Culture statistics 2016 edition
STATISTICAL BOOKS
Culture statistics 2016 edition Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you).
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Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2016
Web Print ISBN 978-92-79-52215-4 ISBN 978-92-79-52214-7 doi: 10.2785/56811 doi: 10.2785/74145 N° Cat: KS-04-15-737-EN-N N° Cat: KS-04-15-737-EN-C
Theme: Population statistics Collection: Statistical books
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Printed on elemental chlorine-free bleached paper (ECF) Abstract
Abstract
The third edition of the publication ‘Culture statistics’ presents a selection of indicators on culture pertaining to the following topics: cultural employment, international trade in cultural goods, cultural enterprises, cultural participation, use of internet for cultural purposes and private cultural expenditure. In addition it presents some contextual data on students in cultural fields of study, learning languages and international tertiary students’ mobility. Some information about the EU and international initiatives concerning cultural heritage, like the World Heritage List of UNESCO or the European Heritage Label, is comprised as well. Most data cover the European Union and its Member States, EFTA and candidate countries. The data were extracted and then compiled from Eurostat website at http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat. Editors Jean-Louis Mercy (Head of Unit) and Marta Beck-Domżalska — Unit F1 (Social indicators: methodology and development; relations with users) Production This publication was produced by: Alessandro Albano, Thierry Huart, Tsvetelina Marinova and Marta Zimoląg — Sogeti (Luxembourg) S.A. William Helminger, Carla Martins and Bruno Scuvée — CRI (Luxembourg) S.A. Contact details Eurostat Bâtiment Joseph Bech 5, rue Alphonse Weicker 2721 Luxembourg E-mail: [email protected] Acknowledgements We would like to thank our colleagues who were involved in the preparation of this publication, in particular Cristina Calizzani, Petronela Reinecke, Fabienne Montaigne, Anne Berthomieu-Cristallo, Julien Gaffuri, Baudewina Dijkhuis, Elisaveta Ushilova, Fernando Reis, Bogomil Kovachev, Sorin-Florin Gheorghiu, Philippe Lombardo, Erika Taidre, Louise Corselli-Nordblad, Catherine Coyette, Dominique Verdon, as well as Robert Oosterhuis (EGMUS).
Culture statistics 3 Abstract
Data extraction period The data presented in this publication were extracted from January to March 2016. An online data code available under each table/figure with data from Eurostat database can be used to directly access the most recent data on Eurostat’s website. All statements on policies within this publication are given for information purposes only. They do not constitute an official policy position of the European Commission and are not legally binding. To know more about such policies, please consult the European Commission’s website at: http://ec.europa.eu. For more information please consult Eurostat website: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat
4 Culture statistics Contents
Table of contents
Abstract 3
Table of contents 5
Introduction 7
1. Context 11
2. Cultural employment 57
3. Cultural enterprises 75
4. International trade in cultural goods 97
5. Cultural participation 115
6. Use of ICT for cultural purposes 137
7. Private cultural expenditure 155
Annexes 169
Culture statistics 5
Introduction Introduction
Introduction
Culture is one of Europe’s greatest strengths: information on the main trends in employment, it is a source of values and identity and gives business, international trade, participation and the continent a sense of belonging. It also consumption patterns in the field of culture. contributes to people’s well-being, to social This book can be considered as a third edition cohesion and inclusion. The cultural and creative of the Eurostat publication on culture statistics. sectors are a driver of economic growth, job Previous editions of the pocketbook ‘Cultural creation and external trade. statistics’ were released in 2007 and 2011. The That is why culture is becoming increasingly current edition was prepared by Eurostat with important at EU level. In accordance with Article the substantial support of the Directorate 167 of the Lisbon Treaty, the EU ‘shall contribute General Education and Culture. to the flowering of the cultures of the Member Compared to the previous publications, even if States, while respecting their national and the fields covered are the same, a lot has been regional diversity and at the same time bringing done in terms of methodological developments. the common heritage to the fore’. A new European framework for cultural statistics The EU supports these objectives through (based on 2009 UNESCO Framework for Cultural the Creative Europe programme, as well as a Statistics) was elaborated by the European number of policy actions set out in the Work Statistical System network on Culture and Plan for Culture for 2015–2018. This work plan, presented in the ESSnet-Culture final report adopted by EU culture ministers in December (2012). The group of national experts made 2014, sets out the main priorities for European methodological recommendations in various cooperation in cultural policymaking: inclusive areas (employment, enterprises, public and and accessible culture, the promotion of cultural private expenditure, participation) and defined heritage, support to the flowering of the cultural the cultural scope in relation with international and creative sectors, and promotion of cultural classifications. For example, ESSnet-Culture diversity and of culture in EU external relations. proposed a new methodology for estimating The production of reliable, comparable and cultural employment through both NACE Rev. 2 up-to-date culture statistics, which are the basis and ISCO-08 classifications; the chapter devoted of sound cultural policy-making, is also a cross- to cultural employment follows that algorithm. sectorial priority of this work plan. Chapters on cultural enterprises and international Eurostat compiles statistics on culture from trade in cultural goods, together with that on several data collections conducted at EU level cultural employment, present the economic to provide policy-makers and other users with dimension of culture.
