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FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT Gratis Epub, Ebook FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT GRATIS Auteur: A. Lammers Aantal pagina's: 319 pagina's Verschijningsdatum: none Uitgever: Uitgeverij Balans B.V.||9789050181730 EAN: nl Taal: Link: Download hier Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945) Stalin zei dat de gehele Duitse militaire staf na de oorlog moest worden geëxecuteerd, waarop Churchill woedend naar buiten liep. Stalin moest hem achternalopen om uit te leggen dat het om een grap ging. Toch waren de verhoudingen tussen de Grote Drie in Teheran beter dan ze ooit weer zouden worden. FDR was er nog lang van overtuigd dat Stalin voor rede vatbaar en een goede naoorlogse bongenoot zou zijn. Churchill had tijdens de besprekingen in Teheran allang door dat Stalin uit was op gebiedsuitbreiding. Waarom had Roosevelt dan geen oog voor Stalins territoriale honger naar Oost-Europa? Het antwoord is: dat had hij wel. William Bullit, de Amerikaanse ambassadeur in Moskou, waarschuwde de president al in dat Stalin Oost-Europa wilde domineren. Maar FDR was er nog lang van overtuigd dat Stalin voor rede vatbaar en een goede naoorlogse bongenoot zou zijn. De Britse premier krabbelde op een papiertje hoeveel procent invloed Rusland en Groot-Brittannië op Zuidoost-Europa zouden hebben. In de dagen die volgden stemde FDR hiermee in. Met de overwinning op nazi-Duitsland in het vizier kwamen de Grote Drie begin februari voor het laatst bijeen tijdens de Conferentie van Jalta. Het wederzijdse wantrouwen tussen Stalin en Churchill was alleen maar groter geworden. Een groot probleem was het naoorlogse Duitsland. Zowel Roosevelt als Stalin wilde de Duitse industrie afbreken om toekomstige Duitse aanvallen onmogelijk te maken. Het zogenoemde Morgenthau-plan voorzag daarom in een agrarisch Duitsland. Churchill was echter fel tegen. Hij wilde een economisch sterk Duitsland, dat in Oost-Europa tegenwicht kon bieden aan de Sovjet-Unie. Voor FDR was het zelfbeschikkingsrecht van de Oost-Europeanen — hoe spijtig hij het zelf ook vond — ondergeschikt aan de preventie van een Derde Wereldoorlog. Hij wilde de Sovjet-Unie verankeren in een internationale organisatie, om zo de naoorlogse vrede te garanderen. Daarom probeerde hij Stalin te vriend te houden en stelde hij zich soepel op tegenover Stalins plannen voor een bezetting van Oost-Europa. Een strengere aanpak was volgens hem zinloos. Toen Roosevelt overleed moest zelfs Stalin even slikken. In Moskou hingen de vlaggen halfstok. Daar overleed hij op 12 april aan een hersenbloeding, ruim twee weken voordat Hitler in een Berlijnse bunker zelfmoord pleegde. De Verenigde Staten verkeerden in shock. De president die hen door de oorlog had gesleept, zou zelf de overwinning op nazi-Duitsland en Japan niet meer meemaken. Churchill verklaarde zijn beste Amerikaanse vriend te hebben verloren. Zelfs Stalin moest even slikken. Toch rusten er kleine smetten op FDR als oorlogspresident. Uit vrees voor spionage en onder druk van de publieke opinie vaardigde hij een presidentieel decreet uit voor de internering van ongeveer Ze werden geïnterneerd in concentratiekampen in de woestijn of andere droge, verlaten en onherbergzame gebieden, in houten barakken, met hele families bij elkaar in een kamer, zonder enige privacy. Bovendien werden ze gedwongen hun bezittingen te verkopen. Een andere smet vormden de Amerikaanse immigratiewetten die de toegang tot de Verenigde Staten voor Joodse vluchtelingen beperkten. Pas in stond een presidentieel decreet meer Joodse vluchtelingen toe. FDR verzuimde bovendien de naziconcentratiekampen te bombarderen — het verwoesten van de infrastructuur voor het vernietigen van de Joden had de Holocaust mogelijk kunnen vertragen. De president wist van het bestaan van de kampen, maar concentreerde zich erop de oorlog te winnen. Terwijl de Joden werden afgevoerd naar de gaskamers, bombardeerden Amerikaanse en Britse toestellen industriële complexen op slechts enkele kilometers afstand. Terwijl de Joden werden afgevoerd naar de gaskamers, bombardeerde Roosevelt industriële complexen op slechts enkele kilometers afstand. President Roosevelt had zijn land in naam van de vrede en veiligheid de oorlog in geleid. Hij had zich ook bij de isolationisten kunnen aansluiten, zich kunnen terugtrekken op een tot de tanden bewapend Amerikaanse eiland. Dan zou de aanval op Pearl Harbor zeer waarschijnlijk niet hebben plaatsgevonden en zou er in december geen Duitse oorlogsverklaring aan Amerika zijn geweest. Het Amerikaanse publiek en een meerderheid van isolationisten in het Congres en de Senaat zouden hun president op handen hebben gedragen omdat hij de Verenigde Staten buiten de oorlog had gehouden. Maar hij deed het niet. Waarom sloeg FDR de andere weg in? Roosevelt was vooral een pragmatische president. Hij schaarde de