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Novels of Thomas Hardy THE UNIVERSITY OF HULL Social Conditioning Versus Biological Determinism: A Study of the Women Characters in the 'Minor' Novels of Thomas Hardy being a Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Hull by Jane Elizabeth Thomas, B.A. (Hull) March 1985 SUMMARY Summary of Thesis submitted for Ph.D. degree by Jane Elizabeth Thomas on Biological Determinism Versus Social Conditioning: A Study of the Women Characters in the 'Minor' Novels of Thomas Hardy The popular and critical consensus with regard to the novels of Thomas Hardy is that they exemplify a fatalistic or pessimistic philosophy consequent upon their author's early contact with evolutionary thought. One of the functions of this thesis is to demonstrate that, whilst accepting that the life and development of the individual was necessarily determined by certain biological laws, Hardy's novels examine the operation of another shaping force on human existence: namely the social process created and perpetrated by humanity itself. Hardy's literary career spans the period during which the emergent feminist movement constituted one of the major challenges to the status quo. By documenting Hardy's eventual active support of the women's suffrage campaign, this thesis seeks to reveal the extent to which he located the potential and need for social change in women's frustrations, and their rebellion against the confines of those laws, conventions and value structures which directly pertained to them. Whilst Hardy's novels offer few, if any, feminist solutions, by focussing upon women as the victims of the social process they reveal, through implication, those areas where enlightened social reform is both necessary and of potential benefit to all sections of humanity. The minor novels have been chosen to illustrate this thesis because they, more clearly than the undisputed classics, bear witness to those aspects of Hardy's prose vision which do not fit the popular and critical stereotype. Moreover, the minor novels constitute a considerable portion of Hardy's prose output which has failed to attract the critical attention it deserves. This thesis seeks to redress the balance in that respect. Summary cont. Whilst the methodology adopted by this study is essentially text-centred, the intellectual background to these novels is amplified in the early sections by a selective discussion of their author's life and times. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii ABBREVIATIONS iv INTRODUCTION 1. HARDY'S PHILOSOPHY: FATALISM VERSUS RATIONAL DETERMINISM 25 II. DETERMINISM AND THE WOMAN QUESTION 61 III. HARDY AND WOMEN: POLITICAL AWARENESS AND MASCULINE IDEALISM 89 IV. A WOMAN'S PLACE EXAMINED: DESPERATE REMEDIES (1871) THE TRUMPET MAJOR (1880) 127 V. WOMEN AND SEXUAL STRATEGY: A PAIR OF BLUE EYES (1873) THE HAND OF ETHELBERTA (1876) 156 VI. WOMEN IN THE RURAL ENVIRONMENT: UNDER THE GREENWOOD TREE (1872) THE WOOD LANDERS (1887) 191 VII. THE PURSUIT OF THE IDEAL WOMAN: THE WELL-BELOVED (1897) 223 VIII. BREAKING THE MOULD: FAR FROM THE MADDING CROWD (1874) A LAODICEAN (1881) TWO ON A TOWER (1882) 240 CONCLUSION 276 BIBLIOGRAPHY 285 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful for the help received from the following: Mr D. J. Orton and the staff of the inter-library loans section of the Brynmor Jones Library, University of Hull; Mr R. N. R. Peers, Curator and Secretary of the Dorset County Museum, Dorchester; Mrs P. Stoneman; Dr John Osborne and, especially, my supervisor, Marion Shaw. iv ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviated forms of the titles of Hardy's fictional works, unless otherwise identified, refer to the New Wessex Edition of the Novels, General Editor P. N. Furbank, published in fourteen volumes by Macmillan (London, 1914-1915). DR Desperate Remedies (1811; London, 1915) UGT Under the Greenwood Tree (1812; London, 1914) PBE A Pair of Blue Eyes (1813; London, 1915) FMC Far from the Madding Crowd (1814; London, 1914) HE The Hand of Ethelberta (1816; London, 1915) RN The Return of the Native (1818; London, 1914) TM The Trumpet Major (1880; London, 1914) AL A Laodicean (1881; London, 1915) TT Two on a Tower (1882; London, 1915) MC The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886; London, 1914) TW The Woodlanders (1881; London, 1914) Td'U Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891; London, 1914) JO Jude the Obscure (1896; London, 1914) WE The Well-Beloved (1891; London, 1914) PWB The Pursuit of the Well-Beloved: A Sketch of a Temperament, Illustrated London News, 101 (Oct.