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Inferring Relationships Between Indigenous Baja California Sur and Seri/Comcáac Populations Through Cultural Traits Author(S): SHANE J

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Inferring Relationships Between Indigenous Baja California Sur and Seri/Comcáac Populations Through Cultural Traits Author(S): SHANE J Inferring Relationships Between Indigenous Baja California Sur and Seri/Comcáac Populations Through Cultural Traits Author(s): SHANE J. MACFARLAN and CELESTE N. HENRICKSON Source: Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, Vol. 30, No. 1 (2010), pp. 51- 67 Published by: Malki Museum, Inc. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/23215635 Accessed: 11-01-2019 05:39 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms Malki Museum, Inc. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology This content downloaded from 142.103.160.110 on Fri, 11 Jan 2019 05:39:20 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology [ Vol. 30, No. 1 (2010) | pp. 51-67 Inferring Relationships Between Indigenous Baja California Sur and Seri/Comcáac Populations Through Cultural Traits SHANE J. MACFARLAN Washington State University, Department of AnthropologyVMMC 202,14204 NE Salmon Creek Ave.,Vancouver,WA 98686 [email protected] CELESTE Ν. HENRICKSON University of California, Berkeley, Department of Anthropology, 2251 College Building, Berkeley, CA 94720-9637 [email protected] Cultural relationships between historic Baja California Sur indigenous groups are poorly understood, despite the presence of historical accounts of these peoples. Relationships between groups largely have been reconstructed through linguistic attributes recorded by Jesuit missionaries. Non-linguistic cultural traits derived from historical accounts also can be used to determine relationships between groups. We use content analysis to systematically organize cultural trait information from historical explorer accounts, Jesuit missionary documents, and academic research pertaining to three Lower California groups: the Pericú, Guaycura, and southern Cochimi, as well as the Seri/Comcáac Indians of the Gulf of California and Sonora. Reliability analyses reveal considerable cultural homogeneity between the southern Cochimi and Guaycura, and cultural dissimilarity between all other groupings. Hierarchical cluster analysis reveals the Guaycura and southern Cochimi comprise a distant, but natural grouping with the Seri/Comcáac, while the Pericú are isolated. Several hypotheses are presented to explain these patterns. In general, simplicity and crudity of workmanship increases from north to south, attaining in Southern and Lower California the greatest degree of primitiveness, a condition which was undoubtedly due to the area being marginal to its ancestral hearth and farthest removed for many centuries from the points of ingress of foreign influence [Rogers 1945:168]. If we are too quick to assume marginality from a reading of privileged documentary sources, or an emotional response to places which to us seem remote.. .we are in danger of destroying the history and lives of the people we purport to study [Horning 2007:374], peninsular geography constrains emigration and the THE is deeplyCONCEPT rooted OF in PENINSULARthe study of Baja ISOLATION consequentCalifornia flow of peoples into and within the region. prehistory. The cultural geography of the Baja Indeed, California the geographic ruggedness of Baja California, peninsula is often described using terms whichlike "cul-de hampers access to many areas today, has facilitated sac" (Massey 1966), "population trap" (Tuohy its characterization 1978), as culturally marginal both in the or "refuge" (Gonzalez-José et al. 2003). These past phrasesand within modern research frameworks of North imply a cultural core rooted near the northern America base (e.g., Aschmann 1967; Dalton 2005; Gonzalez of the peninsula and an increasingly marginalized José et al. or2003; Massey 1966; Rogers 1945). Much of the isolated periphery moving toward the southern discussion tip. about marginality is reinforced by geographic This imagery can influence our interpretations patterns of involving the the distribution of cultural traits in the past (Horning 2007) and lead to simplified south concepts of the peninsula—for example, the retention of of peninsular history, including the manner atlatls in (Laylanderwhich 2007), distinctive cave burials (Massey 51 This content downloaded from 142.103.160.110 on Fri, 11 Jan 2019 05:39:20 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology | Vol. 30, No. 1 (2010) 1955), and a notable absence of indigenous pottery Several