1960 1960 in in Against Against As As 1957

~ AL~I ~ O R N IA I~ 1 g Ys X ~, and Publichv~► Works .~~~~ ~~ ~x~. .. .. spw. ~ .~ ~r ;~ ~~ w~ ~ ~. v ~s~ ~ ~ ~.

r # s ~v~ ~~ r 'EV ".. ~ "~7' ~ e"i ~~ ~ ~ ~`

~R } +~:~ - ,' ~ ~ ~. r... ~nr ~ ^ . ry'~ ~ ~r

links links completed." two two

"The "The

engineer. engineer.

loop loop formed formed the the by by Golden Golden State State

and and Santa Santa Monica Monica freeways freeways is is construction, construction, now now entirely entirely under under with

completion completion with with

the the

of of freeway freeway the the loop loop bypassing bypassing the the four -level -level interchange," interchange," McDonald, McDonald, points points auto auto John John out out club

approximately approximately

"In "In months months 18 18 to to 2 2 years years motorists motorists can can look look forward forward to to even even travel travel better better more more still still relief relief and and time

33 33 1960 1960 in in against against as as 1957. m.p.h. m.p.h. in in

Another Another route route 19 19 utilizing utilizing miles miles

the the on on Harbor Harbor Freeway Freeway and and Figueroa Figueroa average average Street Street permitted permitted speed speed an an of of 42 42 m.p.h.

pares pares with with average average an an speed speed of of only only 22 22 m.p.h. m.p.h. over over a a comparable comparable route route 1957. in in

route route One One

27 27 utilizing utilizing the the miles miles of of Ventura Ventura and and Hollywood Hollywood freeways freeways permitted permitted average average 33 33 speed speed of of This This an an m.p.h. m.p.h. com-

Most Most striking striking gains gains speeds speeds

average average in in were were recorded recorded in in areas areas served served by by Harbor Harbor Ventura, Ventura, and and the the Long Long Beach Beach freeways.

stantially stantially same same routes routes the the 19 19 during during 7. June June i i

Overall Overall average average

found found speed speed was was to to 26 26 be be miles miles per per hour hour 24 24 as as against against m.p.h. m.p.h. when when similar similar test test a a made made was was over over sub-

ing ing evening evening and and peak peak hours.

17 17 #reeways #reeways

and and routes routes from from various various over over suburban suburban areas areas to to Angeles. Angeles. downtown downtown Test Test Los Los runs runs were were made made during during morn-

five The The -day -day study, study, conducted conducted

by by the the auto auto club's club's engineering engineering department department June, June, covered covered in in surface surface miles miles 342 342 of of streets

to to drive drive around around than than now now it it three three was was years years ago, ago, thanks thanks largely largely addition addition 47.5 47.5 of of to to miles miles the the freeway freeway the the of of to to system.

Although Although there there has has

been been an an percent percent 11 11 increase increase in in the the number number vehicles vehicles of of 1957, 1957, the the in in since since area area somewhat somewhat is is it it easier

Automobile Automobile a a area, area, recent recent Club Club of of Southern Southern California California travel travel time time reveals. study study

Freeways Freeways shortening shortening are are travel travel

times times despite despite steadily steadily increasing increasing vehicle vehicle registration registration the the in in Los Los Angeles Angeles Metropolitan

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NEW NEW FREEWAYS FREEWAYS SHORTEN SHORTEN PEAK -HOUR -HOUR TIME TRA\/EL TRA\/EL Cal~fornla H1g h wa Y s and Public Works Official Journal of the Division of Highways, Department of Public Works, State of California

Vol. 39 September-October Nos. 9-10

CONTENTS pp9e Hazelview Summit - 2 By L. R. Redden, Design Engineer Grapevine Grade - 5 By Norman L. Lambeth, Resident Engineer, and John C. Putzer, Senior Right-of-way Agent Reorganization ------9 Twenty-five-year Awards -_-_--__--_-_------_-_--_-- - 11 Utility Movin9 ------13 By J. R. Cropper and D. S. Shepard, Resident Engineers CountyPlan ------V By A. S. Koch, Road Commissioner, Orange County SCR 62 Report 21 Directions for the Traveler __ 23 By George M. Webb, Traffic Engineer, and R. J. Israel, Assistant Traffic Engineer F.A.S. Expressway ------34 By James B. Enochs, Director of Public Works, Santa Clara County CableRelocation ------36 By Warren B. James, Associate Bridge Engineer, and A. H. Munger, Highway Engineering Associate State Chamber Makes Highway Recommendations______40 FRONT COVER—A downhill view of fhe new eight- Deflectometer ------__--__--_-_ __----__--__ 41 lane freeway through historic Grapevine Canyon on ------By F. N. Hveem, Materials and Research Engineer US 99 south of Bakersfield. The black streak down fhe center of the northbound lanes is fhe result of a TreatedSubgrade ------45 divider strip used during the final stages of construc- By James L. Needham, Senior Resident Engineer tion when all traffic was plated on these lanes for Westside Freeway ______49 a five-month period. In the center Grapevine Creek By George Langsner, Assistant State Highway Engineer, and M. E. Cornelius, can be seen entering a section of the 9,000-foot-long Assistant Project Engineer concrete conduit constructed to offset excessive roadway Survey Controls ______57 excavation costs. On the right is a section of the old By Allan Whitlock, Assistant Highway Engineer four-lane highway which is now serving as a utility 'Tempus Fugit' Corner 60 bench, in which several large oil and gas lines were located. It is also used as a cattle trail and service Thomas Caldecott Honored in Tunnel Renaming 60 road for the oil companies. (Story on page 5) Folsom Park ------61 Photo by Jack Meyerpeter By E. L. Miller, Assistant District Engineer DogwoodRoad — ------— ------64 BACK COVER—Looking northward over Folsom Lake By D. E. Pierson, Road Commissioner, Imperial County State Park's Mormon Island unit situated on the south MobileLab ------66 shore of the main lake. Earlier this year the Division By F. H. Kreft, Highway Engineering Associate of Highways supervised construction of the entrance Talking About 68 road, kiosk, parking area and +he launching ramp for Highways ---- — -- -- — — ------the Division of Beaches and Parks. The remainder of Schoellkopf Named Assistant Comptroller______69 the wooded point is equipped wi+h picnic facilities. Retirements The vicinity retains the name of an island in the Retirements Announced ______22 American River now submerged. At the bottom is Green Valley Road (Federal Aid Secondary Route 7096) which F. H. Young ------69 leads Left to the dam, one mile; City of Folsom, three E. F. Wagner ___--_--_--- 70 miles; right to Placerville, 20 miles. (Story on page 61) John Webb _ _ 71 Photo by M. R. Nickerson Obituaries Richard H. Wilson ------— 63 ~~. In Memoriam -_- _-- -_-- --_ _------_- - -_- 71 y :'~ O ~; Leo S. FahY ------— ------71 William Bolstad __ ------_--- --_- _--_--- -_------71

LESTER S. KORITZ, Editor STEWART MITCHELL, Associate Editor JOHN C. ROBINSON, Associate Editor HELEN HALSTED, Assistant Editor WILLIAM R. CHANEY, Chief Photographer Editors are invited fo use information contained herein and fo request prints of any black and white photographs. Address communications to: EDITOR, CALIFORNIA HIGHWAYS AND PUBLIC WORKS P. O. Box 1499 SACRAMENTO 7, CALIFORNIA a~ ~ ~(~~\ q / f ~ ~ ~~ Groundbreaking Marks V u Start of US 199 Job

By L. R. REDDEN, Design Engineer Si~1vALrN~ the start /~\ D ~ of a combined road ~~;}S1YJU AlAY1JN~S F7its'c.Y~~~~~ and tunnel proj- 3 ti ect, ground was /~ \ \ 55 broken, on July 8 ~ ~ ~ mix near Hazelview ~~

Summit in Del \ 51A ii1NEFcc ~JA7JOAlAL y~ ~i~ Norte County, for \ F!7j.'7 a 4.3-mile unit of the Redwood Highway. Many state and local dig- a,a~aES~~ /~ ~ ~ nitaries from three states—Nevada, Oregon and California—took part in ~~ ~/ \ the ceremony. The actual "ground r~ ~ breaking" was performed atop the mountain through which the tunnel will pass. PROPOSED STATE To California's State Senator Ran- 11GHWAY RELOCATION dolph Collier went the honor of turn- 3.2 MI. NO.OF IDLEWILD ing the first shovelful of symbolic TO 1.1 dirt, assisted by Assemblyman Frank Mi. SO.OF OREGON LINE I-DN Belotti. The blade of the ceremonial -1-E WO-60

Some 500 people attended the groundbreaking ceremony which was preceded by an old-fashioned barbecue. The tunnel passes through fhe ridge about 450 feet directly below where the ceremony was held.

2 California Highways and Public Works the existing State highway in the foreground crosses the ridge at fhe right The approach to the tunnel will lie on fhe precipitous easfern slope above center and descends to the south by way of the numerous hairpin turns that Grin Creek. The existing State highway reaches the summit through are partly visible. The North Portal of the tunnel has been superimposed numerous hairpin turns or switchbacks located on the west canyon wall of on the photo. the creek. Above and to the left of the superimposed South Portal, }he cuff bank at Hazelview Summit is visible on the present road.

shovel used by the Senator was made Cavemen Participate evident that the "accuracy" of the of chrome and nickel from Del Norte The Oregon Cavemen enlivened survey was somewhat less than 20th County, myrtlewood from Oregon the celebration with a demonstration century requirements. Nevertheless, and silver from Nevada. The sym- of how surveys were done in prehis- the cavemen were able, after much bolic dirt, a portion from each of the toric times. The "transit" was a hol- gesturing and unintelligible hollering, three states, was contained in an old lowed marrowbone supported on a to finally locate where the ceremonial Wells-Fargo express box that had forked stick; the "chain" was a series box of dirt should be placed—in front made the trip between Crescent City of marrowbones strung on a thong; of the speaker's stand. and Grants Pass by stage coach over and the level rod vas a large piece of The project is located on US 199 the pioneer roads of the 1870's. bark with a hole in it. It should be between 35.3 and 42.4 miles northeast

In this view of the existing road, taken in the late 1920's, four legs of the switchbacks are visible (ane leg barely visible in the Cower right just left of the penned-in title). Note the line of wheelbarrows immediately ahead of the parked car apparently engaged en a ditch Meaning operation.

September-October 1960 3 of Crescent City; the north end is just 1.1 miles south of the Oregon state line. Grants Pass, Oregon, on US 199, is 43 miles north of the state line. The new facility will replace a highly inadequate section of highway, 7.1 miles long, characterized by narrow road, sharp curves (some 80- and 200-foot radius or less), switchbacks, difficult snow removal, and continuously steep grade. The south approach of the old road to the summit rises 950 feet in 4.1 miles. The entire project is to be constructed in three separate contracts. The initial work, placed under contract during July, consists of grading the northerly 1.4-mile approach to the tunnel. The tunnel will be advertised for bids during the fall. It is hoped, subject to available financing, that grading of the south 2.5-mile approach, together with base and surfacing for the entire project, can be advertised early in 1961. The facility is being designed as an initial two-lane road, with an additional lane for slow-moving traffic on The north approaeh to fhe tunnel will be on the far side of fhe canyon near fhe botfom just above the steep upgrades. Additional graded logging road. The present road is visible on the hillside near fhe right center of fhe photo. the view is noetheasfward. width of roadbed is being provided to serve as a ravel catcher for all cut slopes 60 feet or more high. Designed curvature is based on a 60-m.p.h. speed; and with the tunnel some 340 feet lower than the present road summit, the length of steep grade is reduced by some 2 %Z miles. The new facility will be 2.8 miles shorter than the present route of travel. Has Warning System The tunnel, 1,835 feet long, is to be 26 feet wide between curbs, with two-foot safety sidewalk or refuge areas on either side. It will be both lighted and ventilated, with telltale ventilation-warning installations. Right-of-way for the approaches is being acquired for an ultimate four- lane facility and an additional tunnel. The entire project is estimated to cost 7.4 millions, including about 3.9 millions for the tunnel. The initial contract, for the north approach, is held by Gibbons and Reed, who bid $446,400 for the 1.4-mile unit. The new road will ascend from Broken Keftle Creek (foreground) up fhe side canyon and enter fhe It is expected that the entire project funnel approximately 150 feet above the creek bed and about 900 feet fo the south. The fill across the completed by the fall of 1962. creek valley will be about 110 feet high. will be q, California Highways and Public Works Historic Route Made ra ev ~ ne ra e Eight-lane Freeway

By NORMAN L. LAMBETH, Resident Engineer, and JOHN C. PUTZER, Senior Right-of-way Agent

WrTxouT cere- at the top of Grapevine Grade, near Of major concern was the fact that visTxicT mony, the most ex- old Fort Tejon. This inspection area there was no divider strip, and it was VI Pensive and com- was manned 12 hours a day by the decided to narrow the lane widths plex project in the California Highway Patrol, between slightly and paint two double stripes history of District 1 p.m. and 1 a.m., the period of maxi- about four feet apart. Maintenance VI was opened to mum truck volume through the can- Superintendent William C. Bastian, trafric on June 28, yon. Each truck was inspected for who is in charge of the district's spe- 1960. This project adequate brakes and other safety re- cial crews, which includes traffic strip- converted the old quirements. ing, made a suggestion that a half- four-lane highway, with its concrete parabolic divider, to an ultramodern eight-lane divided freeway, winding up through narrow Grapevine Canyon, on US 99, between Bakersfield and Los Angeles. The construction of the project was handled by the Guy F. Atkinson Company and was greatly complicated due to the fact that it was necessary, for atwo-year period, to maintain passage for 9,700 passenger cars and 4,050 trucks on an average day. Construction was accomplished by doing the work in three major stages, so that it would be possible for four lanes of traffic to be available to the traveling public at all times. The problem was worked out by constructing all possible uphill lanes on the westerly side of the canyon and tying them into the existing pavement so that all traffic was traveling on the westerly portion of the canyon. It was then possible to construct all of the northbound, or downhill lanes to completion. When the northbound lanes were completed, traffic was shifted to the easterly side of the canyon and the reconstruction of the remaining sections of the old highway was made possible to complete the project. Precautions Taken Before traffic was permitted to use the completed northbound lanes, every precaution was taken to make passage as safe as possible. One of the greatest hazards, for years, had been the problem of runaway trucks. To minimize this hazard, a temporary truck inspection Looking north through the canyon toward the San Joaquin valley. Portions of the Grapevine Creek con- area was constructed duit are visible between the Inner.

September-October 1960 5 inch blanket of plant mix surfacing be laid over the concrete in the divided portion, and that the two double lines be placed upon this. Upon completion of the project the plant mix surfacing could be easily scraped off thus eliminating the costly time-consuming job of sandblasting the paint off the concrete. It also provided a contrast- ing surface between the white concrete lanes and more effectively de- lineated the division. After removal, the plant mix did leave a streak down the center of the northbound lanes, but this is not noticeable to motorists using this section of the highway. This stripe will probably wear off in a couple of years.

Several 'Firsts' There were several construction features. that were used for the first time in the district. Approximately 9,000 feet of blocked-out metal beam barrier railing was installed on both sides of the northbound roadway, where a tremendous fill, 107 feet high A temporary bridge was constructed over the highway for earth hauling purposes. Part of fhe old para- and containing one and a half million bolic concrete divider can still be seen to the left of the road on the lower right part of fhe photo. cubic yards of material, carries traffic to the valley floor. About 5,100 feet of cable chain link barrier fence was installed in the median strip in the upper end of the canyon where the roadways closely parallel each other. Both of these barriers resulted from extensive tests conducted by the Divi- sion of Highways Materials and Re- search Department. These crash tests were covered in a previous issue of this magazine. The continuous 6 percent upgrade and almost continuous curves with su- perelevations between 4 percent and 8 percent created conditions far from ideal for concrete paving operations. The grade limited the speed of the batch trucks to 20 miles per hour and required batch truck operators to ease gently into the skip to avoid capsizing at full elevation of the bed.

New Machines Used The first two units were paved in 24-foot widths using two Worthing- ton dual drum mixers using street headers and a 24-foot finishing machines. On the final four-mile unit the contractor used, for the first time on the West Coast, athree-drum mixer. Looking north from the canyon toward the Grapevine Undercrossings. Aportion of the old twisting 1914 road is visible on both sides of the northbound lanes of the new freeway. It obtained a production rate up to

6 California Highways and Public Works Looking north from the south end of the project toward Fort Tejon Over- Looking sou+h info the canyon from the north end of the project. The new crossing with Old Fort Tejon in left middleground of the picture. Wheeler Ridge truck scales and inspection area can be seen at fhe right. Grapevine Interchange is at the foot of the grade in the background.

The FortTejon Overcrossing under construction. The view is southward.

Septe►irber- October 1960 7

California California Highways Highways 8 8 and and Public Public Works

area area District a a studded sites; sites; ground ground picnic picnic in in 277,000 277,000 on on project project acres acres compleeed compleeed both both sides sides of of first first the the the

Tejon Tejon Ranch Ranch Company, Company, ble ble is owns owns small small land; land; It It agricultural agricultural $7,430,000. $7,430,000. residential some was was cost cost construction construction

The The largest largest property property the owner, owner, land; land; grain grain the the level level irriga- fairly fairly total foothill foothill and and length length in in miles miles 6.6 6.6 is is

meadows; grazing grazing

lush lush

project level level land; land; The' The' 1960. 1960. 22, 22, July July on on cepted cepted Types Types Land Land Vary

marginal marginal grazing Rocky Rocky ac- hillside; hillside; was was contract contract the the and and 195 195

13, 13, S, S,

ter ter and and grazing. summer summer

May work work

contractor contractor

on on began began

The The lowing:

higher higher and and lower lower for for win- elevations elevations

the the are are

among among types types these these fol- cluded cluded

second. per per yards yards cubic cubic six six

travel travel and and back back forth forth between between the

In-

-way. -way. -of right

proposed proposed the the of of area area

of load load

debris debris

allowance allowance

a a for for an an

v~ith v~ith of of the the Tejon Tejon Ranch Ranch Company Company which

the

within within use use of of

types types land land different different

second per per cubic cubic 3,000 3,000 for for feet feet the the carrying carrying 15,000 15,000 some some to to 20,000 20,000 cattle

reveals reveals

many

however, however,

ground, ground,

the the

panies panies a a and and as as also also of cattle cattle capable capable road culvert, culvert, trail trail is is and and box box crete crete

on inspection inspection closer closer A A

cattle. cattle. grazing grazing

highway highway access access the the for for com- utility utility con- reinforced reinforced

-foot -foot 8 by by

-foot -foot 10

of of

a a

only only suitable suitable terrain terrain

for convoluted convoluted

this this urility urility further further bench bench off- as as serves serves

consisted conduit conduit The The required. required. tion tion

and mountainous mountainous

indicates indicates possibly possibly ect ect

pipeline pipeline surface surface The The

companies. companies. of

excava- roadway roadway of of amount amount the the mize mize

proj-

overall overall the the of of photo photo aerial aerial An An

facilitate facilitate

the by by

operations operations trenching trenching

mini- to to constructed constructed were were flume flume crete crete

than than more more and and routine. lenging lenging

S S to

material material filled filled

select select

of of feet feet

with with

con- of of feet feet 2,000 2,000 and and conduit conduit

closed closed made made lands lands work work appraisal appraisal the the chal-

27.5 27.5 was was

width width in in

feet feet

back-

mately mately

of feet feet linear linear 9,000 9,000 About About enormous. enormous. the the and and -way -way -of right surrounding

bench bench

This This

approxi- roadway. roadway. of of

the the within within areas areas been for for have have uses uses proposed would would roadway roadway land land the the for for

the

to to

bench bench

adjacent adjacent

constructed constructed was was

costs of 10 10 excavation excavation variety variety the the but but owners, owners, only only the the channel channel open open an an

be be

not not utility a a would would necessary, necessary,

follow of to to total total a a affected affected acquisition acquisition left left The The been been had had it it If If canyon. canyon.

costs ing ing maintenance maintenance

and and

facilities facilities

narrow this this

Grapevine Grapevine in in Creek Creek carry carry

Challenge that that a a pump-

Appraisal Appraisal additional additional so so

had had

viously viously

to necessary necessary also also was was it it roadways, roadways,

pre- they they

relarive relarive

same same

the the

elevation elevation

required. were were -way -way -of the for for area area providing providing to to right addition addition In In

pipelines pipelines

on the the keep keep to to order order In In

the of of outside outside of of utilities utilities

public public

tion tion

Reduced Needs Needs ExeavaTion ExeavaTion distances. short short of of lines lines telephone telephone

the the reloca- for for easements easements

replacement replacement

lines lines aerial also also and and power power overhead overhead

certain highway, highway, effect. the the for for -way -way -of right

scoring scoring a a with with surface surface the the

of miles miles four four approximately approximately long; long; feet feet

the addition addition In In chips chips 860 860 of of to to imum imum over the the feet. feet. pulled pulled drag drag burlap burlap

The The

11,000 line, line, oil oil -inch -inch 16 long; long; feet feet one one

a a to to feet feet max- from from float. 330 330 the the of of from from minimum minimum a a

were were

broadcast broadcast hand hand

8,500 line, line, oil oil -inch -inch 10 one one long; long; feet feet

ranged chips project project the the The The drag. drag. widths widths throughout throughout burlap burlap the the of of

ahead ahead

7,000 line, line, gas gas 26 one one -inch -inch long; long;

-way right slopes, slopes, terrain terrain -of ways, ways, just surface surface and and fresh fresh the the on on spread spread

were were

feet 7,500 7,500 line, line, gas gas -inch -inch 26 one one long; long;

traveled of of minus) widths widths of of Because Because quired. quired. %8" %8" ( chips chips small small

pavement, pavement,

feet 8,300 8,300 Two Two lines, lines, oil oil -inch -inch eight

re- was was road road the the in in fee fee of section section e~sting e~sting uphill uphill -mile -mile four lying lying this this on on

the the following: the the plus plus under- acres acres lanes truck truck area, area, the the new new of of surface surface 350 350 for for roughened roughened

were

relocation relocation

the the in in Involved Involved 000. 000. a Approximately provide provide construction. construction. the the than than to to experiment experiment an an as as tion, tion,

$1,300,-

approximately approximately is is processed, processed, complicated less less no no was was project project construc- of of stage stage the the this this final final During During

being still still are are payments payments final final which which

for -way -way -of rights of of Acquisition Acquisition

type.

for relocations, relocations, utility utility of of

The The cost cost

tem. drum dual dual the the yards yards cubic cubic 135 135 for for to to

costs utility utility Sys- Highway Highway Interstate Interstate the the on on VI VI compared as as hour hour per per yards yards cubic cubic 200 200

towers. steel steel high high between between

sagging lines lines power power and and transmission transmission

GRADE GRAPEVINE GRAPEVINE WIDTHS WIDTHS ON ON PAVEMENT PAVEMENT OF OF

EVOLUTION EVOLUTION

lines telephone telephone overhead overhead canyon canyon were were

the the the of of old old length length through through highway highway 1960

the crisscrossing crisscrossing addition, addition, canyon. canyon. In In

the

at at locarions locarions to to Lebec Lebec along along

various various

3' 3' 8' 8' 24' 24' 24' 24' - -

10' 10'

2f 2f

3' 10; 10; 24' 24'

- -

24' 24'

8' 8' 3' 3'

top the the vital, vital, from from commodity commodity scarce scarce

1949

this private private transporting transporting line line water water

a is is Los Los Also Also area. area. i included included is is i i 25~ 25~ j j Angeles Angeles 25~ 25~ i i r r ~~ ~~

the to to fields fields Valley Valley Joaquin Joaquin San San of of

1942

oil gas gas and and the the from from oil oil transporting transporting

~ 10' 10' 25' 25' 25' 25' 7' 7' pipelines cation cation many many of of underground underground

to to lo- —the —the ticeable ticeable observer casual casual the the

1934

ing ing use use no- plants, plants,

very very not not one one and and

a' za za .o' .o' a' a'

line line highway highway three three travelers; travelers; pump- oil oil

1932

the

of of ments ments needs needs the the to to catering catering

a' .o' .o' .o' .o' a' a'

improve- containing containing of of types types many many

1922

~~ sites 3,000 3,000 three three people; people; commercial commercial

of crowds crowds picnic picnic handle handle to to facilities facilities

and large large parking parking

with with

company, company, oil oil 75' 75' 3' Z5 Z5 3' 3'

a leased leased and and trees trees by by oak oak large large with with existing highway through Grapevine Canyon. Appro~umately 98 percent of the right-of-way involved this owner. Every type of land use involved in the acquisition was included in this ownership. It was necessary to evaluate all the types of land involved as well as to determine the effect of the full freeway on the cattle operation. Three cattlepasses were established beneath the traffic lanes which connected to the aforementioned cattle trails, enabling the ranch to utilize its land on both sides of the highway. Due to the short interval between planning this project and the construction advertising date there was insufficient time to appraise and nego- tiate for the right-of-way prior to the scheduled commencement of construction. Consequently, it was necessary to secure a right of entry from the Tejon Ranch Company before the appraisal of the property was even begun. Negotiations Carried Out Negotiations were carried out on the basis of phis right of entry for appro~umately two years. Because of various lessees' interests which required legal determination condemnation action was instituted. It is anticipated that negotiations will be concluded shortly for the entire project. The right-of-way requires the acquisition and/or bypassing of commercial .improvements which have served the traveling public along the old highway. Now that construction of the new freeway is complete, it is probable that more and better facilities will be constructed on the frontage roads at the two interchanges, one opposite Fort Tejon and one close to the foot of Grapevine Grade. Installa- tion of these new, modern functional The view southward from the top of }he grade with the Fort Tejon Interchange at the center of the commercial improvements are already p~~t~~e. planned by the owners of the adjoining property. In addition to the eight- lane divided full freeway enabling the Division Engineer Receives traveling public to traverse between 700-Dollar Award The State San Joaquin Valley and the Los An- Merit Award Board has ways drafting offices and which re- authorized an additional award of geles area faster, safer, and more com- sulted in substantial savings to the di- $700 to James T. McWilliam, Assist- fortably, the services offered for vision. their ant Highway Engineer with the Di- welfare The new projector makes it and needs will be provided at vision of Highways Planning Survey possible more suitable locations and reached in Sacramento. McWilliam played the to change map scales in a s}~orter time with greater ease and safety and fewer major role in designing a drafting pro- and with a greater degree of accuracy traffic conflicts. jector which is now in use in all high- than equipment used previously.

September-October 1960 q

10 10

California California Highways Highways and and Public Public Works

way way Engineer — Engineering, Engineering,

GEORGE GEORGE LANGSNER

assigned

District District III III (Marysville), (Marysville), and and was was pro-

J. J. P. P. Murphy, Murphy,

Deputy Deputy State State High-

transferred transferred in in same same the the capacity capacity to

State State

High~~ay High~~ay

Engineer

—

Planning.

Engineer Engineer in in 1950. 1950. 1956 1956 In In he he was

erations erations

to to the the

position position

Deputy of of

office office engineer engineer and and became became District

sistant sistant

State State

Highway Highway

Engineer —Op-

to to District District II II 1943 1943 (Redding) (Redding) in in as

J. J. W. W. Trask, Trask, promoted promoted

from from As-

administrative administrative assignments. assignments. He He moved

1960:

1, 1,

most most of of his his early early career, career, then then and and on

signments signments

became became effective effective

September

bridge bridge and and tunnel tunnel construction construction

for

The The

following following promotions promotions and and

as-

junior junior bridge bridge engineer. engineer. He He worked worked

ble ble the the

size size of of 1955 1955 the the

program.

Highways Highways since since 1928, 1928,

starting starting as as

highway highway

purposes purposes are are now now about about dou-

ning, ning,

has has been been

with with the the Division Division

California's California's expenditures expenditures for for state

Trask, Trask, the the new new Deputy Deputy for for Plan-

ago.

Department.

construction construction and and nationwide nationwide four four years

Legarra; Legarra; A. A.

Right the the and and

-of -way

islation islation accelerated accelerated highway highway planning

Assistant Assistant

State State

Engineer Engineer Highway Highway

size size and and complexity complexity since since federal federal leg-

Design Design

departments departments

which which

report report to

way way program program which which has has increased increased

Survey, Survey,

Programs Programs and and

Budgets, Budgets, and

division's division's efficiency efficiency in in handling handling a a high-

Advance Advance

Planning, Planning,

Traffic, Traffic,

Planning

1955, 1955, in in is is designed designed to to improve improve the

Deputy Deputy for for

Planning Planning

will will include include

the

deputy deputy ond ond position position was was established

Trask's Trask's areas areas

of of

responsibility responsibility

Highways Highways staff staff

structure structure since since the the sec-

mation.