Verenigde Staten achter de belangen van de kleinere, zwakkere landen en in het verlengde daarvan achter een nieuw op te richten collectieve veiligheidsorganisatie de Verenigde Naties. Bovendien realiseerde FDR zich dat de oceanen rond Amerika in tijden van steeds beter ontwikkelde vliegtuigen en onderzeeërs op termijn niet langer de bescherming konden bieden die ze eeuwenlang hadden gegeven. Hij was er niet voor niets van overtuigd geweest dat militaire hulp aan de Britten feitelijk een Amerikaans defensief belang was. Een laatste reden waren mogelijk zijn vanaf zijn jeugd door zijn ouders erin gestampte religieus-morele principes. Zij legden immers de basis voor respectievelijk de groeiende invloed van de federale overheid, het ontstaan van de massaconsumptiemaatschappij en de Amerikaanse supermachtstatus. Daarmee was het Amerikaanse isolationisme van de jaren dertig definitief verleden tijd. Er is in de twintigste eeuw geen andere Amerikaanse president aan te wijzen die een grotere invloed op het hedendaagse Amerika heeft gehad dan Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Met dank aan het Roosevelt Study Center in Middelburg. Ze verscheepten bijna 34 miljoen ton aan materieel. De asmogendheden produceerden slechts En ze verscheepten slechts 5. De Verenigde Staten hadden vliegdekschepen tegenover 16 van de asmogendheden. Op het einde van de oorlog rolde er in Amerika elke dag een Liberty vrachtschip van de band. Alleen in het aantal onderzeeboten overtroffen de asmogendheden Amerika: tegenover De gedachte achter de New Deal was: de overheid moet ingrijpen in de economie en het geld op de juiste manier rondpompen door budgettering om het dode paard weer in beweging te krijgen. Dit betekende onder meer toezicht op banken en de beurs, een hervorming van de landbouw en het inzetten van werklozen om aan allerlei publieke gebouwen en projecten als Nationale Parken te werken. Het benodigde geld werd onder meer gehaald uit een verlaging van de salarissen van ambtenaren, terwijl veteranen 15 procent minder pensioen kregen. De macht van de federale overheid nam door deze politieke koerswijziging sterk toe. Het belangrijkste gevolg van Roosevelts ingrijpen was dat de Amerikaanse economie gedurende de jaren niet verder inzakte. In waren er lichte tekenen van herstel, maar in verergerde de Depressie weer. Tot een effectieve terugdringing van de werkloosheid kwam het niet tijdens de New Deal. In navolging van de econoom John Maynard Keynes — die in het beroemde boek The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money uitbracht — deed Roosevelt in iets dat hij nog niet geprobeerd had: de koopkracht laten toenemen door 5 miljard dollar in de economie te pompen. Deze impuls had een merkbaar positief effect. Ook na de Tweede Wereldoorlog bleek deze nieuwe overheidshandeling voor het op gang brengen van de economie nog enkele decennia efficiënt te zijn. Ergens in het begin van de oorlog, mede door de opbouw van een oorlogsindustrie, kwam de Grote Depressie tot stilstand. De Tweede Wereldoorlog betekende een impuls voor de Amerikaanse economie. Er werd een oorlogsindustrie opgebouwd waarmee de Amerikanen de geallieerden steunden, een economie die Roosevelt typeerde als een arsenal of democracy. Hierin sprak hij de hoop uit op een toekomstige wereld die gebaseerd moest zijn op vier essentiële menselijke vrijheden. Ten eerste: freedom of speech and expression vrijheid van meningsuiting en expressie. De tweede was freedom of worship vrijheid van godsdienst , de derde freedom from want vrijheid van tekorten en de laatste freedom from fear vrijheid van angst. Roosevelt vulde deze vrijheden in als het recht op vrijheid om te zeggen wat je wilt, vrijheid van religie, het recht op economische basislevensbehoeften die de gezondheid van het volk garandeerden en ten slotte het recht om onbedreigd en zonder angst voor oorlog, te kunnen leven. Dit laatste moest bereikt worden door wereldwijd het wapenarsenaal in te krimpen. Door de aanval van Japan op de Amerikaanse haven Peal Harbor , op 7 december , raakten de Verenigde Staten betrokken bij de Tweede Wereldoorlog en kwam er een einde aan een periode van isolationisme. Gedurende de oorlog onderhield Franklin Roosevelt regelmatig contact met militaire adviseurs. Hij was betrokken bij de ontwikkeling van strategieën om Duitsland in Europa te verslaan door een serie invasies: de landing in Noord- Afrika in november , de landing op Sicilië en de invasie van Italië in Met als summum natuurlijk de invasie van Europa op D-Day 6 juni Tegelijkertijd drongen de geallieerden Japan terug in Azië en in de Pacifische Oceaan. Ook hield Franklin Delano Roosevelt zich tijdens de oorlog bezig met de vorming van de latere Verenigde Naties , waarvoor hij onder meer overleg voerde met Winston Churchill. Cruciaal in dit proces was de zogenoemde Atlantic Charter 14 augustus
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