-De~1982) LTH Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840-1928 {1962; London, 1913 PW Thomas Hardy's Personal Writings, ed. Harold Orel (1966; London, 1967) PN The Personal Notebooks of Thomas Hardy, ed. Richard H. Taylor (London, 1918) LN The Literary Notes of Thomas Hardy, ed. Lennart A. Bjork, I Text and I Notes (Goteborg, 1974) CL Collected Letters of Thomas Hardy, ed. Richard Little Purdy and Michael Millgate (Oxford, 1918- ) ORFW One Rare Fair Woman: Thomas Hardy's Letters to Florence Henniker 1893- 1922, ed. Evelyn Hardy and F. B.Pinion (London, 1972) v THYB The Thomas Hardy Year Book, ed. J. and G. Stevens Cox (Guernsey, 1970-1979) THAB Michael Millgate, Thomas Hardy: A Biography (Oxford, 1982) YTH Robert Gittings, Young Thomas Hardy (London, 1975) TOH Robert Gittings, The Older Hardy (London, 1978) Nineteenth-Century Periodicals (os) old series (ns) new series FR Fortnightly Review NC Nineteenth Century SR Saturday Review Darwin OS On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection; o~ The Preservation of Favoured Races in The Struggle For Life (1859; ed. J. W. Burrows, London, 1968) DM The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, 2 vols (London, 1871} Spencer FP First Principles (London, 1862) SS Social Statics; or, The Conditions Essential to Human Happiness Specified, and the First of Them Developed (London, 1851) SoS The Study of Sociology (London, 1873) PB The Principles of Biology, 2 vols (London, 1864-67) EIMP Education: Intellectual, Moral and Physical (London, 1861) Comte GVP A General View of Positivism, trans. J. H. Bridges (London, 1865) Huxley 'EBW' 'Emancipation - Black and White', in Collected Essays, III, 66-75 vi ABBREVIATIONS [contJ Mill Nature Nature, in Three Essays on Religion, with an introductory notice by Helen Taylor (London, 1874) Liberty On Liberty (1859; London, 1867) EW The Enfranchisement of Women, Westminster Review, 55 (1851), 289-311 SW The Subjection of Women (1869), in Collected Works, XXI, 259-340 Others MT Cicely Hamilton, Marriage as a Trade (1909; reprinted with introd. by Jane Lewis London, 1981) INTRODUCTION Criticism of Hardy's novels has been characterized by a debate between those who class his literary productions as fatalistic or pessimistic, and those who detect a predilection towards a meliorist approach to human existence in his work. The conviction that greeted the publication of The Dynasts (1904-1908), that Hardy's characters were 'helpless impersonal agents of the clockwork thought of a blind and unreasoning It', grew steadily.1 In 1935, Albert Pettigrew Elliot claimed that 'never in his entire life did [Hardy] look upon existence as being much worth while~ He was 'the victim of inherent gloom,.2 Eighteen years later John Holloway declared: '[Hardy] is fatalistic, and he rarely seems to suppose that men will or even can do much to reform their lives'. Hardy's characters are at the mercy of 'a determined system of things which ultimately controls human affairs without regard for human wishes,.3 In 1964 Richard Carpenter acknowledged 'the power of [Hardy's] gloomy, deterministic philOSophy,.4 By 1965, Roy Morrell could, quite reasonably, assert that Hardy's pessimism or fatalism was accepted: 'it is no longer something one questions,.5 Morrell's study set out precisely to question this accepted view and, as such, his book marks a watershed in the critical response to Hardy's work. It is essentially an impassioned, though somewhat speculative plea for a critical re-evaluation of Hardy's texts which claims that Hardy's aim was 'to move the reader to pity and to protest' rather than to despair or indifference.6 Morrell focusses upon what he sees as Hardy's emphasiS on 'man's essential freedom: to choose, to act, and thus to create his own values,.7 Morrell's insistence upon the responsibility of 'man' rather than on the inevitability of Fate in Hardy's texts signalled the start of a new move to examine the novels as documents of social protest rather than of cosmic indifference. F. R. Southerington develops Morrell's thesis and suggests that the concern with social institutions which marks say, The Woodlanders, could not conSistently be held 'by one who believes that man's actions are bound and his future necessarily 2 8 doomed' . Southerington suggests that the tragic action in Hardy's texts consismof 'man's' struggle to escape from the necessity of adapting to an environment which is unsuited to the fulfilment of personal aspirations, but that this environment is largely shaped and determined by man-made social laws and institutions which could, and should, be altered. Southerington's conclusions are symptomatic of the views of a large body of Hardy critics writing during the 1970; including J. Hillis Miller, Ian Gregor and F. B. Pinion which, in their turn, have led to a sympathetic examination of Hardy's claim to an evolutionary meliorist, rather than a pessimistic, world view. 9 For Southerington, Hardy's texts register the fact that humanity in general is governed by certain necessary determinants which include the process and inevitability of evolution in all living things; the passage of time and the corresponding processes of physical, mental and emotional atrophy and dissolution; and the inevitability of consequence. He claims that if the term 'Fate' functions as a feasible concept in Hardy's texts, its jurisdiction must be restricted to encompass these realities alone.
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