Includes Includes

Advance Advance

Planning

first first major major revision revision the the in in Division Division of

ment; ment;

and and Personnel Personnel

and and Public Public

Infor-

new new The The organizational organizational pattern, pattern,

the

McMahon. ment ment Analysis; Analysis; the the Accounting Accounting De-

Highway, Highway,

Engineer Engineer

C. C. J. J. Womack.

sistant sistant State State ects, ects, Highway Highway Engineer Engineer Service Service and and J. J. W. Supply Supply and and Manage-

neer, neer, has has been been

announced announced by by

State the the Bridge Bridge Department, Department, Roads, Roads, headed headed City City As- by by and and operative operative Co- Proj-

Office Office Engineer, Engineer, Federal Federal Secondary

J. J. W. W. TRASK

WARREN WILLARD WILLARD L. L. ner, ner, including including functions functions the the of of the

ministrative ministrative departments departments under under Langs-

tion, tion, will will oversee oversee the the work work of of the' the' ad-

Waite, Waite, as as Deputy Deputy for for Administra-

of of reporting reporting and and action.

providing providing for for clear clear administrative administrative lines

ble ble specific specific for for groups groups of of functions,

Highway Highway Engineers Engineers will will be be responsi-

Each Each of of the the three three Deputy Deputy State

of of Design.

neer neer of of Design, Design, promoted promoted to to Engineer

Willard Willard L. L. Warren, Warren, Assistant Assistant Engi-

Engineer way way — Operations.

transferred transferred to to Assistant Assistant State State High-

Highway Highway Engineer Engineer Administration, —

Lyman Lyman R. R. Gillis, Gillis, Assistant Assistant State

Highway Highway Administration. Engineer —

Engineer Engineer Design Design of of to to Assistant Assistant State

George George Langsner, Langsner, promoted promoted from

rion.

State State Highway Highway Administra- Engineer—

a a third third

Deputy Deputy

State State Highway Highway

agement, agement, Engi- position position retitled retitled Deputy grouped grouped under under Gillis' Gillis' direction; direction; and

ways, ways,

including including

the the appointment appointment Engineer of Administration Administration — and and Man- ment, ment, Materials Materials and and and and Research,

the the in in California California

Division Division

of of C. C. High- Waite, Waite, E. E. Deputy Deputy State State Highway of of Construction, Construction, maintenance, maintenance, Equip-

gineering gineering administrative administrative

and and

functions Operations.

will will be be concerned concerned with with functions the the

AxESxouPirrG AxESxouPirrG

of of headquarters headquarters en- as as Deputy Deputy State State Highway Highway Engineer— Murphy, Murphy, as as Deputy Deputy Operations, for for

eo eo r r a a

n n i i a a z z ion ion

Engineers Engineers Promoted, Promoted, Reassigned

• • Third Third Deputy Deputy Position Position Created; moted to Assistant State Highway En- gineer—Operations in February 1957. PROGRESS REPORT FOR CALIFORNIA'S CONGRESSMEN Trask was born in Lincoln, Kansas, was raised in Denver, and is a gradu- ate of Utah State University. He served in the U.S. Army Engineers in World War I. Langsner, who steps up to Assistant State Highway Engineer—Administra- tion, joined the Division of Highways in 1931 upon graduation from the California Institute of Technology.. He served in the Los Angeles district (District VII) in positions of increasing responsibility, including design and other work in planning the Los Angeles metropolitan area freeway system, and became District Engineer there in 1955. He was transferred to Sacramento headquarters office in 1957 as Engineer of Design. He is currently chairman of the Committee on Design of the American Association of State Highway Officials.

He is a native of Brooklyn, New To keep California's 30 Congressmen and two Unifed States Senators better informed on the progress of York. Interstate and other freeway planning and construction in the State, the Division of Highways recently prepared a special large size map in which the status of the various routes and projects is shown in Ten Years With Department color. Explaining the principal features of the map fo Representative Jeffery Cohelan (right) of Alameda Warren, as the new Engineer of County is Siate Highway Engineer J. C. Womack-with State Director of Public Works Robert B. Bradford of far left. Congressman Cohelan is secretary of the California Congressional delegation. Design, will head the department with which he has been associated for the past 10 years, most recently as chief assistant to Langsner. HIGHWAY EMPLOYEES 25-YEAR AWARDS ANNOUNCED He was born in Kentucky. After studying engineering at the University Headquarters OfF'ice District X of California, he served with the Ne- Ernest A. Winkelman William V. Abersold, Frank E. Ran- vada Highway Department from 1936 dolph, Mamo Snooks District IV to 1942, then worked for the Army Julius Hyland District XI Corps of Engineers during World Henry Box War II. In 1946 he joined the Cali- District V Materials and Research Department fornia Division of Highways in the Clarence L. Hummel Marysville District (District III) and Roy F. Carter was resident engineer on construction Distriet VI Shop 7 projects in Sacramento and Yolo Ray A. Middleton, Joseph J. Seale Counties. Fred A. Bushling Warren's recent work has included District VII Shop 8 the development of pavement design John E. Gere Floyd J. Weeps and studies of pavement performance. He developed the system of economics for pavement design and operation A record high for one day of 56,973 The State Department of Public now in use by the Division of High- vehicles crossed Carquinez Bridge on Works has awarded a $16,237,675 ways. Saturday, July 2. The previous high contract to Guy F. Atkinson Com- record was 54,557 vehicles on May pany, Long Beach, for construction 30. The San Francisco-Oakland Bay of 7.4 miles of eight-lane freeway Two new cities have become in- Bridge also reported a new record. An (San Diego Freeway) between 0.3 corporated. They are Temple City, average of 110,411 vehicles a day mile south of Casiano Road and 0.3 Los Angeles County, population 37,- crossed the bridge during the month mile north of Valley Vista Boulevard, 758, and Sand City, Monterey County, of June, the highest daily average for south of the Ventura freeway, in Los population 360. any month since it was built. Angeles.

September-October 1960 11 CAllfORNIA'S SCENIC DRIVE STUDY IS Freeway Design Is Subject of Repor# COMMENDED BY WESTERN GROUP A review of freeway design and its California's preliminary studies and similar studies by other Pacific Coast effect on traffic is the subject of a proposed future study looking toward states. 22-page report by George A. Hill, a "Pacific International Scenic Drive" The proposal is also being expanded formerly Assistant Engineer of Design from the Mexican to the Canadian to extend into British Columbia and for the Division of Highways and now border are serving as an example for Alaska. District Engineer—Planning of District VII in Los Angeles. Entitled "Designing Better Free- ways," the report is based on a talk ~ ~ ~ ~ given by Hill before the Institute of ~,..~.~~ Traffic Engineers Seminar at Santa ~. ? ~ Barbara in June 1959 and at Denver --- ~-i------November. Through the use of ~,-~; ~ in Evnka some 30 photographs and diagrams the report presents major problems in- ""`" POSSIBLE volved in the designing of freeways ~`r6•~~~~• ` ~`, ' "PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL and freeway interchanges and how they are being alleviated through re- Forr ,.,, _.-~.._ _ ~ practices. ~'~~ --- - ~ ~"~ O SCENIC ROUTE" search and advanced design r- Some of the features of freeway de- the report are: on ,~ sign considered by -~` '~' ` ^~~,~ (CALIFORNIA STUDY) and off ramps, weaving traffic, shoul- ~' '- ~~ 1960 ders and median strips as refuges w~ o for stalled vehicles, advance signing, iSan Fnnei•rn '-- ~s~_.~ proper location and spacing of interchanges, speed change lanes and chan- - ,,; nelization. Specific examples are cited and illustrated from the California ~1 ~ ------~~,.,.Y ~ __ Freeway and Expressway System.. Some important factors in freeway design are summarized at the end of the report.

San Lvl~ Obispo ~ SAN LUIS ROUTE ADOPTED A freeway route for the relocation of 14 miles of State Sign Route 152 (Pacheco Pass Highway) around the Sanra Barba.a proposed San Luis Reservoir in Mer- ced County was adopted at the Au- gust meeting of the California High- ~~~ way Commission. A total of 28.5 miles ~~ of freeway routes was adopted at the ,rte m meeting, bringing the total mileage of such routes to 5,294.

As reported in the May-June issue through Oregon and Washington was sisted by Deputy Director of Public of Calif oynia Highways and Public presented to representatives of those Works Harry D. Freeman. Works, the proposal was submitted to states, plus others from British Colum- The representatives of the three Governor Edmund G. Brown on bia and Alaska, at a meeting in Seattle other states and British Columbia com- April 20, 1960, by his Standing Com- on July 20. The meeting was called by mended the California report and consider a for mittee on Public Works and Natural Governor Albert Rosellini of Wash- agreed to it as guide Resources. It envisions a 1,030-mile their own studies of a scenic route. ington. Governor Brown was repre- route in California following, in gen- Further discussion on the proposal eral, the coastal area of the state. sented by State Senator Randolph will take place at a meeting scheduled The California study and outline for Collier of Yreka, chairman of the Sen- for some time in October in Vic- an extension of the coastal scenic drive ate Committee on Transportation, as- toria, B. C.

12 California Highways and Public Works ♦ ♦ • I O~I ~ Huge Clearing, Relocation Problem on San Diego Project

By J. R. CROPPER and D. S. SHEPARD, Resident Engineers

~xosaBLY one of DisTx~cT the least publicized xIproblems of freeway construction is the relocation of utility facilities. This is especially true when a freeway is to be constructed through a metropolitan area. Unnoticed to the average motorist are the miles of underground water, sewer, gas and telephone lines. There is even only minor recognition given to the overhead power and telephone lines. In the majority of instances these utility lines are not of record-breaking size or carry any special significance, other than to perform the utili- tarian duty of providing service to the homes, offices and improvements in the immediate vicinity. The freeway design can be as effective in severing this utility system as if it had been cut Cleared areas for freeway construction in San Diego can be seen in the above photo beginning lower right and ending upper middle. with a knife. District XI has just completed plans for the construction of a portion of the San Diego Freeway (US 101) through the center of the more heavily populated section of San Diego. The improvement in general consists of the construction of an eight-lane freeway with appropriate interchanges and separations. For construction con- venience the project was divided into several units. Unit one encompasses mainly the construction of the US 101-US 395 interchange. Figure (1) shows a model of this interchange which was constructed by the Divi- sion of Highways Bridge Department. Unit two joins unit one at Sixth Avenue and extends one mile and a quarter northerly to Palm Avenue. A lo`v bid of $5,219,340 for construction of this unit was submitted on August 25 by the R. E. Hazard Company of San Diego in joint venture with the W. F. Maxwell Company of Fontana. Cleared areas start at right center and curve toward upper left porflon of the above photo.

September-October 1960 13

Works Highways Highways Public Public California California and and 14 14

before before began. operations operations clearing clearing view view Freeway Freeway Cabrillo Cabrillo the the of of A A some to to eliminates eliminates This This contract. contract. way way

high- the the of of part part a a made made the the if if is is work work

efficiency overall overall more more with with handled handled

be can can vance vance construction construction highway highway of of

ad- in in completed completed be be cannot cannot which which

lines water water of of and and sewer sewer the the tion tion

reloca- and and construction construction rience rience that that

expe- past past has has from from proven proven been been It It

position. ultimate ultimate

its in in such such located located be be can can it it as as time time

constructed constructed until to to used used have have and and be be

a a of of will line line utility utility detour detour porary porary

tem- a a In In is is work work cases cases these these finished. finished.

contract the the of of until until portion portion some some

position final final its its to to relocated relocated be be not not

can- line line utility utility the the cases cases numerous numerous In In

of of limits limits work work contract. the the immediate immediate

utilities utilities e~usting e~usting the of of within within ment ment

lines lines utility utility of of abandon- location location and and

is is work work This This started. started. re- the the includes includes

photo photo the the in in Avenue. as as Sixth Sixth poles poles at at taken taken above above between between them them pending pending is is contract the the before before performed performed tical tical

sus- and and ground ground by by detoured detoured the the of of out out temporarily temporarily them them were were leading leading lines lines telephone telephone Underground Underground

as as prac- or or As As possible possible work work much much

alarm alarm cables.

1.7 1.7 fire of of miles miles and and cables cables phone phone

tele- of of 3.6 3.6 miles miles lines, lines, power power tric tric

elec- of of 2.0 2.0 of of miles miles mains, mains, gas gas miles miles

1.15 lines, lines, sewer sewer of of miles miles 1.75 1.75 lines, lines,

water of of 2.5 2.5 are are miles miles work work relocation relocation

utility this this in in Included Included Public Public Works. Works.

of Department Department Highways, Highways, of of sion sion

Divi- the the to to relating relating statutes statutes the the with with

accordance in in and and facilities facilities of of ment ment

better- to to recognition recognition by by made made giving giving

is cost cost of of breakdown breakdown This This $558,100. $558,100.

paying is is State State the the and and $244,400 $244,400 ing ing

pay- are are companies companies utility utility which which the the

of $802,500, $802,500, is is projects projects two two these these for for

relocations utility utility of of cost cost The The total total

Costs of of Breakdown Breakdown

Street. H H on on installation installation telephone telephone Underground Underground conduif conduif Diego. San San in in at at relocation relocation line line Streets Streets Water Water Ash Ash and and Ninth Ninth

°;~ } } ; ; -~ -~ Avenues Contraef Is Awarded extent the delays which would occur Fourth, Fifth and Sixth heels of due to waiting for an opening in the alone. Following closely on the work schedule of another agency. Of examples of how some of the utility relocation is the advertisement Other construc- course, improvements belonging to relocations affect the contrac- and award of the highway utility awarded private agencies, such as telephone, operation are the water and gas tion contract. Unit No. 1 was tor's and R. M. electric power and gas lines have to lines in Unit No. 1. to the Daley Corporation Price Construction Co. on June 10, be handled by their forces. -pressure An existing 12-inch high 1960. Bids are currently being asked where a Cables Are Removed gas line crosses the freeway for Unit No. 2 and the contract award the deep A typical example of the problems deep cut is planned. To avoid should be made early in September. trenching that would be necessary to to be encountered are the existing first order of work lower this line before freeway con- The contractor's telephone lines in the vicinity of and grubbing. The strucrion, the highway contractor will is usually clearing Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Avenues. The in the San Diego be required to stay clear of the gas clearing of a freeway existing cables carry the main trunk area usually consists of San line until he is down to grade at the metropolitan and television lines supplying some heavy dozer work with an occa- in the streets. new location of the gas line approxi- Diego, and are buried sional assist from a crane and head- the new struc- 250 feet to the east. At that To avoid conflict with mately ache ball to clear the jumble of build- have been utility can be placed tures, the existing cables time the relocated ing remains, walls and pavements that and placed Also taken out of the ground with relatively little trenching. occur on a downtown freeway right- the struc- on temporary poles .over a 24-inch water line passes through of-way. Unit No. 1 presented a some- the structure area (Figure 2). After the heart of the project. To avoid what different situation. A major por- cables tures have been completed, the having additional contractoral delay tion of this unit fell within San Diego's through the inside of will be installed this line was placed in a temporary famed Balboa Park. This area con- the structure girders and the tempo- location adjacent to the above men- tained trees of several types ranging rary pole lines removed. It is anrici- line. It then will be handled in size up to' 125 feet tall with a butt pated that approximately 10,000 man- tioned gas line and at the diameter of 60 inches. Among the hours of splicing will be required to similarly to the gas types found were cypress, spruce, fir, relocate the telephone facilities in same time.

shows how the structure will appear following ifs completion. This model of the U$ 707-395-Sign Route 94 interchange in $an Diego 15 September-October 1960 pine, redwood, eucalyptus, acacia and sycamore. The pro~mity of the growth in the rest of the park pre- vented felling and burning of the trees in place. This gave the contractors, Daley Corporation and R. M. Price Construction Co., a chance to practice logging. The trees were dropped using chain saws and dragged to the nearest avaYl- able road by a tractor. Here rubber- tired equipment took over and hauled the debris to a disposal area at the southeast end of the project. At this point the local lumber yards took over. To further complicate the situation, many of the trees were in a 54- foot median on the existing Cabrillo The start of excavating operations to salvage a palm tree from the medean strip of the Cabrillo Freeway. Freeway (US 395). As the contract specifically prevents the contractor from interrupting the flow of traffic on this high speed freeway, the removal method had to be changed. The trees were trimmed before felling as a safety precaution and the trunks loaded on trucks. The branches were fed to a machine known as the chip- per, which almost instantaneously would reduce a large branch to a small pile of chips. Most of these trees in the median were sycamore up to 30 feet high that were planted as part of the landscaping of the Cabrillo Free- way in 1948.

Easy To Transplant Among the trees within the right- A crane lifts the salvaged palm and swings it toward the firuck. of-way were 25 palms of various types. As this type of tree is relatively easy to transplant and fits nicely into freeway landscaping, the palms were moved into a nearby lot for future use. The transplanting was by extra work costing $3,500 which added to the contract price for clearing and grubbing, gave a total clearing cost of $65,000 for Unit No. 1. All of these clearing costs added to the utility relocation work show that it will cost almost $900,000 to prepare' the site for actual highway construction. This cost is of course exclusive of the costs for the real property purchased. Unit No. 1 is scheduled for completion in February of 1962 and Unit No.

The palm is lowered into the truck for hauling to a tree storage lot. 2 for August of the same year.

16 California Highways and Public Works Co-ordinated Program Puts Road O VII I d n Funds Where Need Is Greatest

By A. S. KOCH, Surveyor and Road Commissioner, Orange County

IT is generally recognized that the finally eliminate the allocation fight closely with the county planning com- existing formulas for the distribution that has prevailed for many years. mission and the county road depart- of highway financing creates many in- Such a program implies the neces- ment, sponsored the many meetings equitable situations throughout the sity for an overall plan which ex- which were necessary with all gov- various levels of government. Whether presses the communities' ultimate ernmental agencies and community it is recognized as a fact or not, it needs. Such a plan of course is a mas- organizations which were interested in would be virtually impossible to for- ter plan of the circulation element of the problem. mulate an equitable distribution of gas the community's general plans. After 18 months of very hard work tax funds statewide, since the situa- on the part of the county departments tion in each of our counties is essen- and the sponsoring association, a plan tially unique. was developed in which was The author article, addi- incorpo- There is a tendency on the part of of this in tion to being very active in rated the overall reasoning of all of local governments the to complain that County Engineers Association, has our community. It had the basic agree- the proportional split of the gasoline participated in highway matters at ment of all the cities throughout the tax between the cities and the coun- the state level for some time. He county. The plan gave us a good basic ties is inequitable. Equity can be based was a member of the Advisory groundwork on which to build until only on need, however, and any other Committee to the Department of we were able to approach the final basis of complaint is just as arbitrary Public Works in connection with the phases of our co-operative program. as the original division of gas tax county road and city street defi- That program is one of 100 percent funds itself. The gasoline tax is in- ciency study (SCR 62) reported else- co-ordination between all govern- where in this tended to serve the motoring public as issue; and in 1957-58 ments on a countywide basis for the he was on the Technical a whole. Consequently, where local Advisory development highways Committee for the of and streets. inequities occur, and they will always California Free- way System study (SCR 26). The second phase of development occur, they should be recognized and The of the plan consisted of the establish- a redistribution of funds worked out article was reviewed and concurred in unanimously ment of those tools of government locally to suit the local situation. by the entire board of supervisors of Or- which would make it possible to even- CounTy Should Equalize ange County: C. M. Featherly tually develop the overall road system. (Chairman), William H. Hirstein, Orange County's contention is that These tools consist o~f such accom- Claire M. Nelson, William J. Phil- plishments as setback ordinances, geo- county government is the agency lips and Willis H. Warner. which should equalize such a redistri- metric standards, and establishment of bution program. County government access control, under the constant sur- is in a position to co-ordinate a pro- veillance of the board of supervisors gram between the county and the In Orange County, we began work- and the planning commission. cities involved. County government ing on this phase of the problem in A setback ordinance which has been represents all the people and should be 1954. The tremendous expansion that in existence in Orange County for equally interested in the citizens of the has taken place in Orange County and many years was updated to provide incorporated areas, as well as those which continues at a tremendous pace for the practical standards which had outside such areas. County govern- had just started to become evident. been established for the arterial high- ment, therefore, is in a position to see The necessity for the development of way system. Such a setback ordinance that the funds available are spent to a master plan of arterial highways be- provides basically for the preserva- the best advantage of the county as came obvious. tion of ultimate rights-of-way in order a whole. that roads can be expanded as needed. Responsibility Accepted Maximum benefit is obtained from At the request of the board of su- Access Is Minimized the highway tax dollar by improving pervisors, the Associated Chambers of the most important streets and roads Access control to the arterial high- of Commerce, an organization repre- ways is gained primarily by requiring where the need is greatest. A program senting all chambers of commerce subdivisions and commercial develop- based on these principles can, and throughout the county, accepted the ments to recognize the principles of should be worked out locally, and in responsibility of sponsorship for the modern design in order that vehicular the end is probably the best method development of the master plan. This access ro our main thoroughfares can of solving the equity problem. It could organization's committee, vborking be minimized. The Orange County

September-October 1960 17

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PRIMRRY

MIIOP

COUNTY COUNTY ARTERIAL ARTERIAL HIGHWAYS LEGEND subdivision ordinance provides that in the development of a new subdivision the subdivider must dedicate the vehicular access rights to the public except at intersecting streets in order to preserve the integrity of the arterial highway system. Fortunately, this concerted action on the part of the community as a whole has created much interest on the part of the cities in the development of similar conditions for the development of a good highway system. These efforts on the part of all levels of government in the county then brought us to the third phase of our overall county co-operative program. This phase was of course the Harbor Boulevard (befween the Cities of Santa Ana and Costa Mesa) was built cooperatively as a development of a financing program Federal Aid Secondary highway using fhe Arterial Highway Financing Plan. which would make it possible for the county as a whole to realize the ultimate development of this system of highways and to eliminate the chaos which generally has prevailed in the past in the development of such an ultimate program. This co-operative highway financing program was agreed upon by the board of supervisors and the Orange County League of Cities in October, 1958. It has since been referred to as the arterial highway financing program. The program is designed to satisfy the greatest traffic needs on the county arterial highway system. It is this theme which we ask the reader to follow as we discuss the details of the program now in operation. The Nicolas Avenue Underpass (in fhe City of Fu(lerfon) was built cooperatively by two railroads, the State and the Arferial Highway Financing Plan. Basic Concept The basic concept of the program is for the county to furnish financial assistance to the cities in order that the arterial highway system may be developed equitably throughout the county. First, in order to parricipate, the agreement provides for three very definite actions on the part of all participants. At present 18 of the 22 cities and the county have qualified by the accomplishment of these three factors. They are: 1. A mutually satisfactory master plan of arterial highways must be approved. 2. Mutually satisfactory uniform structure setback lines to protect the ultimate rights-of-way must The built on a new be adopted by ordinance. Nicolas Avenue extension (between the Cities of Fullerfan and LaHabra) is being alignment, financed through the Arterial Highway Financing P►an.

September-October 1960 19

Highways Highways California California and and Public Public 20 20 Works

. . on on page page Continued Continued 56 maintenance maintenance ministration ministration and and project of of priority priority its high high extremely extremely an an

separations separations interchanges interchanges or or which which will have may may a a smaller smaller city city that that sibility sibility ducting ducting the the amounts amounts required required for for ad-

we we develop develop are are able able to to in in advance advance the pos- recognizes recognizes the the program program the the ever, ever, mileage mileage in in the the after after first first de- county county

time time

ways ways and and the the of of construction at at How- program. program. financing financing highway highway areas areas highway to to the the arterial arterial total total

planning planning recognized recognized free- in in the the of of arterial by by the the doubled doubled effectively effectively be be in in highway highway the the incorporated system system

are are not not existence existence have have been now now in in development development can highway highway arterial arterial of of ratio ratio of of the the mileage mileage on on the the the the arterial

agreements. agreements. Many Many of of the the streets streets which program the the yearly yearly Thus, Thus, city's city's do do so. so. taxes. taxes. The The is is determined determined by amount amount

and and in in the the freeway development development of of to possible possible financially financially if if it it is is involved involved program program a a portion portion of of its its highway highway users

the the plan plan in in the the planning planning of of freeways the the city by by be be matched matched must must program program supervisors supervisors allocates allocates to to this annually annually

Division Division of of Highways Highways has has recognized under under the expended expended in in the the cities cities and and available available year. year. for for each each The The board board of

gained gained state state recognition. recognition. The The State the the county apportioned apportioned to to funds funds tax tax some some limitation limitation be be placed placed on on the the funds

and and highways. highways. Our Our plan plan has has readily highway highway users program program in in that that ing ing such such a a program, program, is is necessary necessary in in it it that

the the development development of of streets adequate adequate is is a a match- respects. respects. It It in in all all program program funds funds to to ited ited with with which which participate

from from master master plan plan other other than than our our just mutual is is a a as as set set up up program program The The As As the the county county does does not not have have unlim-

Many Many advantages advantages accrued have have

Funds Funds Are Are Matched on on Funds Limitation Limitation

system system has has turned turned been been down.

rying rying highway capacity capacity

of of the the arterial arterial

only. capacity capacity tion tion of of traffic- carrying carrying ered ered at at a a later later date.

a a definite definite

development development

of of

traffic traffic car-

considera-

standards standards to to the the iting iting the the portance portance are are to to deferred, deferred, be be

consid-

that that

resembles resembles than

maintenance maintenance

rather rather

present present lim- we we are are at at for for that that reason reason these. these. Projects Projects not not of of the the greatest greatest im-

tenance. tenance.

Any Any application application

for for a a project

process process can can be be and along- drawn -out -out are are provided provided for for the the construction construction of

less less

of of

the the standard standard of of main-

definition definition

established. established. rial rial highways highways This will will be be to to the the county county as as a a whole whole and and

funds

ects ects

of of regard- a a

maintenance maintenance

nature nature

of of the the plan plan all all routes routes arte- on on master master fiscal fiscal year year are are of of the the most most importance

We We

have have

consistently consistently rejected rejected proj-

been been

standards standards it it has has for agreed agreed that that those those applied applied for for by by the' the' cities cities each

the the master master plan.

factors, addition addition

to to the the foregoing foregoing In In it it determines determines which which projects projects

among

ways ways are are of required required

and and are are a a part part

the the master master plan. assistance assistance of of the the advisory advisory

committee,

new new

development development high-

where where arterial arterial

are are ance ance part part whether whether of or or not not these these will will receive receive allocated allocated funds. funds.