8 Culture statistics Introduction
From the side of cultural participation, data on in an attempt to assess the population interest in participation in cultural activities (including the cultural heritage, through the number of views use of ICT for cultural purposes) and private of World Heritage Sites in Wikipedia. expenditure on cultural goods and services were All data presented in this book are available explored. in the specific domain ‘Culture’ of Eurobase Finally, as in the previous editions, data on (Eurostat statistics on-line). Most chapters in this culture were put in a larger context, mainly of publication are published on-line as ‘Statistics cultural heritage. Here, some findings of the Explained‘ articles which will be regularly experimental project ‘Big data’ have been added updated, taking into account new available data.
Access to Eurostat data
The simplest way to access Eurostat’s broad use of Eurobase data. In the PDF version of this range of statistical information is through the publication, the reader is led directly to the Eurostat website (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat). freshest data when clicking on the hyper-links Eurostat provides users with free access to for each online data code. Readers can access its databases and all of its publications in the freshest data by typing a standardised PDF via the internet. The website is updated hyper-link into a web browser, http:// daily and gives access to the latest and most ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=
(1) There are two types of online data codes: Tables (accessed using the TGM interface) have 8–character codes, which consist of 3 or 5 letters — the first of which is ‘t’ — followed by 5 or 3 digits, e.g. tps00001 and tsdph220. Databases (accessed using the Data Explorer interface) have codes that use an underscore ‘_’ within the syntax of the code, e.g. nama_10_gdp and proj_13npms. (2) The dataset detail page can also be accessed by using a hyper-link, for example, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/ productsdatasets/-/
Culture statistics 9 Introduction
Eurostat publications and Regional yearbook, Monitoring sustainable Statistics Explained development or Quality of life indicators. All publications are available in electronic Eurostat produces a variety of publications, formats free-of-charge from the Eurostat which are all available on the Eurostat website website. Some Eurostat publications, including in PDF format, free of charge as well as the vast this publication in English, are also printed; majority being available on Statistics Explained. these can be ordered from the website of the Statistics Explained is designed to be a user- EU bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu). The friendly wiki-based online publishing system bookshop is managed by the Publications Office where a large amount of Eurostat’s information of the European Union (http://publications. is available. It also contains online publications europa.eu). Most printed publications are also in many statistical domains, both statistical and free-of-charge. methodological ones. Examples are the present publication, the Eurostat yearbook, Eurostat’s
