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Los Antiguos Eslavos: Orígenes Y Migraciones Michel Kazanski

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Los Antiguos Eslavos: Orígenes Y Migraciones Michel Kazanski Los antiguos eslavos: Orígenes y migraciones Michel Kazanski To cite this version: Michel Kazanski. Los antiguos eslavos: Orígenes y migraciones. Editorial Eas„ 2021, 978-84-122509- 6-1. hal-03321841 HAL Id: hal-03321841 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03321841 Submitted on 18 Aug 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Título: Los antiguos eslavos: Orígenes y migraciones Título Original: Les Slaves: Les origines Ier - VIIe siècle après J. – C. Autor: Michel Kazanski Estudio Introductorio: Jesús Sebastián-Lorente Correcciones: Jesús Sebastián-Lorente Traducción: Jesús Sebastián-Lorente Maquetación: Manuel Quesada Diseño: SNS Designs © Michel Kazanski © Editions Errance © Jesús Sebastián-Lorente por la traducción y el estudio introductorio © Por la presente edición, editorial Eas © Manuel Quesada Campos, por editorial Eas 1ª Edición, Editorial Eas, marzo de 2021 www.editorialeas.com [email protected] Apartado de Correos 26 Guardamar del Segura 03140 (Alicante) I.S.B.N.: 978-84-122509-6-1 Colabora: Elinactual.com Impreso en Europa por los talleres gráficos Versus Imagen de portada: Monumento a St. Alexander Nevsky, Príncipe de Rusia. (Kaliniingrado, Rusia) Escultura de Andrey Sledkov, instalado en Abril de 2018. Ninguna parte de esta publicación, incluido el diseño de la cubierta, puede ser reproducida, almacenada, transmitida o utilizada en manera alguna por ningún medio, ya sea eléctrico, químico, mecánico, óptico, de grabación o electrográfico, sin el previo consentimiento por escrito del editor. ÍNDICE Estudio Introductorio: Los eslavos antes de los eslavos, por Jesús Sebastián-Lorente 9 - Los orígenes de los eslavos 11 - Un pueblo tardío de la familia etnolingüística indoeuropea 15 - La expansión de los eslavos 18 - El espacio original de los protoeslavos 21 - Antropología y genética de los eslavos 26 Introducción: Los eslavos, de los orígenes a los primeros principados 35 - Un territorio inmenso, un rol histórico considerable 35 - La cuestión de los orígenes: testimonios escritos… 36 - … y vestigios arqueológicos 37 - La dominación goda 38 - El giro de las invasiones húnicas: la “liberación” de los eslavos 39 - Fuentes escritas y cuestiones de etimología 41 - Las guerras balcánicas: hacia una civilización eslava 42 - Los primeros principados eslavos 43 - Objetivo: seguirlos rastros arqueológicos de los eslavos 47 Capítulo I: Los primeros eslavos (siglo I – IV) 49 - ¿Dónde estaban los eslavos en la época romana? 49 - ¿Venethi o Stavanoi? 51 - La catástrofe del siglo I 55 - Los vénetos de Tácito y la realidad arqueológica 58 - Llegan los godos 65 - Los vénetos de Jordanes 70 - ¿Tras las huellas de los stavanoi? 84 - En los bosques del norte y en la estepa boscosa del este 87 - Los vénedos en el mapa de Peutinger 92 Capítulo II: El nacimiento del mundo eslavo (siglo V) 99 - Las relaciones entre los eslavos y los godos en los siglos III – V 99 - La caída de los godos y los hunos salvadores 111 - Los eslavos siguen solos 117 - La época de los problemas con los bárbaros del norte 124 Capítulo III: Las grandes migraciones eslavas (siglos VI - VII) 133 - Los eslavos en las fronteras del Imperio 134 - Ataque al Imperio 141 - Los ávaros y los eslavos 143 - La batalla de los Balcanes: del Danubio a Constantinopla 149 - El lejano oeste eslavo 154 Capítulo IV: Arqueología del mundo eslavo (siglos VI - VII) 161 - La civilización de Praga 161 - La civilización de Penkovka 176 - La civilización de Kolotchin 195 - La civilización de Touchemlya 201 - La civilización de los Largos Kurganes 205 Conclusión: Hacia la formación de los pueblos eslavos medievales (siglo VIII) 213 Glosario 221 Bibliografía 231 Los antiguos eslavos: Orígenes y migraciones ESTUDIO INTRODUCTORIO NUESTROS ANCESTROS, LOS ESLAVOS Jesús Sebastián-Lorente Los eslavos son el principal grupo lingüístico de Europa, ocu- pando prácticamente la mitad del viejo continente. Sin embargo, su historia es muy reciente. Y, pese a todo, la creación de la parte eslava de Europa resulta muy difícil de reconstruir. En la época del Imperio romano, la Europa no sometida a los destinos impe- riales estaba dominada en su zona oriental hasta la altura del Vístula, es decir, mucho más al este de la frontera occidental del territorio posteriormente dominado por los eslavos a orillas del Elba, por los pueblos germánicos. En los Balcanes, que formaban parte del imperio, habitaban diversos pueblos y etnias que ha- blaban, junto a algunos dialectos autóctonos indoeuropeos, latín y griego. Más al norte, en los territorios de la actual Rusia euro- pea, se encontraban los pueblos bálticos, no eslavos, aunque, en algún momento de su prehistoria, parece que conformaron un conjunto lingüístico baltoeslavo antes de su separación definiti- va. En las zonas más septentrionales nos