With With

the

jecting jecting new new of roads roads areas areas

through through

city city streets streets for for financial financial major major assist- ultimately ultimately determines determines the the projects projects

that

four -lane -lane pro-

standard; standard; 12 12 were were for for

highway highway can can arterial arterial qualify system system It It is is the the board board of of supervisors supervisors

which

ening ening two streets streets to to a a modern -lane -lane

are are relatively relatively the unconcerned unconcerned with with

by by required required

the the

advisory advisory

committee.

the the projects, projects, Of Of wid- 72 72 40 40 were were for for

The The cities cities which smaller smaller necessary. necessary.

and and to to make make

such such

recommendations recommendations

$5 $5 projects projects well well over over million. will will be be

exceptions exceptions Obviously, Obviously, are certain certain

to to collect collect

and and

evaluate evaluate technical technical

data,

and and these contributions contributions county county on on

practical.

ever ever

arterial arterial

highway highway

financing financing

program,

moneys moneys including including city involved involved the the

plan plan arterial arterial

highway highway

master master wher- technical technical

staff staff

are are to to

administer administer the

incorporated incorporated ects ects The The in in total areas. areas.

city city

coincide coincide

with with the the approved will will committee. committee. The The

primary primary duties duties

of of the

to to 72 72 allocated allocated proj- funds funds individual individual

the the

system system that that in in

major major street street each gineers, gineers,

works works

under under

the the

advisory

In In these these have three three fiscal fiscal years, years, we we

only only remained remained to to agree

then then

for for them them

road road

and and five five commissioner commissioner city city en-

the the county.

construction construction concerned. concerned. far far as as It

is is

staff, staff,

of of nical nical

composed composed the the county

throughout throughout of the the local local jurisdictions jurisdictions

taxes taxes system system on on as their their

major major street street

highway highway

financing financing program. program. A A tech-

enthusiastic enthusiastic reception reception of of the the program

gasoline limited limited

in in spending spending already already

of of

the the general general

advancement advancement

arterial

that that this this alone alone the fact fact speaks speaks well well for for

system. system. Of Of course, course, highway highway cities cities are

cal cal program program

and and to to co- ordinate ordinate the

to to reverted reverted believe the the county. county. We We

county county spent spent arterial on on that that only only

visors visors

on on the the establishment establishment of of the the fis-

cities cities mitted mitted have by by the the and and no no funds funds

whole whole the the will will highway highway

users users as as a a

formed formed

to to

board board advise advise the the of of super-

fiscal fiscal years, years, all all funds funds have have been been com-

taxes taxes

which which are are collected collected users users from

the the board board of of supervisors, supervisors, has has been

of of the the program. program. In In both both preceding

has has agreed agreed

that that its its county county highway

and and

two two

elected elected officials officials appointed appointed by

We We are are in in the the year now now third third fiscal fiscal

system system

as as

planned. planned. way way The

master master

the the Orange Orange League League of of

Cities County County

roads roads and and not not kept kept in in

the the

bank.

only only

to to arterial arterial shall shall apply apply high-

the the

of of three three elected elected officials officials appointed appointed by

the the counties counties the the cities cities be be into and and

put put

has has

agreed agreed

that that the the county county program

An An advisory advisory committee, committee, composed

that that the the to highway highway funds funds available available

factors. factors. Among Among

them, them, other other

the

the the project project was was behind behind constructed. this this insure procedure procedure

was was to to

have have

We We

agreed, agreed,

of of course, course, on

rounding rounding cities cities as as to to the the city city county county highway highway in in which program. program. idea The The

way way system system throughout throughout the the county.

of of as as much much importance importance end end to to all all sur- of of the the fiscal fiscal year year the revert revert to to

a a arterial arterial construct construct high- satisfactory satisfactory

system system which which were were way way considered mitted mitted to to an an advertised advertised project project the by by

will will ultimately make make it it possible possible to to

the the arterial arterial on on certain certain links links in in high- in in any any fiscal fiscal year year that that are are com- not not

the the three three and and basic basic factors factors are are which

This This has has already already project. project. been been done has has been been agreed agreed that that funds funds allocated

paints paints These These three three are are fundamental

or or county county may may a finance finance part part all all of of It It should should also also be be of of it interest interest that that

of of system. the the integrity integrity funds, funds, the the it it has has agreed agreed that that the mileage mileage been been alone.

established established in in to to protect obligated obligated order order balance balance the the in in the the program basis basis of of their their arterial arterial highway

arterial arterial highway highway system system must must be event, event, is is an an assuming assuming funds funds that that there there un- available available for for on construction, construction,

the the access access for for to to the limitation limitation be be of of finance finance yet yet it. it. In In this unable unable the the to to cities cities the the and and counties counties share share the

3. 3. agreeable agreeable provisions Mutually Mutually from from a a standpoint standpoint and countywide countywide own own highway highway arterial arterial mileage. mileage. Thus Road Needs of Cities, Counties

e or Inventoried at $12 Billion Plus

THERE are 100,000 miles of county road and street needs for four succes- crease in the gasoline tax or a $1 per roads and city streets in California sive five-year periods beginning in $100 valuation increase in the "in lieu" which will need improvement over 1960 and ending in 1980. tax on motor vehicles, paid at regis- the next 20 years at a total cost of Nearly $2 billion worth of im- tration time. about $12,750,000,000. provement is needed right now to Both State Director of Public Works These estimates were contained in Robert B. Bradford and State High- a report submitted to two legislative way Engineer J. C. Womack, in for- committees in the State Capitol on Copies of the SCR 62 report on warding the report emphasized the September 6 by the Department of California County Road and City high" degree of state-city-county co- Public Works after ayear-long study Street Deficiencies are available to operation that produced it, and the conducted by the Division of High- interested. persons, although the value of the technical supply is somewhat limited. advisory com- ways in co-operation with all 58 coun- mittee which helped to chart the ties and 361 cities. Those who would find a copy of course of the the report useful may request one study. The study was authorized by Sen- by addressing Mr. F. M. Reynolds, Womack said that the study "de- ate Concurrent Resolution No. 62 of Planning Survey Engineer, Cali- veloped what we believe to be the the 1959 Session, introduced by Sena- fornia Division of Highways, P. O. most complete, practical and repre- tor Richard Richards of Los Angeles, Box 1499, Sacramento 7. sentative estimate of present and fu- as a basis for analysis of the need for ture city street and county road needs accelerated financing of city street that has ever been prepared for legis- and county road improvement. make the local roads and streets ade- lative review." The report does not specifically quate for present-day traffic, the re- This view was also taken by the recommend a gasoline tax increase or port shows. Looking ahead to 1980 advisory committee. In a statement other financing measures. It pointed and its estimated traffic needs, the total submitted by its chairman, Supervisor out that the legislative committees and cost would amount to $12.75 billion. Francis E. Dunn of Alameda County, the public should first have a chance Improvement is or will be needed the committee termed the report "the to study the engineering data. on 25,220 miles of the 42,765 total city most realistic report of critical defi- As submitted to the Senate Fact- street mileage, present and planned; ciencies on city streets and county finding Committee on Transportation and on 74,974 miles of the 102,677 roads which has ever been prepared." and Public Utilities, of which Senator total county road mileage, present and The report contains numerous tabu- Randolph Collier of Yreka is chair- planned. lations of street and road deficiencies man, and the Assembly Interim Com- Studies of possible financing ap- as prepared by the local agencies and mittee on Transportation and Com- proaches are being carried on by audited by the Division of Highways merce, of which Assemblyman Lee M. Richard M. Zettel, staff director for on a uniform basis. Bacicstrand of Riverside is chairman, the Senate committee. Among the al- The county roads are analyzed ac- the report contains a county-by- ternatives under preliminary consider- cording to the required expenditures county and city-by-city estimate of ation are aone-cent per gallon infor rights-of-way and for construction

SUMMARY OF NEEDS Estimated right of way and construction costs ($1,000) System Deficient miles miles 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 Total CITIES Major arterials ______5,570.5 3,164.9 470,625 511,165 403,466 243,111 146,760 1,775,107 Collector streets ______4,807.8 3,051.5 213,648 232,290 196,696 133,145 122,599 898,378 Local streets-existing ______22,612.2 9,482.4 216,314 239,055 231,473 172,413 166,119 1,025,374 Local streets-future ______9,774.8 9,521.6 ______482,118 417,785 263,855 267,423 1,431,181 Total Cities ______42,765.3 25,220.4 900,587 1,464,628 1,249,400 812,524 702,901 5,130,040 COUNTIES Primary roads ______-______17,487.5 15,196.1 467,594 381,614 442,537 289,644 227,229 1,808,618 Secondary collector roads.______14,413.2 12,697.8 260,531 195,478 252,705 157,401 143,734 1,009,849 Other secondary roads-existing.__ 40,513.1 17,527.9 355,943 102,976 119,038 87,976 87,566 753,499 Other secondary roads-future.______30,262.8 29,551.9 ______687,101 731,854 781,482 1,849,540 4,049,977 Total Counties ______102,676.6 74,973.7 1,084,068 1,367,169 1,546,134 1,316,503 2,308,069 7,621,943

TOTAL CITIES AND COUNTIES.______145,441.9 100,194.1 1,984,655 2,831,797 2,795,534 2,129,027 3,010,970 12,751,983

September-October 1960 21

22 22 California California highways highways Public Public Works and and

California California State State Automobile Automobile Association State State of of Commerce Chamber Chamber result result of of forest forest fires.

Executive Executive Vice Vice President

Highway Highway and and

Transportation Transportation

Department

as as

August August periods periods the of of time time

during during

S. S. Edwin Edwin Moore C. C. Clarke Clarke Williams, Williams,

Director

varying closed closed for for way way system system were were

California California Trucking Trucking Lassen Lassen Associations, Associations, County Inc. state state high- sections sections of of the the Several Several

Managing Managing Director County County Road Road Commissioner

Wade Wade Sherrard William William McIntosh

# # Disability.

Contra Contra Costa Costa County Orange Orange County

3 3 of of Public Public Works 2 2 years Director Director County County Road Road Commissioner

Victor Victor W. W. Sauer A. A. S. S. Koch Painter, Automobile Automobile Robert Robert S. S. A~Ioss, A~Ioss,

Shop Shop 2

City City of of Los Los Angeles Standard Standard Oil Oil Company

City City Engineer

Vice Vice President President and and

Regional Regional Manager

Lyall Lyall A. A. Pardee 36 36 years Foreman, Foreman, chanic chanic Kenneth Kenneth Kendricks

Me- Highway Highway Quintrell, Quintrell, Edgar Edgar R. R.

City City

of of

Oakland

City City of of Visalia

City City Shop Shop 1

Engineer Mayor

John John A. A.

Morin Ira Ira J. J.

Chrisman

17 17 Mechanic, Mechanic, years ment ment

California California Association Railroad Railroad

Automobile Automobile Club Club of of Southern Southern California Heavy Heavy Equip- Younggren, Younggren,

Paul Paul F. F.

General General Counsel

Claude Claude Minard Headquarters Headquarters Shop

Harry Harry V. V. Cheshire, Cheshire, Jr.

34 34 years City City Engineer, Engineer, of of Sacramento

25 25

years

man, man,

City City Engineer James, James, Associate Associate Bridge Warren Warren B. B.

Highway Highway Leading- Secretary A. A. Weber, Weber, Charles Charles

Department

Bridge Bridge

E. E. A. A. Fairbairn, Fairbairn, Vice Vice

Chairman Chairman and

years 31 31 Clerk Clerk I, I,

29 29

years

nician nician II, II,

Steno.- Supervising Supervising Frank, Frank, Dorothy Dorothy R. R. tion tion to to Chairman Chairman Dunn, Dunn, were:

Grace Grace Tech- Mullins, Mullins, Accounting Accounting

L. L.

appointed appointed by by the the Legislature, Legislature, in in addi- years 6 6 Engineer, Engineer, way way

years Technician, Technician, 2 2 Members Members of of the the advisory advisory committee Assistant Assistant High- Chatfield, Chatfield, E. E. William William

Engineering Highway Highway John John J. J. Lieb, Lieb,

IV District District counties counties in in their their areas.

District District XI

working working closely closely with with the the cities cities and

34 34 years Laborer, Laborer, Oper.-

of of the the

State's State's 11 11 highway highway districts

37 37 years Engineer, Engineer,

Highway Highway Equip. Gamlin, Gamlin, Dewey Dewey

members members of of

the the

planning planning staff staff in in

each

Highway Associate Associate Holm, Holm,

Fred Fred R. R.

District District 111

olds, olds, Planning Planning Survey Survey Engineer, Engineer, with

District District

under under the the direction direction of of F. F. M. M. Reyn- years

10 10 years ment ment of of Agent, Agent, Way Way the the 33 Division Division of of Foreman, Foreman, Highways, Highway Highway Thorpe, Thorpe, Roy Roy

Right Right of Assistant Assistant Krieger, Krieger,

Highway Highway Morris Morris

Planning Planning Survey Survey Depart- years 26 26 gineer, gineer,

The The

study study was was carried carried out out by by the District District VIII Highway Highway En- Associate Associate Francis Francis Noel, Noel,

highway highway

needs.

25 25 years Oper.- Laborer, Laborer,

15 15 years

Way Way Agent, Agent, of of Right Right

cide cide with with a a

periodic periodic review review

of of state

Highway Highway Equip. Victor Victor Lammers, Lammers,

Supervising

Trenholm, Trenholm, Kenneth Kenneth

M. M.

up up to to date date every every four four years, years, to to coin-

District District

41 41 years Engineer, Engineer,

way way

and and road road deficiency deficiency reports reports be be brought

High-

Supervising Supervising

Griffin, Griffin,

Albert Albert D. D.

years 38 38 way way Engineer, Engineer, rion rion that that the the city city county county and and street

District District VII Supervising Supervising High- Charles Charles P. P. Sweet, Sweet, The The report report includes includes a a recommenda-

years -Lab., -Lab., 31 31 Oper. roads roads and and streets streets on on a a statewide statewide basis." 27 27 years Laborer, Laborer, Oper.-

Highway Highway of of Equip. V. V. Maciel, Maciel, John John an an integrated integrated system system of of highways, Equip. Highway Highway Pfrimmer, Pfrimmer, Forest Forest W. W.

local local planning, planning,

and and "the "the development 3 3 3 3 years Engineer, Engineer, 28 28 years

in in similar similar

efforts, efforts,

a a definite definite boost boost

for Highway Assistant Assistant E. E. Kemp, Kemp, Neil Neil Foreman, Highway Highway Payne, Payne, M. M. Harry Harry

tinuedfuture tinuedfuture interagency interagency co-

operation

33 33 years Oper. -Lab., -Lab.,

years gineer, gineer, 32 32

in in the the a a report report are are pattern pattern for for con-

Highway Highway William William Equip. Hickox, Hickox,

En- Associate Associate Highway Highway John John Adams, Adams,

the the

Among Among findings findings and and results results cited

years

District District

ing) ing) and and local local streets streets (future).

40 Highway Highway

Foreman, Foreman, Oney Oney Harmon, Harmon,

26 26 years Laborer, Laborer, collector collector Oper.- streets, streets, streets streets local local (exist-

District

Equip. Slankard, Slankard, Highway Highway somewhat somewhat Thomas Thomas D. D. different: different: major major arterials,

3 3 3 3 years except except that that the the categories categories tographer, tographer, are four four I, I, 12 12 years

summarized summarized for for separate separate Pho- Nickerson, Nickerson, each each Supervising Supervising Merritt Merritt city, Carpenter Sr., Sr., Sterling Sterling Leeds, Leeds, '~ '~ Ralph Ralph

City City street street deficiencies deficiencies are are similarly

Headquarters Headquarters Office 35 35 years Engineer, Engineer,

(future).

William William Highway S. S. Dolliver, Dolliver, Senior Senior years

(existing), (existing), and and other other secondary secondary roads

25 25

33 years C. C. Assistant Assistant Anderson, Anderson,

Laborer, Laborer, Bert Bert

Henry Henry Sellier, Sellier, Comptroller, Comptroller,

lector lector roads, roads, other other secondary secondary

roads

Public Public District District Works — V Administration

gories: gories: primary primary roads, roads, secondary secondary col-

RETIREMENTS RETIREMENTS

DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT

FROM FROM

LISTED RECENT RECENT ARE ARE five -year -year periods, periods, in in of of four four cate- each each

in in of of each each county, county, for for each each the the four DIER CI T ~ R THE TRA ELER By GEORGE M. WE66, Traffic Engineer and R. J. ISRAEL, Assistant Traffic Engineer

FOR HUNDREDS Of years, Slg'riPOStS In Central Illinois, rural road mark- have guided the traveler on his way, ers of a generation ago consist of a whether he be a pilgrim traveling on map cast in iron, with the location of foot or a motorist on an eight-lane the particular marker indicated by a freeway. star. Thus, by careful and leisurely A traffic sign nearly 300 years old inspection, the traveler could deter- is located in England at an intersec- mine his location and his route. tion in the Cotswolds. This is be- These signs of bygone days would lieved to be the oldest signpost in be of little value with present-day Britain. It is carefully preserved by speeds and traffic volumes. Today, the British highway authorities. Four traf~'ic signs are recognized as an in- iron arms point the ways to Worces- tegral part of a modern highway—es- ter, to Oxford, to Warwick, and to sential to its operation and to the safe, Gloucester. orderly, and smooth flow of traffic. When a traveler wanted to know The Division of Highways eontin- how far it was to any one of these ually studies and improves signing towns, he consulted the side of the This marker on US 50 in EI Dorado County shows techniques to keep pace with the ever- appropriate arm. It is known as the fhe distance fo Placerville. Cross-Hands. increasing traffic demands and to provide California motorists with supe- Auto Increased Travel Pioneer Signs on US 50 When the automobile came into Travelers along modern US SO be- rior signing service. Signposting has. popular use,. people traveled farther tween Placerville and Lake Tahoe can changed throughout the years along and faster than ever before. Longer still glimpse some of the stone mile- with other highway features, but its trips over new roads were common- posts on which have been engraved purpose — to guide the traveler — replace, and there were more people the distance easterly from Placerville. mains the same as in olden times. using strange roads far from their homes. This increased travel, particularly travel for long distances, created a strong demand for legible signs. As highways and automobiles improved, speeds increased, and so did the need for adequate highway signs that could be read from a moving car.

Types of Signs and Uniformity There are three general types of traffic signs in use today: 1. Warning signs to caution drivers of the need for added alertness or reduction in speed; 2. Regulatory signs to inform motorists of regulations governing movement; 3. Czuide signs for guidance and directional information. Obviously, traffic signs of all types should follow uniform standards and be placed in accordance with uniform practice so they will have the same meaning and result in the same action An iron "map" served as a guide fo travelers in fhe early days of motoring in Cenfral Illinois. (Photo courtesy of Macon County Road Departmen{.) on the part of motorists wherever en-

September-October 1960 23 countered. Statewide uniformity on county raads, city streets, and. state highways minimizes drivers' confusion and contributes materially to the safe, orderly, and expeditious movement of traffic. National uniformity is likewise important. California follows the general standards of the Manual on Uni- form Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways approved by the American Association of State Highway Officials, Institute of Traffic Engineers, and the National Commit- tee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Or- dinances; and the A. A. S. H. O. Man- ualfor Signing and Pavement Marking of the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways. Statewide uniformity on county roads and city streets, as well as state highways, is encouraged by membership and active A diamond-shaped yellow sign indicates a warninge reflecforized arrow spedfically warns of curve to participation in the deliberations of right ahead. the California Sign Committee and other professional groups, including national committees concerned with signing standards.

Rules for Use of Signs Signs are essential where special regulations apply, where unusual conditions are not self-evident, and to furnish directional information. They should be used wherever there is a real need but not profusely. Too many warning or regulatory signs de- tract from the effectiveness of those necessary for safety and guidance. Well-known rules of the road or general provisions of the Vehicle Code are not generally required on traffic signs. Drivers are expected to know the rules for safe operation of their vehicles, and a multiplicity of needless signs with long messages would be distracting and serve no use- Speed limit signs are the most familiar examples of regulatory type sign. ful purpose. accommodate all normal driving highways takes advantage of familiar Guide Signs speeds reduces the need for warning scenes, landmarks, buildings, and geo- Except for the foregoing general and regulatory signs. However, the graphical features for information as comments, this discussion is limited increased width and higher speeds, to his whereabouts and the location of to guide signs. The function of guide and the necessity for making decisions intersections and points where choice signs, as the name implies, is to guide far in advance of turnoffs or intersec- of direction is made; but on the free- motorists along routes and to destinations greatly increases the importance ways, with wider rights-of-way and tions of their choice; to inform motor- of the guide signs. This is particularly no business or buildings of any kind ists of intersecting routes; to direct true on freeways. Practically no warn- fronting directly on the highway, to cities or towns; and, to a lesser ex- ing signs are needed on freeways ex- identification of location may be more tent, to furnish information and to cept on ramps and connections at dif~iicult. This further brings out the identify locations not readily apparent. interchanges. need for guide signs of adequate legi- The modern highway with ade- Like the early day traveler, the mo- bility placed a considerable distance quate visibility and easy curvature to torist on present-day conventional in advance of turnoffs.

24 California Highways and Public Works Directional information is the purpose of guide signs. It has been frequently said that di- The statewide signing practice of rectional signs were needed only for the Division of Highways has evolved the infrequent user or the complete through the years in meeting chang- stranger on a highway. This is not ing conditions, increased. traffic, and true on the modern highway with ac- the growth of communities along the Committee which was organized to cess completely controlled and no in- expanding network of modern state promote orderly, safe, and consistent tersections at grade. Even frequent highways. signing throughout the State. Mem- users need signs to identify locations The adoption of a uniform system bers of the Sign Committee are -the and turnoffs. of signing for interstate highways in State Division of Highways; Califor- Statewide Problem 1958 had a major influence on signing nia State Automobile Association; Automobile The extensive highway improve- practices in this State and throughout Club of Southern Califor- nia; County Supervisors ment program now under way in the nation. California had a sizable in- Association of California; League of many cases removes traffic from con- fluence in the development of the In- California Cities; Institute of Transportation and gested business streets. This traffic is terstate Sign Manual andis now par- Traffic Engineering of the University diverted to the newly constructed ticipating in the further development of California; and the California routes, generally freeways, which by- and the broadening of these national Highway Patrol. The individuals who pass the main business district. This standards. represent these organizations on the makes the subject of adequate direc- California Sign Committee committee are directly concerned tional signing of great interest to Current state highway signing prac- many communities and areas through- tice, while it is the responsibility of with highway signing. out the State as well as to the motor- the Division of Highways, was not All matters pertaining to type, size, ist. The statewide scope of the prob- developed by this division alone. color, positioning, and use of signs are lem requires that it be treated on a Much of it stems from the studies and agreed upon only after considerable uniform statewide basis. consultations of the California Sign study by this committee, and the sev-

A sign bridge spanning both roadways of a modern freeway.

September-October 1960 25 eral members observe these agreements very closely. Although this organization is advisory only, it has been very effective in securing uniformity on California roads, streets, and highways. Informal meetings of this committee are held as needed, generally several times a year.

Basic Principles and Standard Practice Certain principles must be followed if signing is to achieve the best results in guidance and safety. One such principle is that the number of place names which can be used effectively on a single sign is distinctly limited. Except under very unusual conditions, the number should not exceed three. Because of the higher speeds on freeways, the maximum number of destinations on primary directional signs is restricted to two. Drivers of vehicles moving at present-day speeds are unable to read a long list of place names and directional arrows. Neither can they stop or slow down without hazard to traffic. These principles are confirmed in a study by the Institute of Transporta- tion and Traffic Engineering of the University of California which indicated that the number of drivers' errors in reading signs increases sharply if the number of names on a sign exceeds three. This study also indicated that a dividing line between destinations in opposite directions is of great benefit in reducing drivers' errors in reading signs. As a result, it has now become standard practice of the Divi- sion of Highways to use the dividing line between such destinations on new standard directional signs or replace- ments. On high-standard roads, in particu- PHOTOS ABOVE—Guide signs include divider when they have destinations in different directions. lar, signs must be both located and proportioned so that motorists may town, (2) the next county seat, road two destinations, the next town and recognize the messages, comprehend junction, or important city, and (3) the terrriinal city of most general in- the meaning, make decisions, and di- the end of the route. All of the towns terest. rect their vehicles into the proper lane named are on the route being trav- Early thinking in respect to this without a reduction in speed. eled. Where the road divides, loca- sign was that it did not need to be Reassurance Signs tions in each direction may be shown, very prominent because it does not To reassure motorists that they are and cities designated as the termini call for immediate action by the on the right road and to tell them how may be alternated on the bottom line driver. Many small, nonreflec~orized far it is to points along the route, re- of successive signs. Distances are reassurance signs are still providing assurance guide signs are placed fac- shown to the nearest mile for each service on the older conventional ing outbound traffic at the outskirts destination. highways. However, the size of the of cities or towns and just beyond On interstate freeways, reassurance message on reassurance signs has been principal highway junctions. These signs will appear at more frequent in- constantly increased in line with in- signs generally show (1) the next tervals, but these signs will show only creases in speed and traffic volumes.

26 California Highways and Public Works Reflectorization of this sign has been standard for some five years and size of the message on current and future . installations will approach that of the major guide signs on the route.

Freeway Driving When driving a freeway for the first time, a motorist should always consult a map ~ to find out which exit will lead to his destination. A single exit in a metropolitan area generally leads to many city streets and destinations. Only the name of the street to which the ramp connects and one place name can be shown on the sign; so the motorist must know the name of the exit where he wants to turn off. In other words, a driver must know in advance where he wants to go if he expects to get there without confusion or mistakes. The main purpose of highway guide signs is to tell the motorist how to reach his destination by the shortest and most efFicient route. Any message on a sign which would tend to influence the motorist's decision or to encourage him to turn ofd the highway at a particular road or area is not within the scope of proper highway signing.

State, US and Interstate Markers PHOTOS ABOVE—Reassurance signs are larger and reflectorized for easy nighttime as well as daytime On any route, there are nearly al- reading. ways agreat number of possible des- use provide generally adequate direction of the Executive Committee of tinations and connecting highways, tional information. AASHO. Over the years, this com- and it has been found impracticable to mittee has developed a set of policies US Numbered Routes place signs along highways or at turn- for the purpose of facilitating travel offs naming all possibilities. Asa state- The importance of a narionwide on a nationwide basis over the short- wide practice, it has been found system of numbered highways was est routes and best roads. advisable to restrict the naming of recognized in the early twenties, and locations on a given route to those the American Association of State AASHO Policies actually on the route. Highway Of~'icials (AASHO) re- In accordance with these policies, Obviously, it would be impossible quested the Secretary of Agriculture, it has been the practice of the Divi- to place a sufFicient number of signs under whose offices the Bureau of sion of Highways to request that the on the highways to enable a motorist, Public Roads at that time operated, to best route from a traffic service stand- without knowledge of the general di- name a committee for the purpose of point be designated as the basic US rection or local geography, to find formulating a plan or system of num- route. Therefore, when a highway is his way merely by looking for place bered highways. The association was reconstructed to higher standards on names on traffic signs. asked by the Secretary of Agriculture new alignment, either through or Consequently, as a matter of pri- to develop such a system. This system around a city or community, this new mary guidance, considerable use is was developed and officially adopted routing is signed as the basic num- made of state and US highway route in 1926. The American Association of bered route. markers. Under present-day condi- State Highway Officials is made up of Included in the established policies tions in California, a motorist unfa- all the state highway departments, of AASHO is the provision that "No miliar with a geographical area needs those of Puerto Rico and the District additional road shall be added to the the assistance of a road map, and road of Columbia, and the US Bureau of US numbered road system, and no maps are readily available. Studies show Public Roads. existing US road shall be extended ex- that most motorists rely upon such as- The selection of US sign routes and cept where there is a definite showing sistance and that the route markers in the assignment of numbers is a func- of an adequately improved highway

September-October 1960 27

Works and and Public Public Highways Highways California California 28 28

to to of of be be the benefit benefit would would route route US US ness ness business business routes Proposed Proposed freeway. freeway. numbers. and and route route system system shields shields

a a busi- where where type type this this cases cases of of In Interstate the the new a a S. S. by by which which U. U. is is and and bypassed bypassed serves serves both both it it the the have have

section. the the business business through through will route route the the numbered numbered S. S. U. U. community when when relinquished relinquished existing existing

to to travel the the opportunity opportunity with with public public an over over is developed developed which which is is state state of of system system highway highway tion tion former former terstate terstate

the the traveling provide provide and and of of city city a a In- the the where where sec- a a on on sections sections route route Those Those "business" "business" a a location. location. designate designate

limits corporate corporate within within the the principally principally new to on on developed developed is is found found desirable desirable is is system system frequently frequently Interstate Interstate It It

routes routes business business are These These AASHO. AASHO. the of of Much Much each each other. other. complement complement a a city.

for for to approval approval be be submitted submitted must must will systems systems numbered numbered two two the the and and within area area or or a a of of district district name name the the

areas, generating generating

traffic traffic major major tion's tion's sometunes and and civic civic or or center, center,

town, town,

below. U.S. U.S. highway highway shield shield the the on on

smaller smaller

na- the the between between traffic traffic

accommodate accommodate down-

business business distYict, distYict,

district, district, central central

are are but but equally equally numbers numbers eye, eye, route route

ist's ist's readable

to highways highways access access limited limited shield shield modern modern catches catches of of new new the the as interstate interstate The The large large such such motor- designations designations by by accomplished accomplished

mileage limited limited a a of of system system separate separate is this this a a signs, signs, On On directional directional be be found. found.

reality, in in is, is, but but system, system, US US the the of of traveler traveler may the the by by required required normally normally

that replace replace to to intended intended not not is is services where where motorists motorists bering bering to to designate designate

num- and and marking marking system system to Interstate Interstate more more important important and and more more comes comes

The system. system. numbered numbered it it US US the the be- highway, highway, the the on on from from ing ing directly directly

distinct and and separate separate is is that that no no front- businesses businesses system system resulting resulting in in system system

numbering a a basis basis of of the the on on the the of of freeway extension extension shields shields the the With With

marker route route distinctive distinctive

with with marked marked

Business Business RouTes and and Districts Districts Business Business

are are being Highways Highways Defense Defense and and

Interstate of of System System nation. across across the the tances tances National National mile mile

41,000- the the dis- considerable considerable comprising comprising for for route route continuity continuity routes routes The The

to to provide

connected connected are are segments segments

Numbers Route Route Interstate Interstate

before years years not not many many and and be be may may it it

vertising.

all all

states a a at at in in

rapid rapid pace pace is is

moving moving

ad- their their in in businesses businesses of of

tion tion their their

program the the However, However,

time. time. present present

loca- the the in in tie tie to to numbers numbers

route route

use use

the at at aid aid

touring touring effective effective

an an

provide provide

traveler the the to to cater cater

that that

Businesses Businesses

these these shields shields for for

system system

Interstate Interstate

maps. road road of of makers makers

by by

the the

sively sively

the of of

the the in in development development

early early too too

exten- used used are are route route numbers numbers

The The

is State. State.