factors contribute to this situation, including (1) (Massey 1966). Imagery of Baja California Sur (hereafter the absence of widespread, well-dated archaeological referred to as BCS) cultural isolation also is exacerbated sites; (2) disagreements between ethnohistorical accounts by missionary accounts that expressed feelings of isolation, regarding the number of linguistic groups present and fear, and the remoteness of living so far from mainland their associated territories (e.g., del Barco 1981; Massey Mexico and Europe (e.g., Baegert 1952). A superficial 1949); and (3) ethnohistorical accounts that confound reading of these accounts could allow one to conflate linguistic with group affiliation (Massey 1949). Also, like missionary experiences of isolation with the historical many regions in North America, it is difficult to correlate cultural relationships between indigenous groups. The prehistoric sites with historic indigenous populations. extent to which a region or people are marginal or These problems have been compounded by the effects isolated is an academic matter that requires empirical of disease vectors (Aschmann 1967; Cook 1937), forced testing through inferential statistics. As a peninsula of missionary relocation programs (Jackson 1983,1984), culturally heterogeneous groups, an important first step and the possibility of historical demographic shifts and towards positioning Baja California within a wider North the geographic displacement of indigenous populations American prehistory is to understand the relationships due to indigenous agency (Mathes 1975) — although it between the BCS groups themselves and with their should be noted that the latter factor has been called neighbors. into question (cf. Laylander 1997:16). A final variable Missionary accounts and archaeological data suggest confounding the interpretation of relationships between that considerable cultural heterogeneity existed between historic BCS indigenous populations involves the immediate groups within BCS (Laylander 2000). question of whether one examines linguistic or material From north to south, the groups discussed here are the culture attributes. southern Cochimi, Guaycura, and Pericú (Fig. l).To date, Missionary letters and reports are the most archaeological excavations and historic accounts indicate productive source of information for illuminating these groups were small-scale, mobile foragers who cultural relationships between Baja Californian groups existed within diverse ecosystems that traversed extreme (Aschmann 1986). These historical documents provide gradients from coast to coast (Ashmann 1967; Hugo and demographic, linguistic, and cultural trait information Exequiel 2007; Hyland 1997; Ritter 2006). At the time of pertaining to specific indigenous groups. Of these, contact, Pericú territory included the peninsula's southern linguistic attributes are overwhelmingly preferred cape, as well as the four islands of Espíritu Santo, La for reconstructing prehistoric relationships; however, Partida, San José, and Cerralvo. Directly to the north of multiple interpretations exist as to the appropriate the tropical cape were the Guaycura, who inhabited the clustering of historic groups. Massey (1949, 1966) southern Sierra de la Giganta and the Magdalena coastal proposed the presence of two language families (Yuman plain. To the north of the Guaycura were the linguistically and Guaicurian) subdivided into four linguistic groups diverse Cochimian groups. Additionally, the Seri are (the Peninsular Group or Cochimi, Guaicura, Huchiti, included here, a group located beyond the peninsula and Pericú). Gursky (1966) and Swadesh (1967) suggested on the west coast of mainland Mexico, who currently that Guaycura was best placed within the Hokan refer to themselves as the Comcáac (Bowen 2000). Oral language stock, while Fernandez de Miranda (1967) and histories (Bowen 1976,2000) and archaeological research Campbell (1997) disagreed. Kroeber (1931) considered (Bowen 1976; Foster 1984) suggest the Seri/Comcáac had Cochimi to be related to Yuman, but did not afford it cultural contacts during the historic period with peoples full membership status, while Troike (1976) and Mixco from the Baja California peninsula. (1978, 2006) suggested that Cochimi and Yuman were Relative to other regions in North America, genetically related but should be considered two distinct sociocultural interactions among historic, indigenous families. Mixco (2006) has stated that the Guaycuran and groups in BCS are not well understood, despite the Cochimian languages are probably unrelated. Regardless existence of a variety of ethnohistorical
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