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The Effects of Predicted Climate Change Conditions on Tropical Sharks Ian Bouyoucos

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The Effects of Predicted Climate Change Conditions on Tropical Sharks Ian Bouyoucos The effects of predicted climate change conditions on tropical sharks Ian Bouyoucos To cite this version: Ian Bouyoucos. The effects of predicted climate change conditions on tropical sharks. Global Changes. Université Paris sciences et lettres; James Cook university of North Queensland, 2020. English. NNT : 2020UPSLP009. tel-02889401 HAL Id: tel-02889401 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02889401 Submitted on 3 Jul 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Préparée à l’École Pratique des Hautes Études Dans le cadre d’une cotutelle avec James Cook University Les effets des conditions du changement climatique prévues sur les requins tropicaux The effects of predicted climate change conditions on tropical sharks Soutenue par Composition du jury : Ian BOUYOUCOS Le 12 février 2020 Mme Nabila GAERTNER-MAZOUNI PR, Université de la Polynésie française Président Mme Nann FANGUE PR, University of California, Davis Rapporteur École doctorale n° 472 École doctorale de l’École M. Jacob JOHANSEN MCF, University of Hawai’i Rapporteur Pratique des Hautes Études M. Eric CLUA DE, École Pratique des Hautes Études Examinateur Mme Jodie RUMMER Spécialité MCF, James Cook University Codirecteur de thèse Biologie des populations, M. Serge PLANES génétique et éco-éthologie DE, École Pratique des Hautes Études Directeur de thèse Remercîments · Acknowledgements Thank you to my supervisors, Serge, Colin, and Jodie, without whom, none of this would have been possible. Serge, I was only your student for a part of my degree, but the support and guidance you have provided me with in that time has been invaluable, especially during the hardest parts of my thesis. Colin, it has truly been a pleasure being a part of your lab, and I wish I had taken more opportunities to learn from you while I was in Australia. Jodie, as a new student with no previous experience in your lab, thank you for putting so much trust in me and for sharing so much with me. Thank you to Rich Brill, Steve Cooke, Yannis Papastamatiou, and John Mandelman for suggesting Jodie and JCU to me for undertaking a PhD. I also would not have been able to do a PhD without training in Cory Suski’s lab. John Mandelman, Edd Brooks, and Greg Skomal, thank you for mentoring me and providing me with my first opportunities to research sharks. The CRIOBE in Moorea has been my home for most of my thesis. I want to thank everyone who worked alongside me during my two years at the CRIOBE: Ornella, Eva, Sofia, Tom, Schneke, Caroline, Gail, Kim, Alex, and José. As I have been a transient between Australia and French Polynesia, I am most grateful for the constants: Cécile, Pascal, Elina, Eric, and Jennie. I am perhaps most grateful that my field schedule kept me out of Townsville during the dead of summer. Rachel and Kelly, I am not sure what the chances are that we will all end up in the same country again after The Bahamas and Australia, but I have enjoyed sharing our PhD experiences together. And to Adam, thanks for what I can only describe as the ‘bin legacy.’ Finally, thank you to my family and friends all the way back home for putting up with me finding the farthest away places on Earth to study some silly fish. The separation has been one of the hardest challenges of this experience, and all your patience and support means the world to me. i Déclaration des contributions des autres · Statement of contribution of others My candidature was supported by a James Cook University (JCU) Postgraduate Research Scholarship. I also received funding to support the research presented in this thesis from the Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The Company of Biologists (Travelling Fellowship, JEBTF-170510), Passions of Paradise and the Oceania Chondrichthyan Society, Europcar Polynésie, and the British Ecological Society. My primary supervisor at l’École Pratiques des Hautes Études (EPHE), Serge Planes, provided funding support for my thesis research from the Laboratoire d’Excellence CORAIL, the Station d’Écologie Expérimentale of the Centre de Recherches Insulaires et Observatoire de l’Environnement (CRIOBE), and the French Ministère de l’Environnement. My primary supervisor at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies at JCU, Jodie Rummer, provided funding support for my thesis