It It the the

throughout throughout locations locations

apply. they they as as insofar insofar routes routes

sign sign

state state

many in in to to appear appear beginning beginning is is

shield shield

California of of establishment establishment

the the

in in

blue blue

white white Interstate and and red, red,

The The

followed also also are are policies policies route route sign sign

AASHO

uniformity, uniformity, of of

sake sake the the For For

route.

business business

fhe fhe

the the to to sign sign from from freeway freeway

the the directs directs traveler traveler Large Large displayed displayed prominently prominently and and

motorists. of of part part on on the the routes routes

numbered in in confidence confidence of of lack lack and and

confusion in in result result would would routes routes ness ness

busi- or or alternate alternate of of use use unwarranted unwarranted

or extensive extensive Also, Also, routes. routes. numbered numbered

US of of system system entire entire the the discredit discredit

would service service traffic traffic the the best best viding viding

pro- not not routes routes inadequate inadequate of of ignation ignation

des- because because policies policies established established - well

these for for need need obvious obvious is is There There

points."

terminal different different in in ending ending diverge, diverge,

then routes routes the the and and short short distance distance

a for for is is duplication duplication the the unless unless lished, lished,

estab- already already routes routes US US duplicate duplicate

to necessary necessary is is it it so, so, do do to to when when made made

be not not shall shall extensions extensions "Proposed "Proposed

route. the the present present of of direction direction eral eral

gen- the the in in is is extension extension proposed proposed the the

when only only made made be be may may routes routes bered bered

num- US US present present of of "Extension "Extension

numbers.

route state state by by provided provided be be cannot cannot

traffic traffic service adequate adequate which which for for and and

routes US US existing existing by by for for provided provided

otherwise not not traffic traffic interstate interstate of of line line

necessary and and established established an an carrying carrying parallel to the new freeway, will serve as a frontage road. Frontage roads have proven to be advantageous locations for businesses, especially those which provide necessary services for motorists. The problem of providing adequate directional signs to roadside businesses on frontage roads or on old roads bypassed by construction of freeways developed about 1949. Signs with various wordings were considered, such as roadside services, road- sade busi~zess, roadside business area, roadside ?Hotels, etc. Roadside Business The sign reading roadside business was adopted with the approval of the Motor Hotel Association of Califor- nia. This sign indicates all types of services and accommodations and is consistent with our present signing practice of placing business signs with route markers to indicate business routes not on the main highway and providing direction to business districts. One of the important factors in the development and use of the sign reading roadside business was that the use of a uniform standard sign to designate these businesses would soon cause UPPER—S)gns directing the traveler fo a small community Also tell him the services are available. LOWER— it to become known by the public. The inclusion of "Downtown" in the freeway signing through a major city indicates fhe proper }urno~f they recognized such fo reach the central business area. Motorists, when a sign, would know that roadside motorist, and local authorities are in the best possible signing for all high- services were available. accord and agree to maintain the nec- way users. A survey was made by the Division essary signs, it is the division's prac- Either overhead illuminated or re- of Highways Right-of-way Depart- tice to recommend approval to flectorized signs are installed where ment on the effect of bypassing road- AASHO. When a business route is practicable at the connections with side business. Operators of motels, res- approved, all directional signs on the the road leading to the business dis- taurants, etc., were contacted and state highway directing to the busi- trict and the main highway. In addi- appeared satisfied with the wording ness route are installed and maintained tion, where there are other connec- of the signs, but expressed concern re- by the Division of Highways. tions from the freeway to the business garding their placement and visibility. The use of the business route is a district, supplementary signing is also As a result of this survey, the signs convenient and logical way to direct provided. were placed farther in advance of the a stranger so that he can easily find Fronfage Roads and Roadside Business intersection and the roadside business his way to the business section, trans- When the construction of a new signs were reflectorized for night visi- act his business, and then proceed to freeway separates developed property bility. find his way back to the main high- from the existing local road or street One of the most important factors gtand- way by following the route shields. system and leaves no suitable connec- in the statewide use of uniform ard signs reading roadside business is The Division of Highways recog- tion to the freeway, it is frequently necessary to provide access to the that their continued and consistent use nizes that the business centers of by- property by construction of a local will further increase their effective- passed and communities along old service road parallel to the freeway. ness. routes provide needed services to the This type of road is designated as a Freeway Signing highway user, and every effort is frontage road. In the case of new con- It is a long step from the first roads made to give recognition to these struction, they are parallel to the free- and streets used by automobiles to the business districts in a manner consist- way. Often the old highway, or por- present-day six- and eight-lane free- ent with the principle of providing tions of the old highway, roughly ways in the large metropolitan areas.

September-October 1960 29

Works Public Public Highways Highways and and California California 30 30

distances. and and exits exits three three their their next next listing listing Typical Typical sign sign freeway freeway necessary make make it it exit exit an an to to approach approach

the will will at at lanes lanes on on changing changing preclude preclude

which volumes volumes traffic traffic example, example, For For

requirements.

signing the the increase increase greatly greatly facility facility

of type type this this by by carried carried volumes volumes high high

The freeway. freeway. of of modern modern the the operation operation

satisfactory and and completeness completeness to to tial tial

essen- is is signing signing it. it. of of Adequate Adequate part part

integral is is an an it it because because freeway freeway the the

from separated separated be be cannot cannot Signing Signing

load. traffic traffic tremendous tremendous a a

carry which which freeways freeways these these on on quired quired

re- now now is is which which that that to to signing signing early early

the from from step step long long a a is is it it Likewise, Likewise,

exits.

three to to next next the the distance distance and and

Location general general their their of of drivers drivers turnoff. major major

inform to to sign sign Freeway Freeway a of of advance advance ABOVE— mation mation in in use use for for

infor- through through and and arrow arrow ward ward

down- with with bridge bridge —Sign —Sign RIGHT

~%`

~~~T.

lane. proper proper dicating dicating

in- gore gore arrows arrows with with sign sign — BELOW Overhead Overhead

exits.

three distance distance next next general general to to location location and and

their — informs informs of of RIGHT sign sign drivers drivers Freeway Freeway

lane.

with with BELOW indicating indicating sign sign proper arrows arrows —Gore —Gore to provide much greater advance notice of the turnoff.. There was a time when 50 feet in advance of an intersection was adequate. Later, the distance increased progressively to several hundred feet, to one-quarter mile, to one-half mile, and now one mile or more is considered a desirable distance for the first indication of a turnoff from a freeway. This desirable distance is not always obtainable, due to limitations on design and the need for frequent connections to provide proper traffic service in highly developed areas. Positive indications of the lane to use for different exits are very necessary. Drivers also need to know the approximate distance to the offramp they expect to use. New System of Signing After careful study of this problem by traffic engineers of the Division of Highways, a new system of signing for metropolitan freeways was developed early in 1956. This system has been subsequently modified in line with signing requirements on the In- terstate System. The advantages of these later revisions were to develop uniformity of signing on all Califor- nia freeways and attain basic uniformity with major freeway signing on a national basis. The features of the newer freeway signing most apparent to the motorist are the green rather than black backgrounds on guide signs and the upward sloping arrow at exits from the freeway instead of a down arrow over the offramp. The main features of freeway signing are:

Metropolitan Freeways In order to inform drivers of their general location and the distance to the exit which they are seeking, signs are placed indicating the next three exits and the distance thereto in miles and fractions of miles. These signs are located as soon as practicable after passing an exit and list the next three emits. As soon as an exit is passed, its name is dropped from the top line and the second line moves up to the top position. A new exit name and distance is then added on the bottom. The names for the exits are street names, road names, route numbers, or any other name which best fits local These signs are frequent PHOTOS ABOVE—Sequence signing en advance of a freeway junction under crowded urban conditions. conditions.

September-October 1960 31 reminders to motorists so that they will be prepared to turn off when they reach the exit that will take them to their destination. Overhead illuminated signs are placed at exits in the gore; that is, in the triangular area between the turnoff and the main freeway lanes. These signs carry the name of the offramp, positioned directly over the offramp with an upward sloping arrow pointing in the direction of the exit movement. The other side of the sign will normally be over the outside freeway lane, and will carry the name and distance to the next exit ahead, with an arrow pointing downward to the approximate center of the outside lane. At major turnoffs, a sign bridge may ~, be erected over the freeway lanes _. which will carry through trafFic infor- s, r -, ~ ..~ .. -...__ ~_ mation in addition to the name of the next exit. The through information is usually a prominent city on the route together with appropriate route shields. Advance sign bridges carrying full information are always placed in advance of a freeway junction. With this system of signing, the names of all major exits will generally ': ,?' be indicated three times, at least twice on overhead illuminated signs. ~, Downward pointing arrows assign traffic to the appropriate lane in advance of turnoffs or branch connections. Down arrows are also used over the connecting roadways at freeway to freeway interchanges. The upward sloping arrow is now used only at the exit from the freeway and will direct to city streets or other local roads. With the complex of freeways now developing in urban areas, a high per- centage of local trips will involve not one, but a system of freeways. The concept that down arrows keep you on the freeway system and an up arrow takes you off should provide a valuable aid to the motorist. Rural Freeways On rural freeways, overhead signs are generally restricted to gore installations at important turnoffs. They are primarily used at junctions of state or national sign routes and to direct to bypassed communities over the best connection for each direction of travel. It was found that when a freeway PHOTOS ABOVE—These signs give repeafed notice of an important sign route turnoff. bypasses a community formerly on

32 California Highways and Public Works signs placed midway between the first advance sign and the exit. These, together with a sign at the gore, again provide three notices of the turnoff. It is a well-known fact that drivers, through inattention or distraction, frequently pass even a prominently placed sign without comprehending it. The repetition of the exit names and lane indications should reduce this problem to the minimum.

Sign Modernization Highway designs, including. signing, are continually being improved. It is not economical or practical to go back and revise all previous designs and installations whenever a new and better way of signing is developed. How- ever, the effectiveness of modern signing has resulted in many demands for the re-signing of older freeways. In this respect, a systematic program is now under way in which those higher traffic areas having the most critical deficiencies in signing receive the first priority for modernization. California has taken the lead in developing overhead illuminated freeway signs and rates high nationally in the field of traffic control. Uniform- ity, so vitally necessary for effective signing, is obtained by an up-to-date looseleaf manual setting forth uniform standards and policies for signs and other traffic control devices used on state highways. Uniformity and ade- quacy of signing on California county roads and city streets is, with a few exceptions, very good,largely through the activities of the California Sign Committee. The driver must not be left out of the picture. The best signs in the world are no positive assurance that a few drivers won't make mistakes or PHOTOS ABOVE—Approaching a turnoff to a community from a major rural freeway, the motorist is take a wrong turn occasionally. notified repeatedly. Drivers must take their share of the responsibility. They should study a the sign route, and still so indicated Although traffic volumes are usu- map when using a highway or metro- on small-scale road maps, a consider- ally not comparable to urban free- politan freeway for the first time so able segment of the motorists turn off ways, the greater speeds of rural they will know what routes to follow at the prominently displayed city travel make advance notice of turn- and where to turn off to reach their name in the belief they are following offs equally important. First notice is destination, and above all be alert and the route. For this reason, it is now provided by a large ground-mounted courteous, and follow the rules of the standard practice to show a prominent sign carrying turnoff information in road at all times. Careful;- competent through destination, together with the 16-inch capital and 12-inch lower case driving, combined with safe highways route shield, on the left panel of a letters, together with the distance to and adequate traffic signs, will surely butterfly sign when the right panel the exit, usually one mile. Additional contribute substantially to smooth, directs to a bypassed community. notice is provided by lane-indicating safe and orderly traffic flow.

September-October 1960 ~~j

34 34 Highways Highways Works California California Public Public and and

less less than than the the 000 000 widening widening existing now, now, will will be be eliminated eliminated difficulty 1960, 1960, February February when when and and no no the of of in in

constructed constructed approximately approximately $300,- for for Avenue, Avenue, a a real real "problem" "problem" zero to to intersection subsided subsided settlement settlement The The way. way.

indicated indicated bypass bypass be that that of of could could the the the the bypass. bypass. righ~of- The The Railroad Railroad other, other, Pacific Pacific at at San San Jose Southern Southern the the

Engineer's Engineer's Office Clara Clara County County Santa Santa by by nated nated the the across immediately immediately construction construction the the of of approach approach Unit Unit for for 2

alternates alternates of of Cost Cost studies studies the the the by by Canoas Canoas Garden Garden 1.2 1.2 feet Avenue Avenue embankment, embankment, but but elimi- only only proach proach will will be be

grade grade crossings crossings existing existing remain, remain, northerly northerly undercrossing undercrossing widened. and and the the 2.2 2.2 ap- one one feet feet mately mately at for for the the

of of imported imported would would select select constructed, constructed, material. material. have have two be be platforms platforms found found to to approxi- be be Only Only or or to to was was the

cement - treated treated obvious obvious base, base, over over bankments, bankments, settlement measured measured it it an an route inches by by as as alternate alternate that that six six

facing facing over over inches inches of of the the of of eight eight south south Class Class beneath beneath A ground ground the the the the the the City City natural natural em- made of of of of San San Jose Jose

sisted sisted of of inches inches of of four four the the ments ments plant plant 1950's 1950's growth growth progressed. progressed. mix mix area area sur- to rapid rapid of of settlement the the Ultimate Ultimate

The The roadway roadway Pacific Pacific section section Railroad. Railroad. con- By By embank- the the chosen chosen ern ern the the approach approach overcrossing overcrossing early of of

$915,000. line line at at Francisco Francisco of of the the structed structed main main South- Bay; Bay; placement developed developed the the as as

and and engineering, engineering, 1935 1935 was was an an approximately undercrossing undercrossing in in con- unexpected unexpected from from this this was was distance distance at at San

tion tion cost, cost, exclusive exclusive of of was was surfaced surfaced asphalt asphalt right paving, paving, with with -of -way and somewhat A A problem, problem, settlement settlement

of of the the Bypass. Bypass. Almaden Almaden 1925 1925 the the to to

period period The The In In the the 1920 1920 construc- road

Problem

Seftlemenf Seftlemenf

struction struction of of

the the first first unit unit (1.25 (1.25 miles)

First First

Surfacing

tion tion Company Company of of San San Jose Jose for for almost almost the the length length project. con- the the of of full full the the

awarded awarded to to summer summer Edward Edward in in its its entire entire Keeble Keeble length. for for Construc- sides sides frontage frontage on on both both roads roads by by for

by by 18, 18, graveled graveled November November 1958, 1958, a a and and the the sprinkled county county the the was contract contract areas areas status, status, adjoining adjoining served are are

tributed tributed in in mud mud in in funds funds the the for for winter, winter, the the was until until pressway pressway it it and and project, project, does does not not freeway have have on full full

county, county, city, city, in in summer summer dust dust and and in in and and the the a~rle a~rle state state deep con- federal, federal, 101) 101) (Highway (Highway . . Although Although ex- the the

was was begun begun for for trains, trains, bypass. bypass. rendering rendering road road the the the the deep All All ankle ankle completed completed agencies, to to the the Road Monterey Monterey

undercrossing, undercrossing, over over the the in in road road 1957 1957 in in and and wagons wagons mule and and Curtner planning -Stone -Stone Extension Extension been has has

$40,000,000 $40,000,000 in in quicksilver quicksilver was was hauled

den den mines, mines, quicksilver quicksilver approximately old old road road at at the the leff.

under under County County

the the -aid -aid Federal Highway Highway Nofe Nofe Secondary Secondary the the Program. Program. narrow narrow railroad railroad on on underpass underpass the was was road road to to extended extended new new the the Alma-

An An aerial aerial of of a a new new section section of of the the Expressway Expressway Almaden Almaden south south of of San San by by Jose Jose Santa Santa construNed construNed Clara

riod riod from from 1886 1886 1850 1850 to to when when the the rail-

and and settlement settlement at at San San the the pe- Jose. Jose. In In

nor) nor) to to get get to to and and mission from from the the

land land grants grants from from the the Mexican Mexican gover-

Spanish Spanish settlers settlers (who (who had had received

served served Later Later it it road road for for as as a a early the the

natives natives with with dyes dyes to to paint paint their their faces.

the the area area where where red red rocks rocks furnished furnished the

it it was was used used when when a a as as to trail trail to to get get

back back dating dating to to the the days days of of the the Indians

Almaden Almaden Road Road has has a a long long history,

road road main main line line to to Los Los Angeles.

at at crossing crossing the the Southern Southern Pacific Pacific Rail-

the the existing existing narrow narrow two -lane -lane under-

on on a a new new crossing crossing alignment alignment to to bypass

divided divided and and highway highway railroad railroad over-

volved volved the the construction construction of of a a four -lane

tinguish tinguish it it full full from from a a freeway, freeway, in-

"expressway," "expressway," The The so so called called to to dis-

City City of of San San Jose.

movement movement of of traffic traffic in in and and of of the out out

the the most most serious serious bottlenecks bottlenecks to to the

opened opened to to traffic, traffic, eliminating eliminating of one one

of of the the Almaden Almaden Expressway Expressway was

IN IN Min- 1959, 1959, NovEMBEx NovEMBEx the the unit first first

By By JAMES JAMES B. B. ENOCHS, ENOCHS, Public Public Director Director Works, Works, of of Santa Santa Clara Clara County

V V

J J J J ~C, ~C, ~ ~ Is Is Completed Completed San San Jose in in

I~ I~ r/~ r/~ (~ (~ (~ (~ `~ `~ ~ ~ /~ /~ First First Unit Unit of of Almaden Almaden Job — I 1 ~~~ ~j I~~ -- _~ ~— - _` ~- - __ ~C, ~~L~ -- MOHTExEV aoAO ~AP~- --~~ _._ — J~O~~IC I ,+~ 9 __--J~ ~— -~ -- K,.6 ~o. ~ ,~` CPq vOSED UE EXTENSION - l ~ '"` ~ -_- ~ ~ ~ 196I - it

