitoids can only be realized by crucifer farmers if they stop using chemical insecticides. This realization necessitates a non-formal education approach promoted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. This approach is better known as the IPM Farmer Field School (FFS). * It was reconstituted to the Japan Association for International Collaboration of Agriculture and Forestry (JAICAF) in 2004. - 1 - In the second case study, rice farmers discovered that arthropod predators feed on rice insect pests. This knowledge helped farmers conserve these friends of farmers by avoiding use of chemical insecticides in their crop. Even for other types of biological control farmer education helps optimize the impact of these natural enemies. The third case of using nonpesticide methods for managing crop insect pests was reported
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