Populační Změny V Prehistorické Evropě a Jejich Antropologický Kontext

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Populační Změny V Prehistorické Evropě a Jejich Antropologický Kontext Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav archeologie a muzeologie Bc. Pavel Grasgruber Populační změny v prehistorické Evropě a jejich antropologický kontext Magisterská práce Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Peter Tóth, PhD. Konzultant: doc. RNDr. Miroslav Králík, Ph.D. Brno 2019 Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji tímto, že jsem diplomovou práci na téma „Populační změny v prehistorické Evropě a jejich antropologický kontext“ zpracoval sám, pouze s využitím pramenů, zdrojů a literatury v práci uvedených. V Brně dne 25. listopadu 2019 Pavel Grasgruber Poděkování Touto formou bych chtěl poděkovat Mgr. Peteru Tóthovi, PhD. a doc. RNDr. Miroslavu Králíkovi, Ph.D. za připomínky, konzultace a v neposlední řadě i za trpělivost při tvorbě této časově náročné práce, během níž bylo nutno dospět k oboustranně uspokojivému kompromisu. Poděkování patří i dalším, kteří přispěli neocenitelnou pomocí při shromažďování dat nebo konzultacemi při řešení problémů, které práci sprovázely. [1] [2] ANOTACE Název práce: Populační změny v prehistorické Evropě a jejich antropologický kontext [Population turnovers in prehistoric Europe and their anthropological context] Autor: Bc. Pavel Grasgruber Katedra / Ústav: Masarykova univerzita, Filozofická fakulta, Ústav archeologie a muzeologie Vedoucí magisterské práce: Mgr. Peter Tóth, PhD. Abstrakt: Tato práce je přehledem kraniální morfologie prehistorických populací v Evropě od počátku mladšího paleolitu až po přelom letopočtu. Celkem 173 prehistorických vzorků je rozděleno do šesti časových období a srovnáno za pomoci 11 kraniometrických měr a 11 indexů. Výsledky jsou také dány do kontextu 23 recentních populací Evropy, severní Afriky a Asie. Toto srovnání ukazuje signifikantní časové trendy v tvaru lebky – zúžení tvaru nosu, zkracování délky lebky a z toho vyplývající brachykefalizace, relativní zužování bizygomatické šířky obličeje, nárůstu výšky očnic a jejich relativního zužování, relativní prodlužování horního obličeje, a částečně též trend k týlnímu zploštění lebky, poklesu nadušní výšky mozkovny a zmenšování absolutní bizygomatické šířky obličeje. K zásadním změnám kraniální morfologie došlo zejména v průběhu posledního glaciálního maxima (~22,000 cal. BP), při přechodu z mezolitu k neolitu (6. tis. cal. BC), na konci eneolitu (3. tis. cal. BC) a v průběhu doby železné (1. tis. cal. BC). V post-mezolitickém období byla hlavním zdrojem kraniální variability vzájemná interakce mezi neolitickými skupinami anatolského původu a východoevropskými autochtony, jež si do značné míry podrželi mezolitickou morfologii. Pozoruhodný je zejména vznik čtyř velmi odlišných antropologických typů v období 3000- 1000 cal. BC (morfologie anatolských zemědělců, východoevropských stepních kultur, kultury se šňůrovou keramikou a kultury zvoncovitých pohárů). Novodobé silné tendence středoevropských populací k brachykefalizaci lze vystopovat až ke kraniální morfologii kultury zvoncovitých pohárů ve druhé polovině 3. tis. cal. BC a lze proto opravněně předpokládat jejich geneticky podmíněné kořeny. Klíčová slova:kraniální morfologie, prehistorická Evropa, paleogenetika, paleoantropologie, archeologie Abstract: This work is an overview of the cranial morphology of prehistoric European populations since the early Upper Paleolithic up to the turn of our era. A total of 173 prehistoric samples are divided into six time periods and compared using 11 craniometric measurements and 11 indices. The results are also put into the context of 23 recent populations of Europe, North Africa and Asia. This comparison shows significant time trends in the shape of the skull - a narrowing of the nose, a shortening of skull length and resulting brachycephalization, a relative narrowing of bizygomatic width, an increase in orbital height and a relative narrowing of the orbits, a relative elongation of the upper face, and partly even a trend towards occipital flattening, and a decrease of auricular height and absolute bizygomatic width. Major changes in cranial morphology occurred mainly during the Last Glacial Maximum (~22,000 cal. BP), during the transition from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic (6th millenium cal. BC), at the end of the Eneolithic (3rd millenium cal. BC), and during the Iron Age (1st millenium cal. BC). In the post-Mesolithic period, the main source of cranial variability was the interaction between Neolithic groups of Anatolian origin and East European autochthons, who largely retained their original Mesolithic morphology. Of particular note is the emergence of four distinct anthropological types during the period 3000-1000 cal. BC (the morphology of Anatolian agriculturalists, East European steppe cultures, the Corded Ware culture, and the Bell Beaker culture). The recent strong tendencies of Central European populations towards brachycephalization can be traced back to the cranial morphology of the Bell Beaker culture in the second half of the 3rd milleniumcal. BC, and, therefore,it can be justifiably assumed that they have genetically conditioned roots. Keywords: cranial morphology, prehistoric Europe, paleogenetics, paleoanthropology, archaeology [3] [4] OBSAH 1.