~~~~ ~,~~ CURTUER STONE E _ j ~~ ~ ~L: III „~,,~~~' ~' P% _:~., ~-~ ~ I 5 q. ~~ OC ~CURTNER-ST NEi ~... ~_\_ _ U it I _'_—

~~~~ ~_ ~~vk s ..s P o.E

/^~~/ r \~ ..CAHOPS_~ . GPRDEN. AVE.:J \I -_~-~/ `_\ ~mil ~^~ \ _ \~- ~ ~ . r__. I / ~\ ~--~~ .roixr arr or ose~ /~ ~' I ~'A~~I \\ _ coon*r ovsaHrn I! l ~ G try tia T aR ~ \ `'fir / ~J

J ~/, r ~ l ~~'/ /- ~--

_ ///~\/ ~~~~1(1~\/~ ~ ~ I/ / _~ /~V~~ TMFFIC W ~~ ~ TT C

~~ I ~ .l ~O ~ I ~j / ~ ~UHTY~Of SAXia~C ~ ~ ~~aa - _ ~ ~ _ ~- ` ,~~~ OC//--/I - a ,/~ Z -,~^av~`

A map of the Almaden Expressway project showing units already constructed, !hose now under wnstrucfion and those proposed for future consfrucFion.

has been experienced with either the the rapidly growing industrial areas ante was and is being given by the structure or the approach pavement. along Highway 101 south of San Jose. California Division of Highways The second unit of the bypass is Application has been made to aid including the Bridge Department dur- now being constructed by Leo F. Pi- this Curtner-Stone project with urban ing the course of the project. azza Paving Co. of San Jose under a e~rtension funds as well as FAS funds. The excellent co-operation between $385,000 federal aid secondary con- Hillsdale Project the City of San Jose and the County tract awarded in December 1959 and The only remaining project of im- of Santa Clara in working out mutual will be open to traffic this fall. It con- mediate concern for this area is the problems of design and construction sists of construction of a plate girder connection of the Almaden Express- of the four units presently contem- overcrossing at the Curtner-Stone Ex- way with the new Hillsdale Express- plated for the Almaden Expressway tension, construction of a portion of way being constructed as a joint proj- gives hope that all political jurisdic- the Curtner-Stone E~rtension, and ex- ect by the City of San Jose and the tions of Santa Clara County can join tension of the expressway approxi- County of Santa Clara to serve east- to secure a successful election in mately 0.5 mile southerly to Redbird west traffic south of the city. How- March 1961 for the $70,000,000 first Drive where it tapers into the e~usting ever, it is hoped that the Almaden stage of a comprehensive county~~ide alignment near the Guadalupe River Expressway can be extended south to e~ressways system. Bridge. serve the area as fast as the buildup Plans are being prepared by the of population demands. county for unit 3 and construction Design and construction engineer- A record high for work should begin on this joint Santa ing was done by Santa Clara County one day of 58,520 Clara County-City of San Jose project personnel under the direction of James vehicles crossed Carquinez Bridge on by mid-1961. In addition, plans for B. Enochs, Director of Public Works. Sunday, August 14. This was nearly unit 4 (Curtner-Stone Extension to Olaf A. Bue was resident engineer on 2,000 more vehicles than crossed the Highway 101) are well along, and a the first unit, and Jack M. Williams bridge on the previous high day, July federal aid secondary contract will be is resident engineer for the unit now 2, 1960, when 56,973 vehicles were awarded in 1961 for this link to serve under construction. Valuable assist- counted.

September-October 1960 35

Works 36 36 Public Public and and Highways Highways California California

began. overall overall An An the the bridge bridge view view telephone telephone of of the the ducts ducts from from on on supported supported work work 6y 6y excavation excavation girders girders fhe fhe after after shortly shortly straps straps steel steel

the wires of of to to assessable assessable hundreds hundreds left be be cost cost were were could could the the containing containing Slots Slots been been have have constructed. constructed. cable cable

each with with cables cables 26 26 slab slab the the of of and and girders box box containing containing ducts ducts stems stems would $120,000 $120,000 which which $240,000, $240,000, of of

file multiple multiple cables cables lower underground underground the the phone phone until until place place in in 40 40 existing existing to amounted amounted method" method" "shoofly "shoofly old old

the of of

relocation relocation tele-

existing existing the the beams beams required required the the supporting supporting have have the to to compared compared method" method" place place in in ing ing

normally steel of of would would

construction construction

arrangement arrangement temporary temporary

bridge bridge

"support- the the new new of of use use from from savings savings

of advance advance new new a substituted substituted method method in in area area The The the the site. site. Clearing Clearing

net contract, contract,

telephone telephone

$60,000 $60,000 the the

construction street. bridge bridge the the in in around around tour tour city city this this existing existing cables cables

Subtracting

$300,000. $300,000. of of sum sum the the cost cost

de- a a cables cables Telephone

in in telephone telephone Pacific Pacific the the of of placing placing number number

large large

to conservatively conservatively estimated estimated was was overs overs

of the method" method" of of because because standard standard old old "shoofly "shoofly problem problem engineering engineering

cut- during during use use cable cable of of

loss loss

normal normal

the from from an departed departed involved involved method" method" place place in in Broadway, Broadway, which which North North

plus

work work

relocation relocation

for for allowance allowance called called contract contract v~ay v~ay on "supporting the the structure structure bridge bridge overhead overhead an an

months'

This This

12 12

use. use. normal normal to to lines lines free- this this on on used used procedure procedure The The included construction construction freeway freeway This This

the restore restore to to

months months

six six additional additional an an

$2,800,000. of of

State State the the to to cost cost

Empboyed Technique Technique New New

with

time time

months' months'

six six

approximately approximately construction total total a a at at McLaughlin, McLaughlin,

required

have have would would

cables cables

shoofly shoofly

L. J. J. and and Co. Co. bridge bridge Construction Construction Boespflug Boespflug structure.

splicing splicing and and

-in -in

cutting placing, placing, C. J. J. contractors, contractors, of of the the deck deck by by the the constructed constructed the final final the the in in location location

the that that

estimated estimated

company company telephone telephone Angeles, Angeles, Los Los of of was it it the the and and and and in bridge bridge place place to to the the second second City City the the in in

The

$60,000. $60,000.

approximately approximately

to to

ing ing length in in miles miles 1.2 1.2 roadway roadway alignment alignment new new on on the the in in around locate locate detour detour

amount-

contract contract

company company telephone telephone lanes eight eight of of being being consists consists first first the the Freeway Freeway to two two quired quired moves; moves; State State

a was was

there there

contract, contract,

highway highway

state state Golden the the of of have have portion portion This This would would 1960. 1960. 18, 18, method" method" re- "shoofly "shoofly

the

with with

simultaneously simultaneously

Running Running March on on by by facilities facilities telephone telephone the traffic traffic these these of of

to to public opened opened cepted cepted practice, practice, standard standard relocation Listed Are Are Savings Savings

to to location. location. completed completed usual usual and According According manner. ac- way way

normal the the in in poured poured formed formed -4 the the across across was and and -LA, -LA, free- LA Broadway Broadway extending extending

was girders girders box box the the of of of of side side VII- slab slab top top Road Road the the The The on on North were were north north Avenue, Avenue,

maintained. was was cables cables telephone telephone the the five five ducts These These apart. apart. Pasadena feet feet to to Road Road mately mately

of service service uninterrupted uninterrupted located located Mission each each procedure procedure from from ducts ducts ing ing approxi- eight eight

V1I V1I

new this this By By position. position. units units two two final final into into ducts ducts of which which of of were were extend- there there Free`vay Free`vay

the of of lowering lowering the the 16 16 permit permit to to 24 24 were were southerly feet feet State ducts ducts Golden Golden ments ments the the of of there there DISTRICT DISTRICT

THE THE diaphragms diaphragms abut- and and unit one one In In bridge bridge transmission. transmission. the the in in message message for for CONSTRUCTION

Engineering Engineering Highway Highway Associate MUNGER, MUNGER, H. H. A. A.

Bridge Bridge and WARREN WARREN Associate Associate Engineer, Engineer, JAMES, JAMES, B. B. By By

o~~ o~~ $240,000 Total Total Savings Savings (o (o n n

New New Used, Technique Technique s ~~,:r ~; ,~'.. ~~. , :~~ , ,. x~,~ ~ Vie:=. .,,Y ;t~,-i= :~z~. ~`. ~.~~ ~, ~. ', State in accordance with e~usring util- ~` ity relocation contract. This did not take into account money losses resulting from possible interruptions in TV, radio and other coaxial trunk line services had the "shoofly method" been employed. Of the 26 cables, three were TV, radio and long distance toll lines to the east coast and the remainder were main trunk lines between city telephone exchanges. Further, if the "shoofly method" had been used the State's freeway contractor would have had serious interruptions to his work, first while the telephone bypass cable was being installed in the detour and again during the permanent cable installation in the new bridge structure.

Construction Methods The contract plans originally called for the steel beams carrying the cables to be supported on islands of earth left between cribbed excavations for abutments and piers. After study by The Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Company and under an agreement between the contractor and State, the A view from below of the telephone manhole contents and ducts protected by timber planks and sup- porfed above the bridge "glory hole" prior to the construction of the bridge abutment. earth islands and the cribbing for excavations were eliminated and in their place welded steel bents were erected, spaced about 20 feet on both sides of the abutments and piers: This change in contract involved a change order which resulted in a savings of $2,700 to the State. The telephone company, using its own contract forces, furnished and erected the main steel beams, and strapped the cables and ducts protected by timber plank sheeting to the beams and handled the raising and lowering of the cables. The work performed by the State's contractor consisted of both structural and roadway excavation under the cables and in placing the temporary supports for the cables during these operations. This method of placing required that holes be drilled in the existing ground after the telephone conduit had been exposed, for placing the legs of the steel bents.

Holes Drilled Two-foot-diameter holes for the bent legs were drilled from the surface of ground to the elevation of the bottom of the footings, a depth of approximately 34 feet A side view of the Telephone manhole contents and ducfs shown above, affer construction of the bridge from ground sur- abutment.

September-October 1960 37 face. Then 12-inch, 53-pound steel H-bearing piles were placed in the holes and the bottom 10 feet encased in concrete. The bent caps were left off temporarily until the supporting beams with the conduit strapped to them were raised to grade. The 12- inch steel bent caps were then placed to support the longitudinal beams and were welded to the legs. The detailed construction steps employed in sequence consisted of ex- posing the telephone ducts containing the cables, encasing the ducts in pro- tective timber plank sheeting, placing longitudinal 18-inch WF70 26-beam supports above the ducts and hanging the ducts and cables to the beams by means of steel straps. The I-beams were raised with jacks appro~umately four feet to provide atwo-foot clearance between the ducts and the lower slab of the box girders. At this stage the caps of the steel bents were inserted under the I-beams and the loads were then transferred to the steel bents.

A photo of the project after the falsework was constructed showing fhe felephone ducts supported from No Inierferenee the steel girders. The excavation for the abutments and piers were made using heavy excavation equipment, without interference from timber cribbing originally required by the specifications. The two abutments and the center pier were constructed in the excavation to bridge seat elevation. Short WF-beam columns to serve as legs for a second set of temporary column supports were placed in the abutments and center pier. The cable load was transferred to these column supports and the first temporary steel bents removed. The supporting I-beams were then at the maximum 75-foot span for which they were designed. After the first temporary bents were removed, the balance of the earth under the bridge was excavated. Deck falsework and forms were erected and the lower bridge slab and stems of the box girder poured. The process of lowering the ducts and cables onto 'the lower concrete slab was started as soon as possible. These telephone ducts were finally placed on the lower slab while it was still supported by forms and falsework. The lowering was accomplished Workers prepare to release the steel straps and lower fhe ducts into fheir final posiflon inside fhe concrefe girder. by employing long threaded vertical

38 California Highways and Public Works The telephone ducts shown in their permanent position inside the concrete box girder. bolts through yokes supporting the pulling. The telephone company kept also be considered where a smaller ducts. The ducts were anchored in its own inspector on the job during number of cables are involved when their final position by partial encase- the critical stages of the work, which it is more economical than installing ment in lightweight concrete. The were completed as planned without an overhead line or a temporary top slab forms of the box girder were serious difficulties. "shoofly" installation in the bridge de= then placed and the top slab poured. tour to clear the bridge construction At Bridge Abutment No. 3; a tele- Method Is Successful area. phone cable manhole was incorporated This new "supporting in place The District VII Right of Way with the abutment to give access to method" for taking care of existing Clearance Department staff wishes to existing splices in the cables. This is telephone ducts during bridge con- acknowledge the co-operation of The shown in a photograph illustrating struction as carried out on this job Pacific Telephone and Telegraph this story. proved to be a successful construction Company representatives for their The problem of finding the re- method satisfactory for widespread contribution in the successful develop- quired four inches of slack in the use. ment of this new "supporting in place cables to allow for the four feet of savings in utility reloca- method" for handling telephone cables vertical lift was not too difficult since The vast construction. Special apprecia- some slack existed in adjacent man- tion costs further warrants the em- during holes on both sides of. the freeway. ployment of this method for similar tion is extended to Mr. William G. However, great care was exercised by situations where a large number of Cook of the Los Angeles office of the the telephone company to be sure that telephone cables are involved with a Pacific Telephone Company for his the cables were not overstressed by bridge structure. The method should assistance.

September-October 1960 39

Works and and Public Public Highways Highways California California 40 40

ness. Com- Highway Highway California California the the to to uable uable aid aid

pavement pavement smooth-

studies studies

of of with with connection connection in in use use

val- become become a a has has activity activity This This

WHExEns, WHExEns,

special for for Department Department Research Research and and Materials Materials

and matters; matters; on on highway highway the for for was was built built body body this this body. body. type type veyor's veyor's

recommendations views views and and a a chassis chassis to to and and sur- frock frock express express their their the the between between -ton -ton 7 truck truck

on on a mounted mounted special special body body a a a a is is Such Such unit unit individuals and and civic civic organizations organizations officials, officials,

open open fhe fhe market. on on not not available available public local local an an for for opportunity opportunity providing providing

they they

are

its its

in in Sacramento. Sacramento. in in

Shop Shop

Headquarters Headquarters

State, the the of of

various various counties counties the the meetings meetings in in

the the units units by by these these Depar}ment are are manufactured manufactured

public conducted conducted and and has has arranged arranged annually annually

parts parts and and of the the design design component component construction. construction.

Department, and and Highway Highway Transportation Transportation

requiring requiring are are

many many ment ment specialized Department Department

its

through through State State of of Commerce, Commerce, Chamber Chamber by by Highways Highways Division Division of of the the Equip- administered administered

California years years the the many many For For WxExEns, WxExEns, units equipment equipment the the 8500 8500 —Among —Among PHO70 PHO70

LEFT

Truck for for Profilograph Profilograph IV~ade IV~ade body body Special Special the the resolution: following following

in service service the the state state group's group's chamber chamber

acknowledged High~~ay High~~ay Commission Commission

decks. lower lower upper upper and and Commission. the way way presentation, presentation, the the Following Following

High-

California California the the of of both vote vote on on platforms platforms unanimous unanimous by by lanes lanes and and

passenger passenger

continued.

started started or or

be be

should should

1960 September September of of day day this this first first Adopted Adopted

bus of of

construction construction and and facilities facilities the the

planning

-range -range long

which which

on on

those those

California. of of

Governor Governor

G. G. Brown, Brown, mund mund

other and and of of

mechanical mechanical sion sion electrical, electrical,

and were were indicated, indicated,

-way -way

-of

rights

'and 'and

Ed- and and to to Commerce Commerce of of

Chamber Chamber Stage Stage

revi- involve involve also also The The will will project project

planning

additional additional

which which

for for

those those

of of the directors directors and and officers officers the the to to sent sent be be

explained.

Raab Raab

ramps, ramps,

movable movable

shortly, very very undertaken undertaken

be be

could could

resolution this this

of of copy copy

a a That That Resolved, Resolved,

designed

of of

specially specially means means

by by

traffic traffic

construction where where

those those

county: county: by by

further it it and and be be interest; interest;

with interference interference noticeable noticeable

without without

public the the county in in

categories, categories,

three three program program

this this into into of of

grouped grouped

development development

be be lowered

will will

deck deck

upper upper

The The

the in in members members committee committee and and were staff staff the the by by consideration consideration commission commission

for for

completed. is is

job job

rendered

assistance assistance and and operation operation co- the the for for recommended

747 747 projects projects

The The

reconstruction whole whole the the when when

lower lower

appreciation

its its

expresses expresses means means this this and and by by

summer.

and and

spring spring the the

during during

the as as service well well as as deck deck public public fine fine

this this upper upper for for the the

of of using using Commerce Commerce

State the the

throughout throughout

held held meeting meeting 50 50

Chamber State State the the commends commends Commission Commission be will will which which trucks trucks

the the

accommodate accommodate

of Highway a a

California California series series

leaders leaders at at

That That civic civic the the

and and Resolved, Resolved, officials officials

to order order in in Chief, Chief, Division Division C. C. Raab, Raab,

Norman by by explained explained was was it it

tunnel, tunnel,

photo.

of of platform, platform, rear rear the the seated seated on on are are Commission Commission Highway Highway

fhe fhe of of Members Members

mendations. mendations.

the

throughout throughout

inches inches

16 16

lowered lowered be be

recom-

project project

present present to to chairmen chairmen commififee commififee regional regional the the of of

one one on on call call

to to

from from lectern lectern the the

turning turning

is Commerce Commerce

must of of

deck deck Chamber Chamber State State upper upper California California the the the the of of of of Committee Committee level level Highway Highway The The Statewide Statewide the the of of Tarr Tarr W. W. F. F. man man

Chair- 31st, 31st, August August on on Sacramento Sacramento in in room room hearing hearing

Commission Commission Highway Highway California California fhe fhe view view this this of of In In deck.

upper the the of of level level the the of of lowering lowering

then and and tunnel; tunnel; the the through through deck deck

upper the the supporting supporting columns columns center center

the of of removal removal flow; flow; traffic traffic continuous continuous

maintain to to order order in in time, time, a a at at width width

deck the the -half -half one deck, deck, lower lower the the of of

level the the lowering lowering tunnel; tunnel; the the through through

deck lower lower the the on on rails rails System System Key Key

the of of removal removal involves involves project project The The

cisco.

Fran- San San Street, Street, Fremont Fremont -151 -151 at at office office

division's the the 1960, 1960, in in 11, 11, October October on on

p.m. 2 2 at at opened opened be be will will Bids Bids work. work.

reconstruction tunnel tunnel the the for for able able

avail- is is funds funds revenue revenue Bridge Bridge Bay Bay in in

$4,000,000 approximately approximately of of total total A A

decks. two two its its

of of

each each

on on

be be it now, now, therefore therefore

California; California; of of

local

by by made made

and and recommendations recommendations

flow traffic traffic direction direction of of - one lanes lanes five five

but but every every to to

citizen Commission Commission

Highway Highway

discussions

of of

distillation distillation the the tee tee was was

for

provide provide

to to bridge bridge the the of of version version

only only the the to to not not California service service distinct distinct a a

commit-

highway highway

statewide statewide

chamber's chamber's

con- in in step step is Commerce Commerce of of Chamber Chamber another another is is State State the the project project of of ity ity The The

state the the of of report report 86 -page -page

The The

activ- that that this this is is recognized recognized It It WHEREAS, WHEREAS, Bridge. Bay Bay

the the of of State. counties counties

and nation; nation; the the of of states states Oakland - Francisco San San

the the of of portion portion

among is is unique unique program program

58 highway highway state state a a

all all

studies studies in in

project project

highway highway of of

Tunnel Island Island Buena Buena Yerba Yerba the the struct struct

the the development development

and and in in guidance guidance

advice advice

results the the

31, presenting presenting 31, August August

on on

recon-

to to

project project a a on on

shortly shortly bids bids

solicit to to communities communities local local goes goes into into tion, tion,

Sacramento in in

Commission Commission

Highway Highway

for advertise advertise will will Crossings Crossings organiza- Toll Toll civic civic a a Bay Bay statewide statewide

through through agency, agency,

California

the the

before before

appearance appearance

state a a policy policy whereby whereby The The Francisco WHEREAS WHEREAS

San San of of Division Division State State The The

-dress

annual annual full its its

made made Commerce Commerce and way way program; program;

Tunnel

Buena Buena

Yerba Yerba

high- Chamber Chamber State State

California's California's administering administering

in in California California mission mission The The

for Set Set Opening Opening Bid Bid RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS HIGHWAY HIGHWAY MAKES MAKES CHAMBER CHAMBER STATE STATE e ec om e er Surface Defltecton'Me su~ement

By F. N. HVEEM, Materials and Research Engineer

E~TGinTE~xs must think about or take into account many different phe- nomena relating to the behavior of the things they build, and among these is the question of how much movement occurs when a material or structure is under load. 1~~Iost engineering works are required to sustain loads or resist forces, but in the process of sus- taining these loads virtually all structural members yield or deflect slightly. Thus, tall buildings sway or bend under high wind pressures and the floors of buildings and decks of bridges deflect and rebound measurably under moving wheel loads. A~ovement under transient vehicle loads is not confined to bridges as it can be shown that all highway pavements deflect under heavy axle loads to a greater or lesser degree depending upon several factors or conditions. One common factor is the magnitude of the load, but there is another vari- able that influences the deflections of pavements that is not involved in bridge decks; namely, the nature of Figure 1. Fatigue cracks, generally known as "alligator" cracks. the underlying support. A bridge deck must be strong enough to carry LIGHT SOURCE the design loads across the span be- LENS ~ REFLECTING tween piers or abutments, but pave- MIRROR — ments are not expected to span any appreciable distance or area and therefore the nature of the subgrade sup- FILM GALVANOMETER port becomes a major consideration CIRCUIT when studying the performance of pavements tinder load. ORIGINAL PAVEMENT ELEVATION d Established Procedure PAVEMENT DEFLECTED TYPICAL FILM TRACE The design of a reinforced concrete THREADED PAVEMENT GOUP~ING ELEVATION or steel beam which will sustain a FIELD COIL given load is well WHEATSTONE BRIDGE a established engi- CORE CIRCUIT neering procedure, and here the strength elements are confined solely within the beam. While many engi- °:" u d o~ total pavement neers regard a high`vay pavement as ovo 00 ;o.o: a sort of "beam" actually the pave- '~ d •Net deflection of _ _ _ _ T _ _ loysr being meosured ment itself is no more than the upper B = _ -_— - _ -— I ------B' Cased length of layer or "crust" of a "beam" which is -__ —'i -_ __ _= r~ferenee rod of considerable depth but with no CASED REFERENCE ROD clearly defined lower boundary. The Figure 2. Travel Gage in use since 1938.

September-October 1960 4l amount of deflection which the more or less hard and brittle upper layer must undergo as the underlying soil is compressed with each passing wheel load is a matter for concern as sufficient alternate bending and flexing will ultimately lead to cracking of the pavement surface. These cracks are of the type known as fatigue cracks, Figure 1. The measurement of pavement deflections has been carried on in Cali- fornia for a number of years. In 1938, the laboratory secured a General Electric travel gage which was used Figure 3. Benkelman Beam used under a loaded truck wheel. The recorder and odomefer wheel were in investigations both on state high- added by California. ways and on airfield pavements during the war years. In 1951, an organized study of California pavements was undertaken and results reported.' This instrument still remains one of the most accurate methods for measuring pavement deflections, Figure 2. It has the disadvantage, however, of requiring considerable time and expense for the installation of units as five-inch diameter holes must be drilled in the pavement, and cased reference rods driven to the desired depth.

Device Is Developed Figure 4. Traveling Deflectometer. During the operation of the WASHO test road in Idaho, A. C. Benkelman developed a device, Figure 3, now known as the Benkelman Beam, which makes it possible to measure the surface deflections of pavements without the necessity for cutting holes and installing gaging units. The use of the Benkelman Beam has speeded up the process of measuring pavement deflections. However, the measurement of deflections over a long stretch of road is still a relatively slow process, Figure 5. Traveling Deflectometer: In the recording cycle the probes and their traverse assembly re- and in order to obtain a greater main stationary on the road while the truck moves forward. amount of data for a given expenditure of time the Materials and Re- search Department has developed a semiautomatic device called the traveling deflectometer. This instrument is shown in Figures 4, S, and 6. The principle is illustrated by the sketch, Figure 7. The deflectometer combines a truck trailer unit which carries the test load on the rear wheels of the trailer with means for measuring the pavement deflections under both '" "Pavement Deflections and Fatigue Failures," Figure 6. Traveling Deflecfomefer: The traverse assembly ]s picked up by a pneumatic operated (rack Highway Research Board Bullerin 114 (1955) and carried ahead and dropped on fhe road to repeat the cycle. By F. N. Hveem.

42 California Highways and- Public Works. wheels simultaneously. Essentially, NULL BALANCE this is an electromechanical device PEN DRIVE SERVO MOTOR ,%~~ CAM SEQUENCING (four Den drives in total) ~—~ /~~ ~~ ~~+—PROGRAMMER capable of measuring pavement deflec- i ~~,,..~~-i~ tions under a single axle wheel load ~ ~ at 12 %Z-foot intervals uniformly and ~~'l ~~ continuously as the vehicle moves ~~ I /'PAPER DRIVE SELSYN ` steadily along the roadway at one-half \~~--~ RECEIVER J IIO VOLT AC i~E~ATOR SERVO mile per hour. The deflections are AMPLIFIER measured to the nearest 1/1000 inch (lotol of four) ~~~ ~ RELAY i~ J ZEROING NETIC by means of a probe arm resting on SWITCH / DIFFERENTIAL ~1~~~,,, 6 VOLT S70RA6E ~ RELAY the pavement, Figure 8, and perma- TRANSFORM~— ~i~ F~ ~- ~ BATTERY I "~ ~I~~ PROGRAMMEP~ FIY~ r ~~, ~~ i nently recorded on chart paper. (To `JiJ ~ r ;~ // - SELSYN visualize the sensitivity of this instru- ~~ ~/ '~= TRANSMITTER ment, an ordinary cigarette paper is TyiAV SE~~RA ~~ ~PO~S~,410N~s,~~, MAGNETIC POSITIONING LOCK 1/ 1000 of an inch thick.) The load on ~. ~l FOR PROBE ARM the semitrailer may be readily shifted TRAVERSING~~ ~~; FRAME ~~ f ~1~\ / from front to rear, thus making it PAPER DRIVE WHEEL L ~~ possible to vary the axle load from r - ... PROBE ARM- pNOBE PAbt YOKE ~ ~ 17.,000-1b. to 16,000-1b. simply by -~ PROBE ARM means of a switch in the control cab. RETRACTION MO' (gear head tYPe) OIFFEFENTIAL' ! V -SENSING PROBE PIVOT PIN The great advantage of this deflectom- TRANSFORMER '"~ eter is that it can be used to quickly Figure 7. Schematic arrangement of }he deflection sensing and recording system. scan random spots on long stretches of roadway or make measurements at close intervals where desired.

Purposes Outlined It is expected that the traveling deflectometer will be useful for the following purposes: 1. To check the condition of lightly constructed highways during the spring wet period or "spring breakup" in order to judge whether load restrictions should be imposed during the time when the pavements are susceptible to damage. (Many highway departments in the northern states have been forced to ban heavy traffic during the critical period to protect the public investment, but the problem of producing test Figure 8. Sensing probe being straddled by dual fires. The truck drives at a constant speed near %a mile per hour. After being passed by the wheel the probe is automafiically lifted and traversed forward data to prove that a given pave- to take readings of 12-fool intervals.

Fegure 9. Chart recorder constructed for the Deflectometer. Space for four Figure 10. The working parts of the recorder exposed. This unit can record recording pens on the right. Manual controls on left of console. four sets of deflector measurements in one operation.

September-October 1960 43

Works Public Public and and Highways Highways California California 44 44

grams. so so poten- that that pavements pavements existing existing may of of surfacing surfacing thickness thickness what what

pro- building building major major several several cause cause of of if if so, and, and, necessary necessary periodic periodic are are checkup checkup on a a overlays overlays Permit Permit

be- is is California California Northern Northern crease crease in in or reinforcing reinforcing whether whether termine termine

precisely.

in- the the for for reason reason Principal Principal areas. areas. to to two two de-

shoulders, shoulders,

and and

pavements pavements work work more reconstruction reconstruction

and and

the between between equally equally about about divided divided was was both roadways, roadways,

Evaluate Evaluate existing existing 2. 2. plan plan to to engineers maintenance

ago a a which which year year work work of of

division division

enable will will measurements measurements tion tion

difficult.) been been

most most

the in in trend trend of of reversal reversal

a a

is is

This This

deflec- of of use use The The required. required. be be always has has is is ment ment vulnerable vulnerable

projects.

Southern Southern

California

of of

$41,000,000 $41,000,000

and and

this this model. exaggerated exaggerated on on greatly greatly is is scale scale vertical vertical The The ". ". 0.020 about about is is tion tion

food. food. wheel wheel Deflec- heavy heavy a a under under pavement pavement flexible flexible a a of of deflection deflection typical typical 12. 12. showing showing projects California California Figure Figure Model Model 000 000 Northern Northern of of

$74,000,- is is into into divided divided program program The The

1961. 30, 30, through through June June 1960, 1960, July July 1, 1,

year the the fiscal fiscal during during $115,000,000 $115,000,000

will will exceed Architecture Architecture of of Division Division

the of of program program building building state state The The

$115 $115 MILLION EXCEEDS EXCEEDS PROGRAM PROGRAM

work.

shop machine machine the the of of all all supervised supervised

Wilhelmy E. E. R. R. Engineer. Engineer. Testing Testing cal cal

Physi- Assistant Assistant C. C. Eagan, Eagan, J. J. and and neer, neer,

Engi- Mechanical Mechanical Senior Senior Hannibal, Hannibal,

S. L. L. are are whom whom among among construction construction

and design design the the with with associated associated been been

have individuals individuals Many Many shop. shop. oratory oratory

lab- the the in in constructed constructed and and personnel personnel

laboratory by by designed designed were were circuits circuits

and units units electronic electronic elements, elements, sensing sensing

The shop. shop. equipment equipment the the in in structed structed

con-

were were

etc., etc.,

cab, cab,

device, device, shifting shifting

the the pavement. movement movement of of any any does does

and and represent represent not not

zero zero reset reset cutomatic cutomatic

load-

trailer, trailer, The The Department. Department. ment ment by by curve curve portion" portion" the the produced produced the of of is is angle angle "step "step occurs. occurs. right right The The time time rebound rebound which which elastic elastic at at

lifts lifts the the fire fire efl'ects efl'ects the the from from until until elastic elastic pavement, visco- to to due due

continues continues deflection deflection pavement. pavement. Thz Thz the the Equip- Headquarters Headquarters the the and and

ment ment

deflection deflection may may the the of precede precede downward downward plastic plastic heave heave a a the the probes, probes, slight slight sfraddle sfraddle sensing sensing and and proach proach

Depart- Research Research and and Materials Materials

the the

ap- the the as as the the wheels wheels and, and, dual dual axle axle feet feet of of five five ahead ahead about about starts starts cycle cycle The The

operational operational backwards. backwards.

by jointly jointly constructed constructed to to is is graphs, graphs, and and chart chart compared compared most most this this read Thus, Thus, from from right. right. feeds feeds the the developed developed chart chart The The paper paper trailer. trailer. loaded loaded

the of of

under under wheels wheels showing showing both both action action recorder recorder by by Deflectometer Deflectometer produced produced the the

Trace Trace I1. I1. Figure Figure designed, was was deflectometer deflectometer The The

depression. the the of of depth depth

~~~~_~= maximum and and the the area area shaped shaped oval- the the

of axis axis of of the the length length the the both both

dicates dicates

in- trace trace deflectometer deflectometer the the and and ditions ditions

con- local local with with varies varies depression depression this this . .. .. -... -...

of depth depth and and length length The The pavement. pavement.

asphaltic an an on on load load wheel wheel a a under under

~~~ -

~~~

depression typical typical a a shape shape of of the the trate trate ~~~~~

illus- to to constructed constructed model model a a of of graph graph s~~~.~~~~~~~~

photo- a a is is 12 12 Figure Figure

area." area." "deflection "deflection

.~~~~C~'~~~~

the in in involved involved is is which which pavement pavement of of

~~~

length

~~ the the ~~~

determine determine to to possible possible is is it it '

~.~ ~~

~~. ~~

~~~ that noted noted be be will will It It instrument. instrument. this this ~~

with

obtained obtained

records records deflection deflection the the of of

—~~

~~~~

~~~~ some shows shows 11 11 Figure Figure recorder. recorder. chart chart ~~~~~

the of of pictures pictures are are

10 10 9 9 and and Figures Figures —~~~ ~~

Determine Determine Length Can Can

~~~~~~~~ — ~~~C~~,~—

is is action action taken.

remedial imminent imminent unless unless is is tress tress

dis- not not whether whether or or predict predict to to

~a~~ --

------

possible it it

make make will will deflections deflections

- -

~~ -~~

roadway of of analysis analysis careful careful A A

~~ anticipated. ~~~~~ be be may may distress distress tial tial r~~ ~ ~ r~ ~ S►noothness, Clniformify Key To Good Slid-form Paving

By JAMES L. NEEDHAM, Senior Resident Engineer

THE CEMENT tTe3t- With the advent of the use of slip- length and the approximate cost will DisTxtcz' ment of subgrade form paving methods for placing be $6,200,000. under portland cement concrete pavement, portland ce- Paver Used ~VII ment concrete some new problems have been added pavement is not a to those already existing in the cement Portland cement concrete pavement new idea. Its value treated subgrade operations. This dis- was placed with aslip-form paver of and long -range cussion is confined to that parricular the type that travels on the completed economy h a v e operation, and a description of what subgrade and places a specified thick- been and are being was done on a recent contract in Dis- ness of pavement thereon. Its opera- comparative results ob- proven through the trict VII. tion and the performance of roadways under se- tained have been described by R. I. This project is being constructed vere conditions of traffic and climate. Innis in his article in the May-June by the Guy F. Company The methods of construction of ce- Atkinson issue of this magazine. ment treated bases and subgrades have with C. R. "Duke" Fowler as super- The material to be cement treated been covered in articles in previous is- intendent. It is located on US 101 in on this contract consisted of un- sues of California Highways and Pub- Orange County between 1.4 mile treated base material, 1 %z -inch maxi- lic Works with particular reference to south of Sign Route 74 at San Juan mum size, which was obtained from the article by Earl Withycombe in Capistrano and Avenida Ramona in a commercial source near the job. the July-August 1951 issue. San Clemente. It is 7.77 miles in The contract plans and specifications

Automatic road building machine cuss subgrade on untreated base. Slakes This photo shows sized windrows of untreated base material for four-inch- carrying the grade wire are on the left in front of the machine. thick layer of cement treated subgrade.

September-October 1960 45 Construction on the San Deego Freeway (US 101) between San Clemenfe and Capistrano. Camino de Estrella overcrossing is 1n the foreground.

Construction on the San Diego Freeway (US 101) between San Clemente and Capistrano, looking northwest toward Capistrano.

46 California Highways and Public Works called for an eight-inch layer of this base material under the concrete pavement with the top four inches to be cement treated. The requirements of the Standard Specifications covering the use of side forms were modified by contract change order to permit the use of slip-form paving methods. The contractor elected to place the upper four-inch layer of material in windrows, cement treated by road mix methods and then spread and compacted to a specified grade and cross section. In order to insure that required thickness of the completed cement treated subgrade will be maintained true to grade and cross section, it is necessary that a very accurate grade be made on the top of the first four- inch layer of untreated base material prior to placing the windrows of material to be cement treated. Grade stakes, referenced to the finished surface of the completed cement treated subgrade were set on five-foot offsets from each edge of pavement on the initial 24-foot width placed by the slip-form paver.. These stakes were set at 50-foot intervals on tangents and at 25-foot intervals on horizontal and vertical curves. A minimum width of 26 feet was cement treated in order to provide a transition from the rid- ing area to the shoulder.

Subgrade Is Cut The contractor used an automatic road building machine to cut the sub- A cement disfribulor truck spreads cement on a windrow of unfreafed base material.

Cemenf treated subgrade operations showing the road mixing and }he initial rolling.

September-October 1960 47

Works and and Public Public Highways Highways California California 48 48

methods. readings. upon directly directly operates operates this this contract contract

-form -form paving slip in in longer longer present present used used on profilograph in in The The machine machine excess excess roughness roughness as as paver. paver. -form -form slip

no is is operations operations subgrade subgrade treated treated the consider consider us us let let again again show Now, Now, will will they they large, large, are are very very lations lations

cement

and and

paving paving concrete concrete forms forms for for

undu-

or or If If waves waves these these or or line. line.

stake stake

Best Subgrade Subgrade Smooth Smooth

side of of by by use use the the obtained obtained

viously viously

hub the the over over subgrade subgrade

cement cement treated treated

pre- line, line, the the of of control control grade grade Much Much density.

to to required required

the the pacting pacting

of of the the the edge edge occurs occurs at at

variation variation

com- for for used used rollers rollers being being -tired -tired matic -form -form paver. slip the the by by

maximum

points. points. The The grade grade

staked staked

the the

pneu-

and and tandem tandem steel steel wheel wheel with with placed of of pavement pavement concrete concrete ness ness the the

conforming conforming undulations undulations or or waves waves

operation

trimming trimming

and and

smooth-

the the spreading spreading in in reflected reflected immediately immediately

the length length of of the the exists, exists, with with condition condition

for for final the the was was used used was was was done done device device

control control operation operation

this this

padding padding

this that that

show show subgrade subgrade

completed completed the the

blade automatic automatic an an with with equipped equipped which with with and and The The precision precision care care

on taken taken readings readings Profilograph Profilograph oped. oped. grader

motor motor A A oughly oughly compacted. compacted.

chine.

devel- is is line line usually usually grade grade undulating undulating

and and

thor- section section

cross cross and and grade grade to to ma- of of paving paving the the tracks tracks the the for for face face

wavy wavy a a

elevation, elevation,

spread subgrade subgrade

then then

ished ished was was mixed mixed material material The The sur- uniform uniform a a to to provide provide and and cement cement

to to fin- set set hubs hubs stakes stakes to to or or graders graders the the subgrade. on on mixer mixer operating operating sand of of road road mixture mixture pack pack dry dry a a ding ding with with

motor with with material material treated treated cement cement a with with was was pad- accomplished accomplished by by Mi~ung Mi~ung out out smoothed smoothed were were then then spots spots

the spreading spreading of of These -form -form process process paver. paver. During During the the of of slip the the paths paths charged.

track in in holes holes the the and and spots spots rough rough cate cate

cement cement dis- of of the the amount amount control control

pavement.

lo- used used to to was was

subgrade subgrade completed completed

to to accurately device, device, a a with with metering metering of thickness thickness permissible permissible

minimum minimum

the on on

obtained obtained profilogram profilogram The The

truck, truck, equipped distributor distributor cement cement than less less in in result result twill twill subgrade subgrade high high

bulk a a means means of of by by rowed rowed material material trimming. because crown, crown, any any without without machine, machine,

additional by by to to wind- were were was was the the reduced reduced added added rate rate dex dex Cement Cement paving the the paths paths of of track track the the tween tween

in- profile profile greater greater a a which which produced produced be- section section cross cross in in true true box. be be also also spreader spreader a a must must

deviations Any Any of of pavement. pavement. the the edge edge subgrade The The of by by means means paver. paver. subgrade subgrade -form -form slip prepared prepared of of the the on on the the

to line line parallel parallel any any along along section section mile mile paths track track the the size in in predetermined predetermined of of particularly particularly windrows windrows two two grade, grade,

tenth- one- mile mile any any per per for for inches inches 10 10 uniform in smooth, smooth, placed placed obtain obtain a a was was to to material material base base portant portant treated treated

of rate rate the the exceed exceed not not should should ways, ways, im- is is it it that that seen seen of of un- be be -inch -inch readily readily layer layer four top top therefore therefore The The

High- of of Division Division the the of of

Laboratory Laboratory

can

It It surface. surface. pavement pavement the the in in duced duced work.

construction construction

for for oped oped

Research and and Materials Materials

the the by by

use use

repro-

are are subgrade subgrade the the in in Variations Variations devel- being being is is

which which

machine machine

new new

in methods methods with with accordance accordance

in in

graph graph

machine. paving paving the the of of tracks tracks the the der der comparatively is is This This

a a

machine. machine.

this this

profilo- the the by by measured measured

as as subgrade subgrade

un-

subgrade subgrade the the of of smoothness smoothness the the to to accommodate to to chosen chosen

was was

stakes stakes

completed the the of of

index index

profile profile

the the

proportional directly directly almost almost is is ment ment of placing placing for for offset offset

-foot -foot five

the the and and

that required required

specifications specifications Contract Contract

pave-

the the of of smoothness smoothness The The grade. grade. material base base untreated untreated of of layer layer inch inch

sub- treated treated Profile Profile Index cement cement the the of of

surface surface the the bottom bottom four- the the of of top top the the grade grade on on

concrefe concrefe pavement. cement cement

porfland porfland

of of

widfih widfih

-foof -foof

24 a a

of of placing placing

for for ready ready

Undercrossing Undercrossing Pico Pico Avenue Avenue the the of of vicinity vicinity the the in in subgrade subgrade treated treated Cemenf Cemenf A Progress Report on ~J (,J f e ~eeVUd Interstate Planning

By GEORGE LANGSNER, Assistant State Highway Engineer, and M. E. CORNELIUS, Assistant Project Engineer

INTERSTATE ROUtC S 1S tI1C rilOSt WeSt— way Engineer and his staff are advisers The long-established route adoption erly north-south highway which is to on route matters to the California procedure of the California Highway become a part of the National System Highway Commission. Commission conforms to the require- of Interstate and Defense Highways (Plate 1). Interstate Route 5 (including 5E) will span California from r south to north from the Mexican bor- (5 der south of the City of San Diego to suTrtt ~ 1 the Oregon line north of the City 90 of S/D84N[ ' ~ g Yreka, a distance of 796 miles. ` 1 r.

' 9p GA[AT F4115 From the Mexican border through ~unano e San Diego to Los Angeles, this Inter- "~ ~ ~.i ~ ~ ~ f state Highway will follow portions, 3 %~ \.n BUTTE 9I q~ I BISMA0.N or relocations, of US 101. Through ~ BILLIN41 Los Angeles and over the Tehachapi ;` ~~ i----- a Mountains to Wheeler Ridge at the 1,...~~d~~-- —~— ~ . _.1 c'Uh~S qss 9oise I ~ \ ' ~5 i south end of the San Joaquin Valley ~ BUFFALO 90 some `~ ~ 40 miles southerly of the City of pl[ATEllO I T3 I R4vID tRY Bakersfield, it will follow US 99. At Wheeler Ridge, Interstate S leaves US 5 ~ 99 to follow new alignment for ap- TacMaxron ~ ~ j ~ :° ' ~ proximately 315 miles until it joins eo ao i _ ry RfNO CxEYENXf US 99W near the City of Woodland SALT LdNE Cliy ~ ~— -- — _ _ . _ eo BIG 57AINGS about :,x eo sactaxrxro 2.0 miles northwest of Sacra- ra~Hnsro Los+ ~ \ ~ n mento. From Woodland north to the 5 TRACY \ I ~\ ~p I D[XYE0. Oregon line, it will be on US 99W ,° and US 99, or their relocations. 5 I i ~ \'~ l This paper is confined to those por- '~ tions of Interstate Route 5 in Califor- o6~EP7FlFLD ~ VF6A9 — —~_~_ _ zs ~ nia which are on completely new ~ s ~.l j ------a~sroW i _~ — — — alignment between Wheeler Ridge on ~~~ ~ ~ ~ is -- --, US south LOS FLp6SiAFF 94 of Bakersfield to Wood- ANCFI[3 ~0 Spq ,~ BER4~R41ryp j\ 10 land northwest of Sacramento. As this ~ LBU011[AQUE ~ Wf~Ylll~ S / 11 I 60 I l0 road will traverse the west side of the SAN DIF60 y San Joaquin Valley, it is known lo- (, ~~ PNOfNI% I I ~' 8 I 15 ~ cally as the Westside Freeway. CASA GAfNOF Tucson ~ Route Adoption Sfafus ~q 10 :o In California, the legislative descrip- Eioiso — —'_.J tion of a route is quite general; it de- P[COS fines the route termini, with possibly 10 one or two intermediate controls. The California Highway Commission, an THE NATIONAL SYSTEM OF INTERSTATE AND DEFENSE H16HWAY5 appointive seven WES7ERN UNITED STATES -man body serving NOVEYBE0. 49,1958 fixed terms, under powers delegated by the Legislature, adopts the location of State Highway routes between the designated termini. The State High-

• This paper was presented at the Reno Con- vention of the American Society of Civil Engineers Highway Division Session June 23, 1960. Plate T. Interstate Route 5 is The most westerly north-south route in the National System.

September-October 1960 49 .~.,` ~~_ ~o~~. ~ ~~ CALIF4RNlA VdE TSl FREEWAY •~ ~ ~c~~sr@~ a sti nt INTERSTATE ~ ~9TE 5

Plafe 2. The California HigRway Commission has adopted 256 miles of ?he Westside Freeway from its south terminus near Wheeler Ridge to just north of Stockton. ments of the 1956 Federal Aid High- Meetings Are Held has adopted 16 miles of the routing of way Act. Briefly, it calls for confer- As of June 1, 1960, nine well-publi- the connection for Interstate SW to ences with local technical and plan- cized public meetings have been held existing US 50 west of Tracy, which ning staffs prior to and during route on the locations for the Westside Free- connection is considered a part of the studies; well-publicized public meet- way. Preceding these public meetings, Westside Freeway. Present indications ings at which pertinent data are pre- public information meetings were held are that the commission should be able sented and on which comments are with local governing bodies and inter- to consider adoption of an additional made by local people; a recommenda- ested local groups together with public 32 miles of the Westside Freeway be- tion to the commission by the State displays of maps showing the numer- tween Stockton and south of Sacra- Highway Engineer for adoption

50 California Highways and Public Works Plate 3. The anticipated 1975 average daily franc which will be using US 99 after the Wesfside Freeway is completed is shown above.

197 S average daily traffic which will courage its use by heavy through highway on the west side of the San be using both facilities after the West- trucking. Studies indicate that approx- Joaquin Valley between Woodland side Freeway is constructed is shown imately 25 percent of the traffic on and the Grapevine (the Grapevine on Plates 3 and 4. Both US 99, some- this route will be trucks, with 60 per- Grade at the south end of the valley). times called the Golden State High- cent having five axles. This report concluded that such a way, and the new Interstate S, the highway was feasible and would cost First Study Westside Freeway, are necessary to approximately $261,000,000. The 1957 provide the additional traffic capacity The first formal overall study of a Legislature then added the route to needed through the valley to keep route similar to the Westside Freeway the state highway system. Immedi- pace with the population growth and was made in 1950, in response to a ately, the division commenced detailed agricultural and industrial development directive of the Legislature that the route location studies to determine of California. Division of Highways investigate the highway user costs and savings, con- When the Westside Freeway is com- feasibility of a toll road between Los struction costs, and pertinent commu- pleted, it will afford a substantial dis- Angeles and San Francisco to be fi- nity factors on various alternates for tance savings to through traffic. For nanced by the issuance of toll revenue the California Highway Commission's travel between the San Francisco-Oak- bonds. The division's report to the consideration in determining the pre- land metropolitan area and the South- Legislature concluded that a toll road cise location. ern California metropolitan area, the between Los Angeles and San Fran- appro~mate distance savings of the cisco was not financially feasible at Location Controls Westside Freeway over use of US 99 that time. Primarily, this was because The relief map, Plate 2, illustrates and US SO will be 20 miles and over such a toll road would be faced with how the Westside Freeway fits into the use of US 101 will be 43 miles. Be- the competition of free parallel routes topography and shows the location tween Los Angeles and Sacramento which were being converted to free- which the commission has adopted the driving distance will be reduced ways. from Wheeler Ridge to north of the six miles over the present US 99. The data accumulated during this City of Stockton. The distance savings to through toll road study proved helpful when From the south end of •the new traffic which will be afforded by the the division was directed by the 1956 alignment at Wheeler Ridge to near Westside Freeway, combined with the Legislature to investigate the feasibility Patterson, about 35 miles south of rural character of the route, will en- and cost of constructing ahigh-speed Stockton, the location problem was

~~. .p. .i Y` ~ ¢ ~ ~ / \.fr, /.\ i r ~~~F lam. ~ .. 0 ~ o.. - P 'r ,~` ~-- y,, ~ J. ~,--%—/,' \ 2 '~ ✓ `~' 3 ~' , cep ~ ,-~ ~, _ .. ~.' d'.. ,N ~ OHO I r_~~O ^^--.' yAO ~ +~ •_/. ./~ ~ / f ._~ /~O a Y~ t

e —~ ~ _ j~ T' '.. q r .; -- •'~ ~~~~ _ ~ I-20.000 1975 ADT y ''~,~ • ~ o,t ~ , - m—j ON WESTSIDE FREEWAY ti ~ ~ ,/~,.% _ -_ ~. ~~ ~`u ~-~., .-auvafiowenxo 'r ~ S~ INTERSTATEROUTE5 Plate 4. The anticipated 1975 average daily traffic which will be using the Westside Freeway following its completion is shown above.

September-Ocfober 1960 5~

52 52 Highways Highways California California and and Works Public Public

5. 5. were were area area routings routings Pafferson Pafferson routings routings the the various various of of The The from from shown shown are are studied studied combinations combinations Plate Plate south south and and which which above.