encontramos, en aque- lla época, a las poblaciones finesas, no indoeuropeas. Más allá, hacia el sureste, estaban los escitas, poblaciones nómadas de ori- gen y lengua indoiranios. Entonces, ¿de dónde surgieron los eslavos?, ¿quiénes eran?, ¿de dónde venían?, ¿cuáles fueron sus migraciones?, ¿formaban una entidad étnica, lingüística y cultural bien definida?, ¿es legíti- ~ 11 ~ Michel Kazanski mo hablar de ellos como si formaran un conjunto, una especie de bloque frente a otros pueblos latinos o germánicos?, ¿qué dife- rencias separan a estos grupos más allá de una posible unidad original?, ¿se trata de tradiciones o de costumbres específicas, de instituciones diferentes, de religiones opuestas, de lenguas leja- nas?, ¿cómo evolucionaron en relación a la Europa occidental y a la civilización oriental? Y, en fin, ¿qué aportaron en los dominios espirituales, culturales e incluso políticos? Los eslavos cubren hoy Eurasia y una parte considerable de Europa: esto quiere decir que conocerlos significa percibir más ampliamente los orí- genes de nuestra civilización y de su desarrollo. El pasado de los eslavos, sus orientaciones, sus problemas, determinan también nuestro futuro. Mapa de las lenguas eslavas en la actualidad. (Fuente: Los indoeuropeos y los orígenes de Europa, de Francisco Villar) ~ 12 ~ Los antiguos eslavos: Orígenes y migraciones Los orígenes de los eslavos Se ha escrito mucho sobre los eslavos, tanto por razones cien- tíficas como políticas y nacionalistas, retorciendo hechos y des- cubrimientos, pero, en realidad, sabemos pocas cosas sobre ellos. Salvo que estos “bárbaros” indoeuropeos llegaron del noreste, tardíamente, hacia el V o el VI siglo de nuestra era, a partir del Dniéper, cerca de Kiev. Y que conquistaron la mitad de Europa. Según una teoría que no ha sido contestada en los últi- mos cincuenta años, la cuna original de los eslavos se encontra- ría en el territorio de la actual Polonia, sur de Bielorrusia y norte de Ucrania, en una región aproximadamente situada en la con- fluencia del Dniéper y el Pripet. Los ancestros de los eslavos, cer- canos a los baltos en el plano etnolingüístico, son conocidos desde finales del primer milenio antes de nuestra era, pero los autores antiguos realmente no comienzan a mencionarlos explí- citamente más que a partir del siglo V de nuestra era. En cual- quier caso, los orígenes de los eslavos pueden datarse aproxima- damente en 3500 años antes de nuestra era, en la parte norte de la cultura eurasiática Yamna y su expansión a través del centro y el noreste de Europa por la vía de su fusión con la cultura de la Cerámica Cordada., cuyos linajes predominantes se extendieron por las actuales Polonia, Bielorrusia, Ucrania y la Rusia europea constituyendo el núcleo de la original cultura “protobaltoeslava”. Hasta hace poco, se identificaba a los primeros eslavos con la “cultura lusaciana” (al sureste de Berlín) y en particular, del sitio de Biskupin (al oeste del Vístula, en Polonia). Pero Biskupin no era eslavo, teoría hoy mayoritariamente compartida por los investigadores. La idea de un carácter protoeslavo de Biskupin se remonta a los años 30, cuando el gran profesor Jozef Kos- trzewski replicaba al arqueólogo alemán Gustav Kossinna, del que, curiosamente, era su discípulo y partidario de su método, si bien llegando a conclusiones diametralmente opuestas. Según Kossina, las tierras polacas constituían, de hecho, una herencia germánica, estaban pobladas por germanos. El descubrimiento, ~ 13 ~ Michel Kazanski en 1933, de Biskupin, una ciudad creada por la cultura lusaciana, de gran antigüedad, fue pan bendito para Kostrzewski, que así pudo formular su teoría sobre el “neoautoctonismo de los esla- vos”. Una ciudad construida en la época de la Grecia antigua, bien organizada, fomentaba la imaginación respecto a un gran pasado eslavo. A la izquierda, distribución de los hidrónimos iranios en Europa oriental. Los nombres de los principales ríos derivan del iranio danu- (río): Dniéper, Dniéster, Don, Donets. A la derecha, el complejo Praga-Penkova-Kolochina. (Fuente: In search of the Indo-Europeans, by J.P. Mallory) Según el profesor Godlowski, que no fue el primero en poner en duda las teorías de Kostrzewski, los orígenes de los eslavos no podían estar ligados a la cultura de Cherniajov (valle del Bug meridional y alto valle del Dniéster), que formaba parte de una civilización predominantemente goda, derivada de los migrantes de la cultura de Wielbark, pero de carácter multiétnico (segura- mente federaba a germanos, eslavos, sármatas y otros pueblos iranios, etc.), como insinuaban algunos eslavófilos autoctonistas, sino más al norte de esta cultura. Los primeros vestigios de esta Tcherniakhov, Chernyakhov, Cherniajov, Cernjachov… los historiadores y los arqueólogos utilizan varias denominaciones, según opten por respetar la etimología eslava original o la adaptación a sus propias lenguas. Nosotros hemos optado por utilizar la denominación de cultura de Cherniajov.
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