ÚVOD.................................................................................................................................... 7 2. ÚVOD DO KRANIOMETRIE................................................................................................ 9 2.1 Kraniometrické body a míry...................................................................................... 9 2.2 Faktory ovlivňující kraniometrická měření.............................................................. 13 2.3 Standardizovaná klasifikace lebek........................................................................... 16 2.4 Historický vývoj antropologické typologie.............................................................. 16 2.5 Dědičnost a plasticita kraniální morfologie............................................................. 21 3. POPULAČNÍ VÝVOJ V EVROPĚ: ARCHEOLOGIE, ANTROPOLOGIE A GENETIKA.... 27 3.1 Mladší Paleolit............................................................................................................ 27 3.1.1 Mladší paleolit: Archeologie............................................................................. 27 3.1.2 Mladší paleolit: Antropologie............................................................................ 33 3.1.3 Mladší paleolit: Genetika.................................................................................. 39 3.2 Mezolit......................................................................................................................... 49 3.2.1 Mezolit: Archeologie......................................................................................... 49 3.2.2 Mezolit: Antropologie........................................................................................ 52 3.2.3 Mezolit: Genetika.............................................................................................. 56 3.3 Období 6000-4000 cal. BC........................................................................................ 60 3.3.1 Období 6000-4000 cal. BC: Archeologie.......................................................... 60 3.3.2 Období 6000-4000 cal. BC: Antropologie......................................................... 66 3.3.3 Období 6000-4000 cal. BC: Genetika............................................................... 67 3.4 Období 4000-2000 cal. BC......................................................................................... 70 3.3.1 Období 4000-2000 cal. BC: Archeologie.......................................................... 70 3.3.2 Období 4000-2000 cal. BC: Antropologie......................................................... 78 3.3.3 Období 4000-2000 cal. BC: Genetika............................................................... 81 3.5 Období 2000 cal. BC – 0............................................................................................. 88 3.3.1 Období 2000 cal. BC - 0: Archeologie.............................................................. 88 3.3.2 Období 2000 cal. BC - 0: Antropologie............................................................. 96 3.3.3 Období 2000 cal. BC - 0: Genetika................................................................... 100 3.6 Shrnutí dosavadních poznatků................................................................................. 105 4. CÍLE PRÁCE A METODY.................................................................................................... 107 4.1 Cíle práce.................................................................................................................... 107 4.2 Sběr a selekce vzorků................................................................................................ 108 4.3 Kritika pramenů a obecně limitující faktory............................................................. 112 4.4 Použité statistické metody........................................................................................ 114 4.4.1 Analýza hlavních komponent............................................................................ 114 4.4.2 Biologické vzdálenosti...................................................................................... 115 4.4.3 Shluková analýza.............................................................................................. 115 4.4.4 T-test................................................................................................................. 116 4.4.5 Imputace (dopočet)
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