~~~N~ / /

L 5

/N£ /N£

cnaam. 41 41 -.."rte -.."rte

/NE /NE L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 c=:

s~oro~

~, ~~ ~~ ./ ./

/NE /NE L o0o L 3 "~~ :' ern t•—._~

toaiinga toaiinga

Oe. 33 33

i i

•o..

38~ 38~

~ ~ 48

OA~UI OA~UI ~ ~

a..~ei 4A 4A `~~~~~~~ D ~ ~ 1 N11STANISLAUS N11STANISLAUS

Acres

V V Valley Valley

~ ~

•~~~ TRACY

/ I66 I66

178 178

:ea~o :ea~o ~e ..,. ..,.

'~~s '~~s

wino. wino.

:33 ve.~or

~p ~p ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~= ~=

AN AN

,aw

1 5

V~oinora

~ G G

~ 39 39 ~ ~ ~ ~ • • :~aAe.,m~ Ohm Ohm

E E

0 N N S S s~~ s~~ ~'~u(pkey ~'~u(pkey

Grapavina

omm omm ~ ~ N N K

E E R R ~ ~ / / Le Le ~roro ~roro R'••.

HiC9a

w~eelar w~eelar

- - - - OIE OIE s~.e~mm s~.e~mm `~y

R E E D D A A

M M ' '

99 99

~ ~ 20 20

132 132

~.Imoo.N ~.Imoo.N

~\ G G °'S °'S

152 I I

~i _~ _~ E E R R A A L L U U T T

MERGED

MADERa E E M M ~ ~ D D E E I I `~ `~ C C R R

are and and occurred occurred have have the the sidence sidence along Freeway Freeway which which Westside Westside head- of of River River routing routing Kern Kern The The Avenal. Avenal. and and

sub- land land of of types.. types.. the the two two parallel parallel lines lines There There general transmission transmission are are lie lie City tioned tioned Kettleman Kettleman between between

gas gas power and and oil, oil, large large Numerous Numerous men- Kettleman Kettleman The The previously previously Hills Hills subsidence. known known of of area area

traversed. the the in in Coalinga. and and of of area area northerly northerly this lands lands irrigated irrigated in in skirt skirt to to made made

(4) (4) of of local local area the the the the economy economy Banos, area area the the in in Los Los trol trol of of southerly southerly was area area Plains Plains Panoche Panoche through through the the

(3) (3) and shallow shallow areas; areas; nia; nia; subsidence subsidence Range Range con- also also is is Diablo Diablo westerly westerly a a 4 -B) (Line (Line adopted adopted swing swing line line the the of of

Califor- River River Southern Southern to to area. area. Aqueduct Aqueduct corridor corridor The narrow narrow this this in in 5 5 westerly the the Plate Plate to to again again Referring Referring

Feather future future the the of of location location jected jected

to to

selection selection

routing routing

the the

restricted restricted Plains. Panoche Panoche the the as as areas areas in in such such

pro- the the (2) (2) lines; lines; utility utility major major Patterson, Air Air of of existing existing just just Station, Station, south south

Resources

Water Water

of of Department Department the the

of location location the the (1) (1) were: were: factors factors these these and and Naval Landing Landing Crows Crows the the Range Range

concern concern great great of of is is problem problem which which

Among the the of of tion tion adoption. adoption. 5. 5. route route on on The The Plate Plate Mountain Diablo Diablo

subsidence the the of of much much avoid avoid can can

determina- the the influenced influenced which which tors tors shown are are studied studied from from south south Patterson Patterson

Highways of of Division Division flat flat the the terrain, terrain,

fac- other other were were there there controls, controls, physical physical of of were combinations combinations which which routings routings

relatively in in grade grade by by controlled controlled not not

major were were mentioned mentioned already already areas areas of of and routings routings the the Most Most various various

is alignment alignment freeway freeway the the Because Because

inundation and and

mountains mountains the the While While

Various Various Routings

Subsidence

Fael~ors Other Other

sible. fluenced fluenced location. route route the the

pos-

wherever wherever done done be be will will facilities facilities plate. this this on on shown shown also also are are ied ied and and Lake Lake Tulare Tulare in- part, part, a a are are Lake Lake

both

agency agency for for one one by by acquisition acquisition stud- and and were were lines lines that that the the combinations combinations of of Vista Kern Kern Buena Buena which which River, River,

Land together. together. close close be be facilities facilities will will Other Commission. Commission. Highway Highway fornia fornia of beds beds tleman tleman flood flood south, south, City City the the

two the the

damages damages of of where where way way right right Cali- the the by by the the adopted adopted From From important important is is and and terrain terrain Ket- route route control. control.

and

cost cost conflict, conflict, minimize minimize to to as as so so City Kettleman Kettleman and and erly erly Ridge Ridge Wheeler Wheeler an of of are are which which City, City, Kettleman Kettleman

Canal River River Feather Feather the the and and Freeway Freeway between location location of of west- location location Hills, Hills, economical economical most most Kettleman Kettleman the the the the

Westside

for for the the both both studies studies design design 4 4 is Line Line considered, considered, illustrates illustrates factors factors All All It It Plains. Plains. the Panoche Panoche also also 1. 1.

and

location location the the in in closely closely operated operated co- Line than than longer longer 0.3 0.3 areas areas is is the northerly northerly of of mile mile southerly southerly and and and and plain plain

have

Resources Resources Water Water of of Department Department flood the the cross cross in in to to the vicinity vicinity in in the the miles miles and and four four only only Patterson Patterson of of for for

the

and and

Works Works Public Public of of Department Department construction embankment embankment on on like like as as requires requires serves serves 2, 2, control Plate Plate westerly westerly a a

the

of of

Highways Highways of of Division Division The The Hills Lost Lost of of town town closer closer passes passes Diablo Diablo the the The The to to shown Range, Range, Mountain Mountain

Resources. Water Water of of ment ment 4 4 which alternate alternate Line Line The The plain. plain. three three these these of of areas. each each general general

Depart-

the the

California California with with rests rests cility cility this this cross cross flood to to embankment embankment high high study study location location route route a a for necessitated necessitated

this this

fa-

for for

responsibility responsibility Engineering Engineering 29 29 -foot eight to to six- six- of of miles miles mately mately the the of of problem nature nature location location route route

California. Southern Southern of of areas areas politan politan require require would would appro~u- 1 1 Line Line as as nated nated under under are are varying mento mento The The study. study.

metro-

the the to to and and Valley Valley Joaquin Joaquin San San desig- alternate alternate routing routing direct direct The The from from Sacra- routes routes through through Stockton Stockton

lower

the the to to water water River River of of Feather Feather Kettleman Kettleman City. remaining The The of of of of City City the the Stockton. Stockton.

transport

for for Valley Valley the the Joaquin Joaquin San San channel channel easterly Lake, Lake, Tulare Tulare to to flood flood for transportation transportation plan plan all all master master and and

the

of of

side side

west west the the along along posed posed canal canal broad a a through through northward northward flow flow ters ters an an into into which which over- routing routing fit fit would would

pro- a a

is is Plan Plan Water Water California California the the overflows overflows wa- the the and and fills fills Lake Lake one one Vista Vista was was a problem problem the the selecting selecting of of

part part

fundamental fundamental and and major major A A Buena When When Bakersfield. Bakersfield. of of City City the the of of Stockton Tracy. Tracy. of of City City the the Through Through

relocation. southwesterly miles miles 25 25 of the the some some located located area area City City large large about about centering centering

utility minimize minimize to to areas areas in in ied ied Lake, many many Vista Vista Buena Buena into into empties empties River River a in in of of highways highways state state and and interstate interstate

stud- routes routes the the of of position position detailed detailed the the Kern the the flood flood of of system a a seasons seasons for for In In city. city. that that the the determining determining plan plan best best

influenced quite quite problems problems naturally naturally but but of north north just just passes passes its its of one one to to was was channel channel problem problem and and the the .Stockton .Stockton

unusual no no facilities facilities present present These These ley. ley. Bakersfield of of north easterly easterly and and north north tains tains highway. highway. Patterson Patterson From From major major

Joaquin Joaquin San San the the of of Val- Moun- side side west west Nevada Nevada the the Sierra Sierra but but the the in in a a waters waters one for for route route selecting selecting of of one one Plate 6. The Department of Wafer Resources subsidence test pond after Plate 7. The Department of Wafer Resources subsidence test plot after 14 months of operation. six months of operation. occurring in the San Joaquin Valley. of Plates 6 and 7 illustrate the nature in elevation noted in the photograph One type is known as deep subsidence of shallow subsidence. These pictures is due only to shallow subsidence—no and is occurring because of the con- are of subsidence test plots of the land leveling or earth removal by man tinuing extraction of ground water California Department of Water Re- was done. from below the water table. This type sources. The first photograph is of a Shallow subsidence in the Panoche of subsidence affects a large area and test pond after 14 months of operation Plains area is a problem of considerable is quite gradual. The second type, at which time the vertical displace- magnitude which the staff of the De- shallow subsidence, occurs above the ment was more than nine feet. The partment of Water Resources is now water table and progresses from the second photograph is of a test plot six solving. The Division of Highways is ground surface down. It is relatively months after water was added to the somewhat more fortunate. By bowing more localized and results from the vertical reservoir pipe just visible in the Westside Freeway to the west so consolidation of loosely compacted the bottom of the subsidence hole. as to be higher and closer to the foot- native soils above the water table by hills across the Panoche Plains, most Subsidence Phenomenon the addition of surface water. of the areas of known shallow subsid- The two photographs of Plates 8 The native silts of the Panoche ence could be avoided. The California and illustrate this subsidence phe- Plains have been deposited in such a 9 Highway Commission adopted this lo- nomenon when it is induced by more loosely consolidated natural state that cation. Wherever the freeway is not "natural" causes. The subsidence ob- they readily upon appli- entirely clear of suspected subsidence consolidate served in the upper photograph re- cation of water. The two photographs areas, additional width of right-of-way sulted from the flow of water in the will be purchased so as to increase the M An interagency committee to study land subsi- now abandoned irrigation ditch de- dence in the San Joaquin Valley was estab- distance from the roadway when and lished in 1954, representing: lineated bythe row of trees. The lower if the adjacent lands are brought under (a) Federal Agencies illustrates the subsidence Bureau of Reclamation, Geological Survey, photograph irrigation. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Corps of Engi- occasioned by surface irrigation of the neexs~ A. S. Soil Conservation Service. (b~ State Agencies land on the right. When this photo- Agricultural Economy California Department of Water Resources, California llepartment of Public Works— graph was taken the field to the right California leads the nation in the Division of Highways. (c) Universities had been under surface irrigation for value of agricultural products pro- University of California—Davis, Stanford University. four seasons. The five-foot difference duced. $3.6 billion in 1959, the eight

NOT 1RRt~AT~D ~ iRRkG4TED ,soesioe~c~ cRae~s

Plate 8. Shallow subsidence occasioned by a new abandoned irrigation ditch.

September-October 1960 53 counties through which the Westside Freeway passes, $995 million. The San Joaquin Valley contributes more to the State's total than any other agricultural region of the State. The di- versified crops which are grown on the irrigated lands of the central valleys of California include many va- rieties of vegetables, fruits, melons and seed crops, as well as staples such as cotton, grains, alfalfa and other feed crops. The counties of this area are also heavy producers of livestock, meats and dairy products. The following tabulation indicates the importance of agriculture in the counties which are traversed by the Westside Free- way: Value of State National Cou~aty agricultural rank ~' rank (south production (58 caun- (3,102 to north) (1959) * ties) counties) Kern $210,000,000 2 2 Kings 72,000,000 15 21 Fresno ______260,000,000 1 1 Merced ______93,000,000 12 17 Stanislaus ______126,000,000 7 9 San Joaquin.___ 125,000,000 5 6 Sacramento ____ 55,000,000 19 31 Yolo ______54,000,000 20 35 ~' Data furnished by the California State Depazt- ment of Agriculture. Looking east toward Stockton. The adopted routing for the Westside Freeway is shown by the superimposed line. The adopted route across the Pa- noche Plains also kept at a minimum the area of developed and irrigated lands to be taken or severed by the freeway. The long westerly swings in the adopted line west of Los Banos and east of Coalinga were made to reduce the effect of the freeway on the agricultural economy in these areas. These two line swings added 0.7 mile and 0.5 mile respectively to the travel distance through the San Joa- quin Valley partly compensated for by a slight reduction in overall estimated initial cost.. These line swings are in areas where the proposed . Feather River Canal is not expected to bring on development through irrigation of lands lying westerly of presently irrigated lands.

Skirt Agricultural Areas The limits of irrigated lands indicate the relation between the adopted route and the westerly limits of agricultural lands. The decision to skirt these agricultural areas was influenced by a study of the effects of these fac- Adopted Westsfde Freeway routing. Looking north from the junction of Lassen Avenue and Avenal Cul- off Rand. tors on the economy of the region

54 California Highways and Public Works made by the division's Right-of-Way Department. The many factors that were considered during the route location studies which preceded route adoptions in the Tracy and Stockton areas and which are being considered in the route location studies from Stockton through Sacramento to Woodland will be dis- cussed briefly. In the complex Tracy and Stockton areas the various traffic desires were determined and considered along with the varied physical features; such as the location and size of navigable waterways in the San Joaquin-Sacramento Rivers Delta area, the ship turning basin at the Port of Stockton and the location of military installations, state institutions and other major public improvements. These and other factors had to be weighed against the effect on agriculture in the rural areas and the local community needs in Stockton, a city of 90,000 people. The location within the city was tied in closely with the traffic phase of the local master plan. The overall length of the adopted route between US 99 near Wheeler Adopted Westside Freeway routing. Looking east from above the junction of the Fresno-Coalinga Road Ridge to US 50 west of Tracy is 240.8 and State Sign Route 33. miles. It is 1.5 miles longer than the shortest practical route and 3 miles longer than the great circle distance. It can be constructed at less initial cost than the shortest practical route.

Design Mapping Following adoption of all the route segments by the California Highway Commission for this 241-mile portion between US 99 near Wheeler Ridge and US 50 west of Tracy, the work of preparing plans and specifications for large scale (1 inch — 50 feet) photo- grammetric design mapping was started. Seven mapping contracts, varying in length from 25 miles to 52 miles, were awarded and have been completed. Design mapping specified covered a width of 1,300 to 1,400 feet, with two- foot contours and/or spot elevations. There were some interesting procedures developed for this design mapping which the following two examples illustrate. First, it was possible, from the USGS maps used in the planning studies, to equate the projected free- Adopted Westside Freeway routing. Looking north from Del Puerto Canyon Road. Delta-Mendota Canal way centerline for the 241 miles to at ~~9ht.

September-October 1960 55

Works Public Public and and Highways Highways

California California 56 56

recognize.

not not

does does torist torist

intergovern- we we improved improved have have only only

required time time

end end work work of of

the the amount amount

mo-

average average the the

which which

lines, lines,

boundary boundary Not

County. County. Orange Orange for for advantages advantages minimize

to to

highway highway

this this for for

phases phases

arbitrary

disregards disregards

and and

whole whole a a

as as many

has has developed developed program program

mapping nancing nancing

and and

planning planning the the

during during

public the the

serve serve to to

designed designed is is

gram gram fi-

highway highway

arterial arterial the the Similarly Similarly

employed

been been have have

that that

several several of of

pro-

Our Our

proposed. proposed.

been been has has

so so far far

basis. wide wide

illustrative are are

examples examples two two

These These

that

method method

other, other, any any by by than than taxes taxes

county- a a

on on

study study of of the the

ordination ordination

engineers.

division's division's

the the

by by

corner corner

users

highway highway of of

expenditure expenditure

cient cient

co- the the

assured assured

and and

easier easier

much much study study

the for for

search search

return return

the the

use use in in after after

effi- more more

a a

developed developed definitely definitely has has

SCR SCR

the the made made County County

Orange Orange for for

destroyed

were were monuments monuments

temporary temporary

program

the the

that that believe believe we we but but level, level,

plan

an an overall overall we we had had

that that fact fact mere mere

these

corners, corners,

true true

with with

confusion confusion

county city the the

on on relationships relationships

mental mental The

surveys. surveys.

reaching reaching - far two two

these these of of avoid To To search. search. further further in in

aid aid to to

point point

phases

planning planning the the

simplified simplified greatly greatly tie ordinate ordinate co-

convenient convenient

a a provided provided

has

plan plan master master of of a a

existence existence the the

These search. search. the the initial initial

during during

found found Island.

Terminal Terminal

of of

end end west west

study,

62 62 SCR SCR

the the

and and

26 26

study study

SCR SCR

not not could could which which corners corners

the

near near section section of of located located be be

will will bridge bridge

The The

the

of of

development development the the

During During

the the vicinity in in forces forces 1963. state state these these of of

by by

summer summer set set

the the

in in

completion completion for for

pattern.

traffic traffic

local local

good good of of a a

vation vation

monuments temporary temporary due is is were were

or or

project project crew crew entire entire

The The

summer. summer. next next

the the preser- for for be be necessary necessary

ultimately ultimately

state

-man -man two a a by by found found construction monuments monuments plaza plaza toll toll and and roadway roadway

...

20 20 corner page page from from section section Continued Continued generally generally were were .approach of of ments" ments" start start

for for the the call call Plans Plans

PLAN

COUNlTY COUNlTY

monu- specified specified "existing "existing These These lanes. traffic traffic four four vide vide

pro- will will deck deck bridge bridge limits. The The map map the the 185 185 feet. feet. be be

outside and and will inside inside channel channel both both main main strip, strip, in in the the ships ships mapped mapped for for ance ance

the along along clear- located located to to Vertical Vertical date. monuments monuments it it on on line. line. made made water water specified specified the the above above

been existing has has feet that that many many 370 370 rise rise progress progress ordinate ordinate will will the the co- to to and and towers towers project project tractors tractors bridge bridge The The

this con- of of the the nature nature require require the the to to towers. of of view view between between -eye -eye feet feet bird's advantageous advantageous a a 1,500 1,500 was was be be it it will will span span

provides least least monuments" main at at The The "mile "mile order order foregoing foregoing Bridges. Bridges. The The Bay Bay second second taken. taken. these these Oakland Oakland cisco-

under- position ever ever and and set set Fran- to to San San alignment alignment area area and and new new the the in in Gate Gate entirely entirely ment ment Golden Golden the the by by

on equip- and and project project single single only personnel personnel longest longest have have exceeded exceeded the the is is would would it it as as California, California, they they in in span span est est

As Highways, traverses. traverses. of of long- order order Division Division third third second second the the by by have have California California will will the the positions positions bridge bridge The The

of their fix fix to to and and the the long. standpoint standpoint from from feet feet feet, feet, 6,010 6,010 be be 2,000 2,000 unique unique to to is is 1,000 1,000 will will spans spans way way approach approach

from Free- of of intervals intervals girder the the Westside Westside at at of of steel steel with with centerline centerline structure structure proposed proposed Development Development pensiontype pensiontype

the of of Tracy. vicinity vicinity of of sus- The The south south bridge. bridge. immediate immediate miles miles in in toll toll the the 241 241 state state the the on on ments ments first first fornia's fornia's

monu- completion Cali- nearing nearing semipermanent semipermanent Southern Southern are are set set to to needs needs be be will will of required required -way -way bridge bridge The The

were right- ascertain ascertain contractors contractors to to features features mapping mapping The The County. design design basic basic ment. ment. Angeles Angeles Los Los and and

as equip- 1960, 1960, 1, 1, Angeles July July measuring measuring Los Los after after of of distance distance start start will will City City the the electronic electronic to to way way available available

-of- using right miles miles of of five five funds to to tax tax two two acquisition acquisition gas gas state state of of The The from from from from financing. financing. tervals tervals and and funds funds way way

at at in- Interstate of of forces forces high- state state state state by by availability availability on on the the from from established established pend pend were were provided provided be be will will ect ect

de- will will monuments route route proj- this this control control the the of of for for horizontal horizontal Construction Construction money money basic basic remaining remaining The The

centerline, along along month. next next the the mapping mapping market market for for percent. veys veys (3) (3) the the on on placed placed be be

sur- three be be ground ground will will will the the primary primary bonds bonds descending descending The The and and control control bonds. bonds. To To percent percent revenue revenue thority thority

(2) two two be be will will Au- rate rate Bridge Bridge grade grade Toll Toll in in ascending ascending $7,000,000 $7,000,000 mapped. from from

maximum part been in in overheads, overheads, has has financed financed railroad railroad be be which which at at will will route route as as the the of of project project miles miles The The

such exceptions, exceptions, bridge. 241 few few the the the the with with and and for for along along budgeted budgeted located located general, general, is is corners corners $13,000,000 $13,000,000 tion tion

In throughout. throughout. used used sec- be be will will approximately 1,2001and 1,2001and of of roadbeds roadbeds which which the the some some for for data data $20,000,000 $20,000,000 obtain obtain

two for for the the lines lines is to grade grade costs, costs, developed developed roadway roadway Independent Independent methods methods approach approach the the and and Second, Second, way way

feet. -of- 5,000 5,000 be be right

will will financing, financing,

curvature curvature including including Project, Project,

Data

Corner Corner

Section Section

of radius radius Bridge minimum minimum The The Island Island terrain. terrain. the the Terminal Terminal - Pedro Pedro San San

fit best best they they where where entire used used the the maps. are are of of cost cost roadbeds roadbeds design design the the resulting resulting estimated estimated of of Total Total

two the the for for prints from from alignments alignments directly directly independent independent keypunched keypunched being being 28. tember tember

%z %z of miles miles 16 16 is Some Some Sep- and and width. width. a.m. a.m. can can 10 10 input input at at median median computer computer foot foot opened opened were were electronic electronic bids bids

84- minimum minimum a a for with with lanes lanes data data terrain terrain four four superstructure be be The The will will earthwork earthwork Sacramento. Sacramento. quence, quence, in in

27 construction Initial Initial coiYSe- Asa Asa way. way. under under September September p.m. p.m. centerline. centerline. at at 2 2 well well stationed stationed and and opened opened were were

is 50 50 99 99 US US and and US US contract ordinated between between co- purposes purposes substructure substructure the the previously previously the the on on on on center center Bids Bids

design for for to mapped mapped been been elevations elevations spot spot of of already already have have pattern pattern section section Harbor.

which miles miles 241 241 the the cross on on a a Angeles of of to to work work specify specify Los Los Design Design channel channel feasible feasible the the main main therefore therefore over over

it it was Bridge areas areas

these these Island Island In In Terminal Terminal

Pedro San San determination. determination. the the Construction -lane -lane

Four

of earthwork for for surface surface on on construction construction ground ground bids bids the the pict pict for for has has called called

the the above. de- to to Highways adequately adequately of of specified specified were were tions tions Division Division

State State The The

to similar similar

methods methods

of of improved improved tion tion eleva- spot spot where where terrain terrain flat flat atively atively

1963

in in

Completion Completion

applica- and and the the development development to to suited suited compar- over over

is is

miles miles 241 241 this this of of

miles miles

well

is is particularly particularly project project Freeway Freeway 170 Some Some crossed. crossed. Called; System System Bids Bids ordinate ordinate Bridge Bridge

Westside The The design. design. actual actual during during Co- California California of of the the zones zones the the three three City, State Co-operate on S u~`~~/~ o~ ro Terminal Island Project By ALLAN WHITLOCK, Assistant Highway Engineer

the RECENTLY D1S- Edmund G. Brown, Assemblyman come a major landmark for the Port DisTxicr trict VII Survey Vincent Thomas and others officially of Los Angeles. The bridge will be an Section of the State broke ground on May 28, 1960, VII were integral part of the freeway system Division of High- carried out by Supervising Bridge En- linking San Pedro with Long Beach. ways received valu- gineer John W. Green, who recently Accurate control able co-operation retired from state service. of alignment for from the construction of the bridge, in this City of The bridge will span the Los An- Los area of known subsidence and Angeles. Engi- geles Harbor main channel in the vi- earth neering movement, Depart- cinity of Boschke Slough on 350-foot requires careful engineer- ment Surveys and height suspension towers. The main ing procedures. Because of close toler- Geodetic Sections in establishing ini- span of the bridge has a water clearances in the erection and assembly of tial survey controls for the San Pedro- ance of 19Q feet so that the largest components in a bridge structure of Terminal Island Bridge construction. ships afloat can go under it. The this type, precision of survey control Preliminary engineering studies cover- sweeping suspension cable span with must be of a degree which will pre- ing this bridge, for which Governor main towers 1,500 feet apart will be- clude even minor accumulative errors.