10 Culture statistics 1 Context 1 Context
1. Economic and social data
Table 1: Population, GDP per inhabitant and population at risk of poverty
Population GDP per inhabitant Population at risk of (1 January 2015) (2014) poverty (²) (2014) (in 1 000) (EUR) (PPS) (%) EU-28 508 451 27 500 27 500 17.2 Belgium 11 258 35 900 32 500 15.5 Bulgaria 7 202 5 900 12 800 21.8 Czech Republic 10 538 14 700 23 200 9.7 Denmark 5 660 46 200 34 200 12.1 Germany 81 198 36 000 34 500 16.7 Estonia 1 313 15 200 20 900 21.8 Ireland 4 629 41 000 36 800 15.6 Greece 10 858 16 300 19 900 22.1 Spain 46 450 22 400 25 000 22.2 France 66 415 32 300 29 400 13.3 Croatia 4 225 10 200 16 100 19.4 Italy 60 796 26 500 26 400 19.4 Cyprus 847 20 400 22 400 14.4 Latvia 1 986 11 800 17 500 21.2 Lithuania 2 921 12 400 20 600 19.1 Luxembourg 563 87 600 73 000 16.4 Hungary 9 856 10 600 18 600 15.0 Malta 429 18 900 23 600 15.9 Netherlands 16 901 39 300 35 900 11.6 Austria 8 576 38 500 35 500 14.1 Poland 38 006 10 700 18 600 17.0 Portugal 10 375 16 700 21 400 19.5 Romania 19 871 7 500 15 200 25.4 Slovenia 2 063 18 100 22 600 14.5 Slovakia 5 421 13 900 21 100 12.6 Finland 5 472 37 600 30 300 12.8 Sweden 9 747 44 400 33 700 15.1 United Kingdom 64 875 34 900 29 900 16.8 Iceland 329 39 500 33 000 7.9 Norway 5 166 73 500 48 900 10.9 Switzerland (¹) 8 238 64 600 44 300 14.5 FYR of Macedonia 2 069 : : 22.1 Serbia 7 114 4 700 10 200 25.4 Turkey 77 696 : : :
(1) 2013 data for ‘Population at risk of poverty’. (2) At risk of poverty rate (cut-off point: 60 % of median equivalised income after social transfers). Source: Eurostat (online data codes: demo_pjan, nama_10_pc and ilc_li02)
12 Culture statistics Context 1
Table 2: Distribution of population (¹), by degree of urbanisation, 2014
Towns and Cities Rural areas suburbs
EU-28 40.3 32.0 27.7 Belgium 26.3 57.6 16.2 Bulgaria 45.7 21.9 32.3 Czech Republic 30.2 32.3 37.4 Denmark 35.2 20.5 44.4 Germany 36.0 41.5 22.5 Estonia 44.1 15.0 40.9 Ireland 34.7 22.4 42.9 Greece 42.2 27.7 30.0 Spain 48.5 25.5 26.0 France 42.2 24.4 33.4 Croatia 28.6 30.5 40.9 Italy 32.9 42.9 24.1 Cyprus 55.2 19.0 25.8 Latvia 43.1 20.8 36.1 Lithuania 42.9 9.5 47.6 Luxembourg 18.4 31.1 50.5 Hungary 30.4 34.9 34.7 Malta 48.4 44.1 7.5 Netherlands 45.3 40.1 14.6 Austria 29.8 29.2 40.9 Poland 35.7 23.8 40.5 Portugal 43.3 30.0 26.7 Romania 35.5 22.1 42.4 Slovenia 19.2 30.8 50.0 Slovakia 19.0 35.7 45.3 Finland 37.1 31.6 31.3 Sweden 41.2 30.3 28.6 United Kingdom 58.2 28.2 13.6 Iceland 64.8 19.3 16.0 Norway 26.2 31.9 42.0 Switzerland 26.9 49.6 23.5
(1) Reference population 15 years old and more. Source: Eurostat (online data code: lfsa_pgauws)
Culture statistics 13 1 Context
Figure 1: Share of foreign-born population, 1 January 2015 (%) 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 ) ) ) 1 1 1 Italy Spain Malta Latvia France France Cyprus Cyprus Greece Greece Austria Austria Croatia Croatia Estonia Estonia Finland Finland Sweden Sweden Bulgaria Slovakia Belgium Belgium Slovenia Slovenia EU-28 ( Portugal Portugal Hungary Romania Germany Germany Denmark Lithuania Poland ( Poland Ireland ( Ireland Netherlands Luxembourg Luxembourg Czech RepublicCzech United KingdomUnited