research, and the presentation of the results of my thesis research at numerous conferences, from the ARC (Discovery Early Career Research Award, PDE150101266), the L’Oreal-UNESCO Women in Sciences Foundation, and the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies. This thesis represents the collective work of myself and numerous others, all of whom are co-authors on manuscripts for publications associated with the chapters presented herein. My contributions and the contributions of co-authors are listed for each chapter below. Chapter 1: General introduction Conceptualisation, Ian A. Bouyoucos, Serge Planes, Colin A. Simpfendorfer, and Jodie L. Rummer; Writing – original draft, I.A.B.; Writing – review & editing, all authors; Supervision, S.P., C.A.S., and J.L.R. Chapter 2: A thermal suitability basis for nursery areas among reef shark populations Conceptualisation, I.A.B., C.A.S., S.P., and J.L.R.; Methodology, I.A.B., C.A.S., Ornella C. Weideli, Gail D. Schwieterman, Lauric Thiault, and J.L.R.; Formal Analysis, I.A.B.; Investigation, I.A.B., O.C.W., G.D.S., L.T., and J.L.R.; Resources, S.P. and J.L.R.; Writing – original draft, I.A.B.; Writing – review & editing, all authors; Supervision, C.A.S., S.P., and J.L.R.; Funding acquisition, I.A.B., S.P., O.C.W., G.D.S., and J.L.R. Chapter 3: Estimating oxygen uptake rates to understand stress in sharks and rays Conceptualisation, I.A.B., C.A.S., and J.L.R.; Writing – original draft, I.A.B.; Writing – review & editing, all authors; Supervision, C.A.S., and J.L.R. Chapter 4: Evaluating the physiological status and survival of neonatal reef sharks under stress ii Conceptualisation, I.A.B., S.P., and J.L.R.; Methodology, I.A.B. and J.L.R.; Formal analysis, I.A.B.; Investigation, I.A.B., O.C.W., and J.L.R.; Resources, S.P. and J.L.R.; Writing – original draft, I.A.B.; Writing – review & editing, all authors; Supervision, S.P., C.A.S., and J.L.R.; Funding acquisition, S.P. and J.L.R. Chapter 5: Physiological and behavioural responses of a reef shark to increasing temperature Conceptualisation, I.A.B., Colin J. Brauner, S.P., C.A.S., and J.L.R; Methodology, I.A.B., Phil R. Morrison, O.C.W., S.P., C.J.B., and J.L.R.; Formal analysis, I.A.B.; Investigation, I.A.B., P.R.M., O.C.W., Eva Jacquesson and J.L.R.; Resources, S.P., C.J.B., and J.L.R.; Writing – original draft, I.A.B.; Writing – review & editing, all authors; Supervision, S.P., C.A.S., and J.L.R.; Funding acquisition, I.A.B., S.P., C.J.B., and J.L.R. Chapter 6: A reef shark is not resilient to interacting global change stressors Conceptualisation, I.A.B., Sue-Ann Watson, S.P., C.A.S., G.D.S., and J.L.R.; Methodology, I.A.B., S.A.W., G.D.S., and J.L.R.; Formal analysis, I.A.B.; Investigation, I.A.B., G.D.S., and J.L.R.; Resources, S.P., G.D.S., Nick M. Whitney, and J.L.R.; Writing – original draft, I.A.B.; Writing – review & editing, all authors; Supervision, S.P., C.A.S., and J.L.R.; Funding acquisition, I.A.B., S.P., and J.L.R. Chapter 7: General discussion Conceptualisation, I.A.B., S.P., C.A.S., and J.L.R.; Methodology, I.A.B.; Formal analysis, I.A.B.; Writing – original draft, I.A.B.; Writing – review & editing, all authors; Supervision, S.P., C.A.S., and J.L.R. iii Résumé · General abstract Climate change is predicted to affect the survival and reproductive success, or fitness, of marine ectotherms through a combination of physiological and behavioural effects. Sharks and rays, which are among the most threatened vertebrate taxa, experience reduced physiological performance and behavioural impairments when tested under simulated ocean warming (i.e., temperature) and acidification (i.e., CO2) conditions. Research effort has predominantly focused on sharks occupying a narrow ecological niche (i.e., benthic, temperate, oviparous species in low trophic levels), such that predicted responses to climate change conditions are not representative of most other groups. Here, this thesis addresses the knowledge gap concerning climate change effects on active, tropical species in high trophic levels, for which no data exist. I test the hypothesis that climate change will have affect the fitness of reef shark populations through reductions in physiological performance, using the blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) and sicklefin lemon shark (Negaprion acutidens) as experimental models. In Chapter 2 of this thesis, I characterised in situ thermal dependence of abundance, growth, and metabolic rate in relation to nursery area use in populations of neonatal C.
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