Looking southwest at the site of the future San Pedro-Terminal Island Bridge showing locations of precise control survey stations.

September-October 1960 57 Project Is Co-operative Asa part of the joint co-operative effort by city and state forces, the City of Los Angeles Engineering De- partment has fielded a triangulation and Tellurometer team to establish mutually beneficial control monuments during the initial phases of this under- taking. The city's vital interest in this precise control net is very fortunate for the State. The City Surveys and Geodetic Section forces have extensive familiarity with the Los Angeles Harbor area and their current surveying practices have attained a high degree of accuracy as is most necessary in this area of frequent earth movements. Mr. Benjamin O. Badgley, En- gineer of Surveys of the City of Los Angeles Survey Division, appointed Messrs. Henry Beitler, Senior Survey Supervisor; Alfred Boysen, Senior Geodetic Survey Supervisor; William Brackett, Geodetic Survey Supervisor; and Ben Pratt, San Pedro Office Sur- vey Supervisor, to supervise the setting of four triangulation and traverse stations in this area. These points were Tellurometer slave station operator Bob Barron, Los Angeles City Engineering Department. established at strategic positions on the mainland and on the island from which distance observations have been made with the Tellurometer during daytime, and angular measurements have been obtained at night with a T-3 theodolite.

Four Stations Set Up Control stations were placed at the intersection of Keel Street and Swin- ford Street, on Dock Street west of Altoona Place, on Dock Street at the westerly projection of Bayonne Place and on the southwest parapet porch of the American President Lines clock tower at the foot of Neptune Avenue. These points were tied into the existing city survey network for more extensive first order control on the island and on the mainland. This control network expansion by the city will enable the State to determine, by periodic observations, the amount of movement of the abutment piers as well as assist in the actual layout and fabrication of the bridge structure. The city intends to use these same stations for future checking of subsidence and earth movements. It is common practice in geodetic Barron reading Telluromefer data fio recorder. surveying to name the stations in a net-

58 California Highways and Public Works Bob Barron of Los Angeles City Engineering Deparfinenf operating Tellurometer. AI Whitlock of State Division of Highways recording at Station "Keel."

work with some appropriate and loca- Boy" is up on the parapet porch of Chief Eldon Thompson and the au- tive title or nickname. In the case of the clock tower, American President thor. It is their considered opinion the Island bridge control point, Station Lines, 150 ±above the water. that the true meaning of the word co- "Keel" seemed nautical enough and operation has been demonstrated by was located on Keel Street. Station Appreciation Expressed the manner in which Los Angeles City "Hank" was named for the two In carrying out this survey control and State of California forces worked Henrys who were instrumental in get- procedure, the State Division of High- together on this project with everyone striving for best possible results with ing this work done, Hank Compagnon ways was represented by Assistant least possible cost. It is their sincere of the Division of Highways and Hank District Engineer A. D. Mayfield, Dis- belief that a few words of apprecia- Beitler, City Engineer's Department. trict Chief of Surveys A. K. Goldin, tion and thanks are due the engineers "Greensfolly" was the name jokingly Bridge Department Construction En- and officials of the City of Los An- tacked on to the major station on the gineer George Laird, Senior Bridge geles for their invaluable contributions Island, honoring John W. Green and Engineer John Curran, Survey Super- in solving this complex problem of his sense of humor, and Station "Hi visor Henry Compagnon,Survey Party survey control. BUREAU ASSIGNED RESPONSI~9LITY FOR NEW FEDERAL DRIVER REGISTER Secretary of Commerce Frederick to identify for the states those motor- legislation, the register will be oper- H. Mueller has designated the Bureau vehicle drivers whose licenses have ated as a voluntary state-federal en- of Public Roads, under the direction been revoked because of driving while terprise. Those states that participate of Federal Highway Administrator intoxicated or conviction of a trafFic will furnish the Bureau of Public Bertram D. Tallamy, to establish and violation resulting in loss of life. Roads with identifying information on drivers whose licenses are being maintain the. Driver Register author- Mueller emphasized that the federal revoked for the specified causes, and by Congress and ized approved by government is not entering either the may request the bureau to check new President Eisenhower on July 14. The driver-licensing or traffic-law-enforce- license applicants against the register register will serve as a clearing house ment fields. By terms of the enabling for a record of previous revocation.

September-October 1960 59 `Tempus Fugit'corner THOMAS CALDEGOTT HONORED IN TUNNEL RENAMING

Twenty-five years ago. The following items appeared in the September 1935 issue of Calif oYnia Highways and Public Works.

WORLD'S LARGEST BORE A novel safety method of excavating Yerba Buena Island tunnel, the world's largest bore tunnel, was conceived by Chief Engineer Purcell of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge and his staff, the novelty of which consists chiefly in that they first build the tunnel and then dig it out. Three bores were drilled through the island for the tunnel. The three bores, two at either lower side and one in the crown, are blocked out into a horseshoe-shaped excavation through the rocky island. This horseshoe- shaped excavation is then concrete and steel lined from three to five feet thick before the inside or core of the tunnel is dug out. With the tunnel completely lined for more than 350 of its 540-foot length, a power shovel enters the portal to remove the thousands of cubic yards of rock within this 58 by 76-foot bore. Through this bore a four-story building could be pulled upright. CONSTRUCTION BUDGET The revised state highway budget for the 87th-88th fiscal years, July 1, 1935 to June 30, 1937, provided $21,545,370 for major project construction throughout the State during the biennium. The twin-fiore Broadway Low Level Tunnel has been officially renamed Caldecott Tunnel in honor of the late Thomas E. Caldecott of Berkeley, who, as chairman of fhe Alameda County Board of Supervisors MUD FLOW and Presidenf of the Alameda-Contra Costa County Joinf Highway District 13 was instrumental in pushing through the 3/a mile long bore which is the longest highway funnel in the state and one of its most heavily Fed from a glacier on the north travelled four-lane sections. Participating in the unveiling of the sign on August 18th are, from left, rear slope of Mt. Shasta, Whitney row—J. P. Sinclair, Assistant State Highway Engineer; Assemblyman Don Mulford; Supervisor Kent Pursel Creek of Berkeley; and Superior Judge Thomas E. Caldecoft and Attorney Chester E. Caldecott; sons of the late (also known as Midnight, or Incon- supervisor. Front row—from left—Mrs. Chester Caldecoft, Sally, 12; Mrs. Thomas E. Caldecoft, widow of stant), 10 miles northeast of Weed on the supervisor; and Tommy, 9. Sally and Tommy are children of Chester Caldecott and grandchildren of the man honored by the renaming. The tunnel, completed in 1937, of a cost of $3,600,000 carries from US 97, flows only when the weather 40,000 to 50,000 cars a day and soon is to be supplemented by a third bore for which $12,500,000 has is warm enough to cause the melting been budgeted by the California Highway Commission. The renaming ceremony was under the auspices of the glacier. During this period the of the Oakland Chamber of Commerce, William A. Spading, General Manager. A description of the appeared in the August of flow generally reaches the highway new tunnel project July- issue Californa Highways and Public Works. about 5 p.m. and stops about 2 a.m., depending on the temperature. avalanche. A torrent carrying mud, Equipment was rushed to the scene On August 28, a warm thunder rocks, and trees damaged Whitney the same night and the road again storm on the glacier caused the snow Creek bridge, washed out 1.,000 feet opened to traffic on August 30. G. H. and ice to melt and the resulting flow of S. P. track, and covered US 97 Nutting was the maintenance superin- soon assumed the proportions of an with four feet of rocks and mud. tendent.

60 California Highways and Public Works O ~O m a ~ State Agencies Co-operate in ~ ~ ~ ~ Improvement of Beach Area

By E. L. MILLER, Assistant District Engineer—Operations

onTE example of popular family play area situated spectacular boom in water sports in the frequent co- roughly 25 miles northwest of Sacra- recent years. operative enter- mento, or about five miles north of Previous improvements had made prises between state US 50 through the City of Folsom. the area increasingly favored by boat- agencies was the Two of the projects were let to ing and water skiing enthusiasts as completion earlier contract, and two were undertaken by well as swimmers and picnickers. The this year of $300,- the district as day labor jobs. 19,000-acre water playground became 000 in construction Fed by the American River on its a focal point for the summer recrea- t~ and improvements way from the high Sierras in Placer tion of Northern California families. at Folsom Lake and El Dorado Counties to its con- State Park by District III-Marysville fluence with the Sacramento just More Funds Allocated for the Division of Beaches and Parks. north of the City of Sacramento, Fol- As a result of the growing inade- Four additional recreational units som is one of the many man-made quacy of the existing facilities, Beaches were either built or improved at this lakes that have made possible the and Parks allocated funds for more

Looking south at Granite Bay facilities during near high water mark in June. This year's improvement of the swimming area (lower center) extended usable beach by placement of local decomposed granite below the visible beach in the photo to an area roughly bounded by the outer ring of buoys making the former rugged, rocky surface safer and more usable during low water. Entrance and connector roads, some ramps and initial beach were constructed for the Division of Beaches and Parks in 1958 under a Division of Highways contract.

September-October 1960 61 were handled by the district using hired labor and rented equipment. Po- tentially hazardous conditions were eliminated by smoothing irregularities on the beach and lake floor. A sand blanket was applied where required at several locations. Frank Gau was resident engineer for both projects. Robert E. Biggs was construction engineer for all four jobs. Work was undertaken beginning in the fall of 1959 to take advantage of the natural low level of the lake and achieve maximum effectiveness of the improvements. An unusual sidelight on the construction of the ramps at the Lake Natoma unit was the dovetailing, through the co-operation of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, of the release of water from two major dams 150 air miles apart: Folsom, and Shasta Dam north of Redding, the control- ling agent of the Sacramento River.

Minimum Discharge A minimum amount of water is re- Beals Point -with Folsom Dam in fhe background. The Sfate prison is barely visible upper right. The l~eased daily from Folsom which results beach in the foreground, shown at high water,. was extended to accommodate swimmers during lower lake level later in the season. The former island (extreme left) originally separated from the shore, was in a normal, constant variation of connected with fill. Several persons had drowned in the past white trying to swim the gap.. Future plans about six feet in Natoma, the storage cal! for paved parking space in the center and boat Launching ramps on the cove at the far side of reservoir behind Nimbus Dam five the point. miles farther downstream just north boat launching ramps, improved Largest Projeet of US 50. However, this was not enough to permit ramp construction beaches, parking space, and public Largest of the four newest projects conveniences, and asked Highways to to a level sufficiently low to accom- was the $135,000 installation at the modate boat launching trailers. develop plans, administer the con- Lake Natoma unit located approxi- tracts, and supervise construction. In order to lower Natoma, water mately two miles downstream from had to be released from Nimbus and The agreement was executed. the dam and main lake. The job in- withheld at Folsom, resulting in a less cluded four Completion of the newest units has boat ramps, access roads, than minimum discharge into the caused an even more than usual yearly parking lots for cars and trailers, and American River below Nimbus. a increase in park visitors. In fact, Fol- kiosk-type office building. Pre- Beforehand, this action had to be viously som ranked first in popularity over all the area was undeveloped and co-ordinated by the Corps of Engi- the 150-plus units in the state park covered with cobbles from former neers at both Folsom and Shasta so system during this year's Fourth of gold dredging operations. Brighton that additional release at Shasta would July holidays with a total attendance Sand &Gravel Company of Sacra- tend to make up for the deficiency in of 35,000. mento was the contractor. Harold J. the Sacramento below their conflu- Levernier was the resident engineer. The number of persons using all ence. At that point the American ends The Mormon Island unit on the Folsom's recreational areas this year is and the Sacramento continues south main lake shore received a ramp, road- and west well over that of last, and, if the trend into the rich delta agricul- ways, parking, and an office building tural continues, the season should wind up region, joins the San Joaquin and at a cost of $92,000. Claude C. Wood with a record-smashing 3,000,000 together empty into San Francisco Bay of Lodi was the contractor, and Lev- by using the park's public facilities. Last way of the Carquinez Straights and ernier the resident. year's tctal was slightly over 2,000,000. San Pablo Bay. At the other two locations on the Besides administering the recrea- These figures and estimates, sup- main lake, the terrain was graded and tional units at Folsom, the park head- plied by former Park Supervisor shaped to extend existing beaches and quarters office under the direction of Richard L. Brock, include the entire swimming areas. The work at Beals Park Supervisor Glenn A. Jackson is park area—both the developed and un- Point included approximately 30 acres, also charged with enforcement of wa- developed regions. and at Granite Bay about 12. Both ter safety regulations.

62 California Highways and Public Works CALIFORNIA WINS 10th I.T.E. AWARD IN 12 1fEARS Richard H. Wilson

Richard H. Wilson, retired Assist- ant State Highway Engineer of the Division of Highways, died on August 14 following a short illness. An engineer of wide experience, Wilson was in charge of the administrative functions of the division at the time of his retirement in 1957 which included those of city and city co- operative projects, county and county co-operative projects, service and supply and office engineer. Born in Leitchfield, Kentucky, he attended George Washington Univer- sity and received his degree in civil engineering from the University of Michigan in 1912. Wilson came to work for the California Division of Highways in 1912 as a resident engineer in Willits. From 1915 to 1927 he was with the Washington State High- way Department, first as resident and later as district engineer. During World War I he served with the 20th was Engineers, rising from private to first Presentation of a national award to California for excellence in traffic engineering during 1959 Sfafe made in the office of Governor Edmund G. Brown on September 2. Participants are, left to right, lieutenant. the Highway Engineer J. C. Womack; Governor Brown; Ross T. Shoat of San Francisco, past president of to the California High- Wilson returned Western Section, Institute of Traffic Engineers; Traffic Engineer George M. Webb of the Division of Division of Highways in 1927 as Main- ways; and Siafe Direcior of Public Works Robert B. Bradford. tenance Engineer in District I (Eu- reka). After serving as Office Engi- For the 10th time since 1948, Cali- of California for its efforts in this area neer and Principal Highway Engineer fornia has received an award from the so important to the safety and con- in the Sacramento Headquarters Of- Institute of Traffic Engineers for ex- venience of the motorists using Cali- fice, he was appointed Assistant State cellence in its traffic engineering pro- fornia's highways." Highway Engineer—Administration,in gram. 1947. The latest certificate, presented to Wilson was a committeeman of the Governor Edmund ~. Brown on Sep- U.C.L.A. WiI I Host American Association of State High- tember 2, 1960, by Past President Ross Job Study Group way Officials. He was also a member T. Shoat of the I.T.E.'s Western Sec- in of the Western Association of State tion, was one of two such national Universally applicable problems will be Highway Officials, the American So- awards for achievement during 1959. engineering and management of ciety of Civil Engineers and the Michigan was the other recipient considered by a universal audience for 10 days American Concrete Institute. He was among the large states. engineers and managers UCLA a member of the Chanters, Ben Ali The award was voted by a commit- beginning January 23d on the Temple, American Legion Post No. tee of judges representing the I.T.E. campus. 61 and Phi Kappa Sigma fraternity. on the basis of reports submitted by University of California Extension invitations to representa- Wilson is survived by his wife, the various states in the annual inven- has issued every major country in the Agnes, a daughter, Betty Jo, of Sacra- tory of traffic safety activities con- tives of conference will mento, ason, Jack, of Los Angeles, ducted by the National Safety Coun- world and the 1961 year that the course and a granddaughter. cil. mark the seventh "The continued high level main- has been given. tained by your Division of Highways According to the co-ordinator, Reno August tabulations of the Right of in the performance of the traffic engi- Cole of the University Engineering Way Department of the Division of neering function must be a great sat- Department, participants will have a Highways showed that during the isfaction to you," Edward G. Wetzel, choice of 23 subjects being taught by month of July 590 parcels of land president of the institute, wrote the 30 professors, industry specialists and were acquired at a cost of $6,597,893. Governor. "We compliment the State managerial consultants.

September-October 1960 63

Works Public Public and and Highways Highways California California

64 64

high.

-rime -rime all an an

way, way,

under under were were

months, winter winter

the the during during complished complished 22 road, road, graveled graveled

partially partially a a as as isted isted

$460,678,000

totaling totaling contracts contracts way way

be be ac-

can can work work

the the of of most most that that so so ex- route route this this

construction construction

to to

Prior Prior

high- 306 306 state state of of July, July, end end

the the At At the the fall during during projects projects

FAS FAS advertise advertise

Surfacing

Had Had Gravel Gravel

to county county this this in in practice practice the the is is It It

project.

the the to to miles miles 30 30 to to 20 20 areas areas improvement. FAS FAS market" market" to to features.

desert

the the

from from

materials materials haul haul to to "farm a a sary sary as as inherent its its of of qualified qualified one one as as truly truly route route of of government government this this of of

neces-

was was it it

so so County County Imperial Imperial of of construction all all levels the the among among operation operation Brawley, Brawley, co- and and cludes cludes Centro Centro

portion

irrigated irrigated

the the in in available available El in- not not Cities, Cities, which which a a County County program program County, County, Imperial Imperial perial perial largest largest

are

aggregates aggregates

quality quality High High terials. terials. two in in the the Im- to to program program farms farms FAS FAS the the of of adjacent adjacent plishments plishments from from access access

ma-

roadbed roadbed

the the all all nearly nearly importing importing provides accom- Road Road the the of of illustration illustration an an Dogwood Dogwood as as Since Since serves serves alfalfa. alfalfa.

necessitated

practical practical as as ground ground and ing ing areas melons melons agricultural agricultural tomatoes, tomatoes, richest richest carrots, carrots, nation's nation's lettuce, lettuce,

eaust-

above above

as as high high grade grade the the raising raising the beets, of of one one sugar sugar through through including including highway highway crops crops county county ricultural ricultural

for need need

The The

fields. fields. adjacent adjacent ag- 16.5 -mile above above extensive extensive this this of of to to is is devoted devoted completion completion The The served served area area

feet to to %Z %Z

2 2 2 2

Road Road

Dogwood Dogwood

of of The grade grade

valley. valley.

irrigated irrigated

County's County's

perial perial

-- -- -

- - -

------_------

$854,520

Total Total

the

by by designing designing economy economy with with Im- of of sistent sistent heart heart the the traversing traversing facility facility

con-

minimized minimized been been

has has

problem problem

-south

This This north is is a a Road Road 442,823 Dogwood Dogwood ______funds funds secondary secondary -aid -aid

Federal

roadbed.

stable stable

a a

providing providing 276,816 in in ______problem problem funds funds

matching matching State State year. this this of of June June

in in pleted pleted

50,000 funds funds

tax tax a gas gas

Centro Centro presents presents El El City City of of canal canal

the the from from seepage seepage

com- was was

and and

$442,800 $442,800

pro~mately pro~mately

funds funds $84,881

gas gas tax tax

County County

Imperial Imperial

resulting

the the and and

route route

the the of of

tion tion ap- cost cost 9.0 9.0 miles miles central central

The The

route. route.

por-

large large

a a over over

Road Road

Dogwood Dogwood to to the below: of of miles miles marized marized 4.0 4.0 northern northern the the and and

miles miles

adjacent

exists exists

canal canal

irrigation irrigation sum- is is An An route route this this FAS FAS 3.5 of of provement provement southern southern the the includes includes $411,720, $411,720,

im- the the of of cost cost approximate approximate The The

Road. wood wood

the the projects.

Dog-

paralleling paralleling

foreground foreground

the the

in in

Canal Canal

Dogwood Dogwood with with Centro Centro

EI EI

of of City City

the the

toward toward southwest southwest Looking Looking

of processing processing in in assisted assisted and and ity ity

capac- advisory advisory an an in in acted acted officials officials

Roads Public Public of of US US Bureau Bureau expense. expense.

county at at personnel personnel state state by by plished plished

accom- were were engineering engineering construction construction

and tests, tests, and and investigations investigations Materials Materials

Centro. El El within within 1.5 1.5 miles miles for for the the

effort city city joint joint with with route route 16.5 -mile -mile

the over over the the county county by by made made were were

plans and and Surveys Surveys officials. officials. federal federal

and state state county, county, city, city, by by effort effort tive tive

opera- co- of of result result the the therefore therefore was was

route FAS FAS this this of of completion completion The The

purpose. for for this this funds funds tax tax

gas -cent -cent %8 from from provided provided was was 000 000

~50,- and and limits, limits, city city the the within within cated cated

lo- the the project project of of portion portion the the finance finance

help to to

agreed agreed city city

The The

Centro. Centro.

of of El El

34 34 respectively. feet feet

and and

32 32 is is width width of cost cost total total

1959 1959 a a

at at

June June in in

pleted pleted

City the the of of

edge edge easterly easterly

the the

through through

roadbed

Graded Graded miles. miles.

8.0 8.0 southern southern com- these, these,

of of first first The The

contracts. contracts.

passes

completed completed just just

project project the

mile mile for for

26 26 feet feet

and and 8.5 8.5

miles miles

northern northern "FA5 separate separate

two two

as as

period period

-year -year

two

nine- the the of of

miles miles

-half -half one

and and the One One

for for

24 24 feet feet

of of

width width a a and and inches, inches, a over over constructed constructed was was 1262, 1262, Route, Route,

21 Centro

EI EI of of

Through Through Goes Goes thickness thickness section section structural structural Secondary -Aid -Aid Federal County County This This

jobs. a a total

subbase for for subbase and and base base ported ported

of of

Brawley. City City

the the

winter

in in

interested interested

often often

are are

tractors tractors

im-

over over

surfacing surfacing

-mixed -mixed of of road sists sists 99, 99, and

US US

on on

Centro Centro

El El of of

southeast southeast

con-

California California

northern northern as as

years years eral eral

con-

way way traveled traveled

existing existing the the along along

miles

six six

located located

of of Heber, Heber,

munity munity

sev- past past

the the

advertisements advertisements

fall fall from from

made

improvement improvement

The The fields. fields. jacent jacent

com-

the the

between between highway highway

County County

resulted

has has

bidding bidding

competitive competitive

of of to to ad-

equal equal

approximately approximately elevation elevation

Imperial 16.5 -mile -mile

this this

of of

provement provement

deal

great great A A

Valley. Valley.

Imperial Imperial

the the in in

an at at

and and grades, grades, level level

and and alignment alignment im-

the the

concludes concludes

Road Road

Dogwood Dogwood

weather

favorable favorable

most most

of of

period period the the

tangent

generally generally on on

wide, wide, feet feet 28 28 to to on project project completed completed recently recently The The

County Imperial Imperial Commissioner, Commissioner, Road Road PIERSON, PIERSON, E. E. D. D. By By

County Imperial Imperial

in in Road Road

Graveled Graveled O O `~~oO `~~oO

~d ~d

Replaces Highway Highway -mile -mile 16 Modern Modern Dogwood Road Reconstruction (see previous page). An aerial looking south along Dogwood Road from above Brawley. Plaza Park is in the foreground. The Southern Pacific Railroad tracks cross Dogwood Road diagonally in the background.

September-October 1960 65 I ~ ~ New Truck Unit Facilitates On-the-spot Field Tests

By F. H. KREFT, Highway Engineering Associate, District XI

"One test is worth a thousand expert cided to use atwo-ton truck with a ters-24 inches deep and 10 feet long. guesses" ...This quotation is gener- line utility body for the basic needs. By providing the apparatus and tools ally attributed to Dr. August von This is the type of truck that normally necessary, this amount of work area Wassermann but how well it describes accompanies a district drilling rig and will allow two men to perform field the valuable role of testing in the con- has numerous compartments and sec- testing when need be'. struction of our highways. tions for storage. Most of these com- One of the most important phases partments have been used to hold the Radio Communication of this role is in the field of quality testing equipment that has been placed A radio has been ordered for the control. Those persons associated with in the truck. vehicle to provide communication be- the inspection of materials being pro- This equipment includes an air com- tween the plant inspector and the res- duced for today's highways know that pressor, portable electric generator, ident engineer. field this has had increased demands. sand shaker, sand equivalent shaker, According to the Headquarters To quote C. E. Walcott, District XI butane range and tanks, moisture Equipment Department who assembled Construction Engineer,"The high rate teller, field extractor, of production of the present-day con- 25-gallon water the unit, the truck literally takes the tractor places a moral responsibility tank, and a stainless steel sink. A laboratory to the field, replacing the upon the engineer to review the con- counter has been built into the interior necessity of bringing in field samples tractor's plant and procedures in ad- of the truck and with the existing to the laboratory. Special considera- vance and to organize his inspection so facilities, it provides two work coun- tion was given to clearances, weight that the question of costly corrective action due to nonspecification material does not arise." The problems of quality control are most difficult in those instances where the material is close to borderline on a particular .specification, In these cases, repeated.. and accurate testing is the only method' of determining whether a material meets specifications or does not.

Control Difficulties The difficulties of quality control are further, complicated by the type of operation required in freeway con- structiori. _Often the production runs are short in duration because of the limited amount of roadway that can be constructed at any one stage of operation. This means that testing facilities placed at any plant on a~semipermanent basis get very little use and a considerable amount of moving of testing equipment is required. With the above impressions in mind, District XI has acquired a mobile laboratory to perform its needed tests. It has not been an easy task because the equipment department does not handle a vehicle as such. It was finally de- View of Interior of mobile laboratory and with geneeator compartment door on left side of vehiEle down.

66 California Highways and Public Works distribution, and the terrain over which the unit will operate. Spaces were provided to accommodate specialized equipment necessary to operate the unit and still be within a proper weight distribution. A unit such as this special laboratory truck must have every available cubic foot prop- erly utilized so that it may have all the necessary items on hand to do its job. One piece of testing equipment has required special placing —the sand equivalent shaker. It was discovered that any amount of movement inside the body of the truck effected the Sand Equivalent Test results. There- fore, it was decided to place the shaker in an outside compartment. A small shelf was built on the door of the compartment for the stabbing and washing portion of the test and the bottle of working S.E. solution is View of right side of hung three feet above the mobile laboratory with compartments open, showing air compressor, butane tanks, shelf. Upon sand equivalent test area and equipment, and storage for hoses and electrical cords.

completion of the washing of the test sample, the S.E. cylinders are placed on an express truck bed or a small table for the 20 minute undisturbed settlement portion of the test. By placing the cylinders away from the Mobile Lab, other work can be accomplished within the lab during this 20-minute interval.

Tests Performed Rapidly All the field- control tests described in the Construction Manual can be accomplished in this vehicle as well as the determination of cement content in cement treated aggregate by the method of titration (Calif. 338A) and the determination of asphalt and moisture content of bituminous mixtures (Calif. 310-A). Furthermore, the tests are performed quickly and dependably at any location. At present, our Mo- bile Laboratory is working in Painted Gorge in Imperial Valley at a R.1~I.S. aggregate plant, many miles from power and water. It has been moved over 100 miles overnight with no particular hardship and been ready for y1eµ, p{ Inferior of mobele laboratory showing work area and plant Inspector performing calculafions. performance the next day. September-October 1960 67

68 68 Highways Highways California California and and Works Public Public

J. J. by by of of Address Address — " year. is is W. the the a a in in the the especially especially where it it state state of of Peninsula." day day true true

each travelers travelers the the Angeles Angeles role role Los Los County. County. Diego Diego a a area area as as fast fast And, in in as as ing ing million million significant significant San San advancement

-a- half over over accommodates accommodates Angeles) Angeles) has has which which develop- region region and and Freeway Freeway played growing growing Bayshore Bayshore is is already already

Los that that downtown downtown (in (in interchange interchange no no to to is is a in in This This task task greatness greatness way. way. small small brought brought level level Rome, Rome, indeed indeed the

the the four- vehicle, vehicle, per per -lane -lane persons persons generations. generations. or or present present foot - 201 Like Like a a high- tionfor tionfor six two two roads -wide, -wide, the the

one only only ~~ith ~~ith Freeway' Freeway' of of are are loca- minds minds a a which which the selecting selecting of of interchange interchange when when most most faced faced Even Even the the in in daily, daily,

-level the the four the the that that of of use use will will vehicles vehicles problems stand stand Bayshore Bayshore 350,000 350,000 major major `The the the remain remain some some and and

200,000 built built to to on on over over it it but but opportunity opportunity of of under- Peninsula, Peninsula, fully fully the the likely and and is is Freeways Freeways plenty plenty Harbor Harbor

Hollywood had more more are are citizenry citizenry to to the the "There "There that that the the so so freeways freeways 140,000, 140,000, publicity publicity Ana Ana be Santa Santa

the day, day, a a vehicles vehicles been been there there pre- 120,000 120,000 "Also, "Also, sufficient sufficient has has about about carry carry of of bulk bulk population. the the

Freeway Bernardino Bernardino four four agencies. San San all all and and dena dena they they where where ways ways are are the by by needed needed

Pasa- The The hours. hours. 24 24 by obtaining obtaining approval approval preliminary preliminary every every in in of of people people the the lay lay ultimate ultimate of of free- construction construction

millions of of a a was was difficulty minimum minimum literally literally of of "there "there movement movement for for the the able able have have to to been been de- not not appreciably appreciably

provide -News -News the the planned," planned," commented, they they Star since since system, system, portation portation persons represent. represent. these these Fortunately, Fortunately,

trans- mass mass well so so apparently apparently and and modern, modern, a a sold sold well well constitute constitute tually tually by by ienced ienced progress progress the the freeways which which

ac- Angeles) Angeles) need need has has road road the the Los Los so (in (in been been "The "The freeways freeways for for "Our "Our have have way way some some in in inconven- been been

concerned. ments ments part. part. the the on on one one who those those natural natural of of TranspoHation" "Mass "Mass

four four to to local local the the govern- presented presented

but but attitude, attitude, n un- an unrealistic unrealistic not not

~ ~ ~ ~

Diego Diego San San the the in in were route route area area line line Times. a a is is This This benefits. benefits. vious vious completely

US US the the Belt- 101 101 for for .plans .plans that that ported ported Alto —Palo —Palo " breed. his his of of last last the the see see to to ob- their` their` ways ways overlook overlook ...and ...and

Star Star re- The The News News City City National National to never never hope hope We We freedom. freedom. continued continued quarters quarters some some free- in in able able decry decry to to

our upon upon bears bears success success heavily heavily

whose whose become become fashion- "It "It has has

somewhat somewhat

Plans" Highway Highway "Exoelfent "Exoelfent

—and projects public public of of sorts sorts new new

health health preserved. been been has has

~ ~ ~ ~

to process process democratic democratic the the adapt adapt to to

good of of of of sort sort state state a a it, it, With With anemia. anemia. alignment."

upon called called are are who who men men professional professional

a suffer suffer would would Francisco, Francisco, from from San San achieve achieve freeway on on agreement agreement to to

few those those of of one one was was

Booker Booker

"Mr. "Mr.

the the it it including Peninsula, Peninsula, "Without "Without engineers highway highway state state and and planners planners

ing.

of of co- city earnest earnest effort effort operative operative

cities cities

.. ..

Peninsula Peninsula the the of of

hear- fair fair a a everyone everyone

giving giving in in

cialized cialized

the read read be be can can lines lines the the Between Between area. area.

the all all for for

transport transport

and and

commerce commerce

spe- staff staff his his and and He He wrong. wrong.

plainly plainly

entire entire compassing compassing metropolitan the the of

lifeblood lifeblood

the the flows flows which which along along

were they they when when

even even opinions, opinions, their their

en- blueprint blueprint range range development development for for

artery truth, truth,

very very in in is, is,

it it an an because because

voice to to others others

right right of of

the the spected spected

its its long- this this of of recognition recognition official official

Freeway

(Bayshore) (Bayshore) the the to to to to

apply apply

re- he he But But

opinions opinions

bluntly. bluntly. own own

the the "at concluded, concluded, editorial editorial pride," pride," perhaps perhaps word

best best the the

is is `Arterial' `Arterial' " "

his put put Booker Booker

Mr. Mr.

occasion, occasion, "On "On

with "Stockton "Stockton point point to to reason reason has has

Times:

matters.

location location route route touchy touchy

with with

Commission. Highway Highway fornia fornia

Mateo the the in in observations observations rial rial San San

dealing

in in

skill skill

political political

considerable considerable

the the by by been been Cali- now now has has adopted adopted

edito- these these inspired inspired job job this this on on bids bids

of exercise exercise

the the for for

called called

job job his his

ing, ing,

route this this of of Much Much Plan. Plan. General General ton ton

of cisco cisco opening opening The The Jose. Jose. San San and and

engineer- of of

problems problems factual factual precise precise

the the in in recommended recommended Stock- alignment alignment

Fran- between between Bypass) Bypass) 101 101 San San (US (US

the

handling handling

for for

with with

talent talent "Along "Along

coincided coincided the with with Freeway Freeway Westside Westside

the the Freeway Bayshore Bayshore on on velopment velopment

Highways. of of

route route the recommended recommended for for state state

de- freeway freeway complete complete will will which which ect ect

Division

the the

with with

years years 38 38

worked worked

he he

a that that noted noted report report annual annual The The

proj- in in now now is is a a Work Work on on progress progress

all, In In counties. counties. area area

Bay Bay nine nine the the for for

highways. and and

Bayshore Bayshore Freeway Engineer Highway Highway

State State

Assistant Assistant was was

streets planning planning in in Highways Highways of of vision vision

Booker

last last

his his Mr. Mr.

year, year,

retirement retirement

of of Di- the the office office district district the the with with city city

prior prior the the to

Highways." years years

seven seven "During "During

ordination ordination the of of co- close close the the ment" ment"

of Division Division California California the the of of system. Dekema Dekema

Bay Bay

freeway freeway

existing existing area's area's

accomplish- significant significant very very "a "a as as

Jake district district of of crown crown engineer engineer

the of of most most

of of

of of charge charge construction construction

praised Office Office Planning Planning State State the the of of

the in in a a also also is is It It in

engineer engineer derstanding. derstanding. star star

the the

was was

highway highway 1960), 1960),

first first report annual annual the the that that out out pointed pointed

most most public public is is whole whole a a un- as as always always

18,

week week

ailment ailment heart heart a a (July (July of of this this

Record Stockton Stockton the the in in editorial editorial An An

the is is that that withheld, withheld, nothing nothing when when who who (Barney) (Barney) died W. W. Booker, Booker, "B. "B.

operative operative Plannung Co-

fact the the to to testimony testimony is is and and informed informed

Booker, Booker, W. W. "B. "B. Engineer"

we11 has has public public the the been been dence dence that that

evi- also also is is confusion confusion of of lack lack sources: "The "The other other from from taken taken were were or or pers pers

need. years years various various newspa- behind behind California California California. in in cently cently ern ern

from from ten to to five five f f o o Club Club running running and and plan plan South- re- ments ments Automobile Automobile appeared appeared partment, partment, highways highways about about

-go you apay -as- De- on on McDonald, McDonald, built built Engineering Engineering are are com- and and Manager, Manager, highways highways quotes quotes following following The The

Highways Highways /bout /bout Talking Talking ~~~ e e ~e~~ ~e~~ ~~~:~.~ ~~~:~.~ V4~ue, Not Priee, is Question Schoelikopf In Named F. H. 'Fair' Young an editorial entitled "High, Yes, But Worth It" the Tulare Advance- Assistant Comptroller Retires i n L. A. current Register takes this view of the Appointment of Andrew B. Schoell- F. H."Fair" Young, Chief Account- attention advertising campaign calling kopf as Assistant Comptroller of the ing Officer for District VII in I~os An- to gasoline taxes: State Department of Public Works has geles, retired on August 1. He had "Being as how we pay out good been announced by Robert B. Brad- been with the Division of Highways money for the newspaper in which ford, director of the department. since 1936 when he came to work as would guess the question appeared, we Schoellkopf has been on the ac- a timekeeper clerk on a construction to in that we're entitled put our two counting staff of project on the answer. And cents worth of so the ~~ the Division of Ridge Route. indeed!' answer is: `No, of Highways for Young was re- a~ "The question? It appeared in some- __ most of his 23 sponsible for many thing of an outsize ad inserted in a ~ ~ years of service innovations in the Los Angeles newspaper yesterday ~.. with the State. His district's account- morning, and it read this way: `To- ~`~ latest promotion, ing setup includ- day, many people throughout this effective August 1, ing the present sys- State think that gasoline taxes are too 1960, fills the va- tem for handling high. What do you think?' cancy created by the large rental col- "Sure, we all think that 10 cents a A. SCHOELLKOPF the retirement of lections from state F• H. YOUNG gallon is a pretty stiff price to pay. Bert Sellier, who had been Assistant highway property in the Los Angeles But are we getting our money's Comptroller since 1445. area. Young was born in Salt Lake City, worth? That—and not just a simple In his new post, Schoellkopf's re- Utah, and attended schools there and `Do you think that gasoline taxes are sponsibilities will include Division of in Portland, Oregon, moving Cali- too high?'—is the real quesrion. Highways disbursement procedures, to fornia in 1930. "To that question, our answer—and internal audit, administration of the After coming to work for the divi- we'd guess yours too—just has to be headquarters accounting office, and sion, Young was assigned to the Dis- `Yes, indeed.' If you're in doubt, just various other functions of the Depart- trict Maintenance Department in 1938 take a drive through ment of Public Works as well as the California (a where he handled the co-ordination pretty Division of Highways under the di- big assignment in itself). Take of the office and budget rection of Comptroller E. Roy Hig- work of the a look at the fine highways, the fine maintenance gins. .field offices. He was ap- secondary roads and even the fine pointed district chief clerk in 1948. major city streets that these gas tax Schoellkopf is widely known in A World War I veteran, Young moneys have financed for your con- state circles as the recipient of the served with the 148th Field Artillery venience and driving pleasure. largest merit award for an employee in France and Germany. suggestion ever accorded in Califor- "We Californians are acar-happy Young and his wife, Ethelyn, plan nia. In 1959 he was presented with a to lot. Our State is so constructed that do some traveling following his check for $11,808 as a result of his retirement. we just couldn't get very far in it proposal, resulting in enabling legisla- (even if we wanted to) without one tion, that state funds placed in deposit As certified in July to the State or more cars per family. by courts in condemnation cases be Controller, total mileage of county- "And the very fact that all of these made available for investment by the maintained roads increased during the cars are rolling over our highways and State Treasurer. The first year his sug- 1959-60 fiscal year from 69,078 to byways every day means just one gestion was in effect saw a gain in 69,442. interest earnings the thing: Our highway building and to State of more than $140,000. was appointed an accounting officer maintenance program must go on and III in March 1957. on and on to meet the demands made He was born in San Bruno in March 191 He is a veteran of European service by California's motorists. S but has lived most of his life in Sacramento, and holds an associate in with the 84th Infantry Division in "So, what better `vay to finance this arts degree from Sacramento City Col- World War II. highway construction and upkeep lege. He is a licensed public account- Schoellkopf and his wife, Bernice, than through the gasoline tax? After ant. live at S 316 Sandburg Drive, Sacra- all, the mento. They have two children. people who pay the gasoline Schoellkopf came to work for the He has been active in various civic tax—and in sums commensurate with Division of Highways as a file clerk organizations, and is a past president the amount of use they give their in September 1937. In 1942 he moved of the River Park Improvement Asso- cars—are the ones who have brought to the accounting department as an ciation. He is a director of the Cali- this need for always bigger and better intermediate clerk and moved up fornia State Employees Credit Union highways in California." through the promotional ranks. He No. 1.

September-October 1960 .•

Works Public Public and and

Highways Highways California California 70 70

them."

to to helpful helpful

be be can can

mittee mittee this this country the the of of information information more more the the board. to to presented presented

ports ports

com-

new new

the the that that

hope hope

We We

resent. resent. and more more producing producing are are they they areas, areas, re- research research of of the the results results major major

with with

rep-

they they

readership readership

the the particular particular to to other many many and and many, many, traffic traffic control, control, media information information public public to to provide provide

significance

their their

interpret interpret

to to is, is,

that that in in in safety, safety, capacity, capacity, high high with with ways ways be will will committee committee the the of of duty duty

Major Major

step—

another another

findings findings such such take take to to is is

express- urban urban of of design design in in struction, struction, Findings. of of Research Research

Dissemination Dissemination

know,

we we press, press, the the

of of desire desire

"The "The

con- for for highway highway materials materials and and ment ment on on Public Committee Committee formed formed newly newly

of of equip- new new development development in in tion, tion, of of the highways. chairman chairman as as serve serve tion, tion, will will

transporta- safer of of better, better, highway highway build build to to order order economics economics In In in in needs needs Founda- Safety Safety Automotive Automotive the the for for

field. in in this this knowledge knowledge of of frontiers frontiers Relations Public Public of of Director Director Gibbons, Gibbons,

the

are are advancing advancing research research highway highway W. John John that that announced announced has has

board, board,

dent.

men men dedicated dedicated many many great great "A "A

of of the

chairman chairman

Johnson, Johnson, Pyke Pyke

presi- now now is is he he which which 1 1 of of Chapter Chapter

said:

Johnson Johnson Mr. Mr.

Association D.C. -Way -Way -of Right Washington, Washington, American American

Council, Council,

Research Research

committee, new new the the

announcing announcing

In In

the of of member member - charter charter a a National is is Sciences of of Wagner Wagner Academy Academy tional tional

projects.

research research Na- Board, Board, Research Research by by the the Highway Highway Highways. of of Division Division

California California

hundred

on on several several

reports reports

containing containing established been been has has the research research joined joined highway highway he he which which after after

America, America,

this this year,

100 100 publications publications

nearly nearly issue issue

in findings findings important important with with South the the public public Colombia, Colombia, in in

construction construction

will

Board Board

Research Research

Highway Highway The The

acquaint to to better better and committee committee new new A A location location /z /z railroad railroad on on 2' years years

ne~rt ne~rt

the and and Montana Montana in in

projects projects Findings electric electric

Latest Latest th th Wi Public Public

Acquaint Acquaint Will Will

hydro-

for for work work engineering engineering civil civil in in

Committee

Board Board

Research Research career Highway Highway Newest Newest professional professional his his of of years years seven seven

the the first spent spent He He Mines. Mines. for for School School

State Montana Montana the the at at studied studied later later and and

Butte in in schools schools attended attended Montana, Montana,

photo)

Newspapers Newspapers

(Eureka (Eureka

Falls, Great Great in in born born was was

Wagner Wagner

redwoods. the the

of of

magnificence magnificence

nafuraf nafuraf the the

of of

appreciation appreciation

for for area area the the

scenic scenic

through through

-way. driving -of

leisurely leisurely rights

permitting permitting

highway highway

freeway, freeway, of of

the the chases chases use use will will franc franc fast fast Heavy, Heavy, Parks. Parks. and and of of Beaches Beaches

Division Division State State

the

by by

a a

parkway parkway

as as

maintained maintained

be be will will Giants Giants the the of of Avenue Avenue

the the pur- completed completed work work is is advance advance freeway freeway to to When When relative relative procedures procedures

in in

25 25 length.

miles miles

and

policies policies

of of

development development

the the

to to

nearly is is

It It

the the north. north. on on

freeway freeway new new

the the

of of interchange interchange to to the the Englewood Englewood

the the south south on on

Miranda Miranda

his his contributions

by by

about himself himself from from

tinguished tinguished

101 101 extending extending

Highway Highway US US former former and and present present of of section section a a is is

Giants Giants the the of of Avenue Avenue

The The

dis- has has he he

nation, nation,

the the

in in technicians technicians civic civic leaders and and

officials officials and and

local local

sfafe

of of

contingent contingent

a a

large large

was was

Participating Participating speaker. speaker. the the principal principal was was

-way G. G. Brown Brown -of Edmund Edmund right Governor Governor outstanding outstanding the the of of one one

Rock.

High High of of

held held

ceremonies ceremonies with with 27 27

August August dedicated dedicated was was

7960 7960 Legislature, Legislature,

Known Known

Highways. Highways.

of of

Division Division

the the

the

6y 6y

designated designated

Counfy Counfy

Humboldt Humboldt of of

redwoods redwoods

the the

through through

a a parkway parkway Giants, Giants, the the of of Avenue Avenue The The

of Department Department -Way -Way -of Right the the for for

Education on on Committee Committee Standing Standing the the

of chairman chairman was was and and Association Association Way Way

-of- Right American American the the of of Committee Committee

Educational the the on on . . served served He He ing. ing.

train- and and education education -way -way -of right of of

the the fields in in work work his his for for recognition recognition

national national

achieved achieved WAGNER F. F. E. E.

has Wagner Wagner

1949. in in division division

whole the the for for ment ment

Depart- -Way -Way of of

Right- the the of of Chief Chief

Deputy appointed appointed

was He He 1929. 1929. in in

office Angeles Angeles Los Los

~ division's division's the the of of

section design design the the

with career career state state his his began began Wagner Wagner

the the State. with with

service of of years years 31 31 after after 1 1 October October on on

retired Angeles, Angeles, Los Los in in Highways Highways of of

Division the the for for Agent Agent -Way -Way -of

Right

Chief Deputy Deputy Wagner, Wagner, F. F. Elton Elton

Retires Wagner Wagner F. F. E. E.

Chief Deputy Deputy R/W R/W 101 HIGHWAY HIGHWAY ON ON OPENED OPENED PARKWAY PARKWAY GIANTS GIANTS OF OF AVENUE AVENUE IN MEMORIAM ~Nilliam Bolstad William L Bolstad Senior Right- District III of-way Agent with the Division of Angeles, died on Leland L. Myers, Highway Land- Highways in Los result an accident. scaping Supv. I. August 15 as the of Bolstad came to work for the divi- District IV sion as a draftsman in the San Bernar- William Minear, Laborer. dino ofrice in 1925. In 1927 he became Division Right-of-way Engineer for District V the Missouri Highway Department. Margaret L. Hansen, Senior Ste- In 1937 he accepted a similar post nographer-Clerk. with the Kentucky department. He .rejoined the California Division District VI of Highways Right-of-way Depart- Martha J. Varnum, Highway En- ment in 1948 and was promoted to gineering Technician. Senior Right-of-way Agent in 1951. Bolstad supervised right-of-way ac- District VII quisition for many important freeway Equip- Eugene E. Blohm, Highway projects in the Los Angeles area. Bolstad, ment Oper.-Lab.; William L. A native of Deerfield, Wisconsin, Leopold Senior Right of Way Agent; Bolstad attended schools in Detroit Equipment V. Chacanaca, Highway Lakes, Minnesota. He also studied at Oper.-Lab.; Yoshito T. Inouye, En- Luther College in Decorah, Iowa, and gineering Student Trainee; E. Joyce the University of Southern California. LeBell, Delineator. Bolstad was a member of the Amer- District X ican Right-of-way Association and a Charles M. Howitt, Engineering Aid Mason. I; Martin G. McIntosh, Accounting He is survived by his wife and a Technician III. son, William, now employed by the division in Los Angeles. District XI Audley W. McCoy, Laborer Leo S. Fa by Shop 10 Gordon F. Geil, Fusion Welder. Leo S. Fahy, Disbursing Officer for the State Division of Highways, died on August 15 after a short illness. The new roadway on the lower A veteran state employee with 38 deck of the Bay Bridge has been com- years service, Fahy was in charge of pleted and is now in use from San payments to highway contractors Francisco to Yerba Buena Island. All which totaled $300,000,000 a year. freeway and street connections to the Fahy started his career with the lower deck have been constructed. State as a junior clerk with the Divi- sion of Highways in 1922. He became chief clerk of the Bridge Department During the month of July, the De- in 1925 and was moved up to the dis- partment of Public Works appor- bursing officer post in 1943. tioned $8,163,145 to the 366 incorporated cities in California. Born in Roselle Park, New York, Fahy attended schools in Newark, New Jersey. He later studied at Wal- Bator for an aircraft company and for ton School of Commerce in Chicago the Los Angeles District Attorney's and Sacramento Evening College. Office between 1940 and 1947. He Fahy served with the 56th En- served as the Deputy Mayor of the gineers' medical detachment during City of Santa Monica from 1945 to World War I. 1946. During World War II he served He is survived by his wife, Grayce, with the U.S. Air Force. who is secretary to the Assistant State Ritz is married and has a daughter. Highway Engineer—Bridges..

September-October 1960 71 STATE OF CALIFORNIA EDMUND G. BROWN, Governor DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS PUBLIC WORKS BUILDING — 1120 N STREET, SACRAMENTO ROBERT B. BRADFORD Direcfior FRANK A. CHAMBERS . Chief Depufiy Director T. F. BAGSHAW . ~lssisfant Direcfior RUSSELL J. GOONEY. Deputy Director (Management) JOHN H. STANFORD AssisfantDirecfor HARRY D. FREEMAN Deputy Director (Planning) S. ALAN WHITE Departmental Personnel Officer

DIVISION OF HIGFIWAYS 1. C. WOMACK State Highway Engineer, Chief of Division CALIFORNIA HIGHWAY COMMISSION CHAS. E. WAITE . Deputy State Highway Engineer Right-of-Way J. P. MURPHY Deputy State Highway Engineer FRANK C. BALFOUR Chief Right•of•Way Agent ROBERT B. BRADFORD Chairman and 1. W. TRASK Deputy State Highway Engineer E. F. WAGNER . Deputy Lhief Right•of-Way Agent Director of Public Works J. A. LE6ARRA Assistant Sfafe Highway Engineer RUDOLF HESS Assistant Chief CHESTER H. WARLOW, Vice Chairman LYMAN R. GILLIS Assistant State Highway Engineer R. S. J. PIANEZZI . Assistant Chief Fresno 1. E. McMAHON Assistant State Highway Engineer E. M. MacDONALD . Assistant Chief JAMES A. GUTHRIE San Bernardino CEO. LANGSNER Assistant State Highway Engineer n;str;ct 1v ROBERT E. McCLURE Santa Monica E. R. HIGGINS . Comptroller ~, p, SINCLAIR Assistant State Highway Engineer FRANK E. BAXTER Maintenance Engineer ARTHUR T. LUDDY Sacramento L. L. FUNK . Planning Engineer District VII ROGER S. WOOLLEY San Diego MILTON HARRIS Construction Engineer E• T. TELFORD AssisfantStafeHighwayEngineer JOHN J. PURCHIO Hayward District Engineers JACK COOPER, Secretary Sacramento H. B. LA FORGE Engineer of Federal Secondary Roads SAM HELWER District I, Eureka SCOTT H. LATHROP Personnel and Public Information H. 5. MILES District II, Redding H. C. McCARTY .~ Office Engineer ALAN S. HART . District III, Marysville E. J. L. PETERSON Program and Budget Engineer L. A. WEYMOUTH District IV, San Francisco F. M. REYNOLDS . Planning Survey Engineer R. A. HAYLER District IV, San Francisco EARL E. SORENSON . Equipment Engineer A. M. NASH District V, San Luis Obispo W. L. WARREN Engineer of Design W. L. WELCH District VI, Fresno G. M. WEBB Traffic Engineer A. L. HIMELHOCH District VII, Los Angeles M. H. WEST .Engineer of City and Co-operative Projects GEORGE A. HILL District VII, Los Angeles A. L. ELLIOTT Bridge Engineer—Planning C. V. KANE . District VIII, San Bernardino E. R. FOLEY District IX, Bishop L. C. HOLLISiER Projects Engineer—Carquinez JOHN G. MEYER District X, Stockton I. 0. JAHLSTROM . Bridge Engineer—Operations J. DEKEMA District XI, San Diego DALE DOWNING . Bridge Engineer—Southern Area HOWARD C. WOOD Bridge Engineer R. R. ROWE . Bridge Engineer—Special Studies State-owned Toll Bridges

DIVISION OF CONTRACTS AND RIGHTS-OF-WAY (LEGAL) ROBERT E. REED . Chief Counsel GEORGE C. HADLEY Assistant Chief HOLLOWAY JONES Assistant Chief HARRY S. FENTON Assistant Chief

DIVISION OF SAN FRANCISCO BAY TOLL CROSSINGS NORMAN C. RAAB Chief of Division BEN BALALA Principal Bridge Engineer

DIVISION OF ARCHITECTURE ANSON BOYD State Architect, Chief of Division

HUBERi S. HUNTER Deputy Chief, Administrative EDWARD G. SCHLEIGER . Principal Estimator AREA CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISORS EARL W. HAMPTON CLIFFORD L. IVERSON Chief Architectural Draftsman THOMAS M. CURRAN Area I, Oakland Deputy Chief, Architecture and Engineering GUSTAV B. VEHN Chief Specification Writer 1. WILLIAM COOK Area II, Sacramento HEADQUARTERS OFFICE ALLEN H. BROWNFIELD .Supervising Structural Engineer tLARENCE T. TROOP Area III, los Angeles ARTHUR F. DUDMAN Assistant State Architect LOSS ANGELES OFFICE CHARLES M. HERD . Chief Consfirucfion Engineer TOM MEREi . Assistant State Archifeci WILLIAM R. VICK THOMAS LEWANDOWSKI Principal Architect—Project Management Supervisor of Project Management IAN LEE WATSON .Supervisor of Project Co-ordination Principal Architect JAMES A. GILLEM AREA STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS THOMAS CHINN Supervisor of Scheduling and Control CHARLES PETERSON Principal Structural Engineer SCHOOLHOUSE SECTION ARTHUR J. RUIZ Supervisor of Professional Services CESTER H. MULLEN Principal Engineer HENRY R. CROWLE Administrative Service Officer RAYMOND J. CHEESMAN .Chief Architectural Draftsman F. C. tHEESEBOROUGH (Acting) Area I, San Francisco CARLTON L. CAMP Principal Architect ROBERT J. PALEN . Supervising Estimator M. A. SWING . Area II, Sacramento 0. E. ANDERSON Principal Engineer HENRY C. JACKSON .Supervising Specification Writer fRNST MAAG Area III, los Angeles

pYtfL~C(~ Ih CALIF OR Nt,1 STATE PRINTING OFFICE X5100 9-60 41,500 The famous Cuesta Grade on US 101 just north of San Luis Obispo is one of California's most historical routes. Fra Junipero Serra used the pass in establishing his line of missions, and about this time the Spanish named it "Paso Cuesta." "Cuesta" means "hill" in Spanish. The first work on the road was by the padres in 1800, but it was not until 1858 that the California "Court of Sessions" voted $1,000 for improvements. In 1876 San Luis Obispo County voted $20,000 for further improvements, and in 1891 the State Highway Commission voted to take the route into the state highway system. In 1916 Cuesta was given its first oil surface—and in 1922 a contract was let for concrete paving. The photas show the road as it loolced about 1915 before it vas oiled, again as it looked in 1936, and as it looks today.