D02_copertina_R_OK C August 20-28,2004 Florence -Italy Field Trip Guide Book - D02 Associate Leader:L.Dallai Leader: V. Pascucci (CENTRAL ITALY) OF SIENAAREA PALAEOENVIRONMENT KARST AND 32 Volume n°3-fromD01toP13 GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS During-Congress nd INTERNATIONAL D02 21-05-2004, 15:10:11 The scientific content of this guide is under the total responsibility of the Authors

Published by: APAT – Italian Agency for the Environmental Protection and Technical Services - Via Vitaliano Brancati, 48 - 00144 Roma - Italy

Series Editors: Luca Guerrieri, Irene Rischia and Leonello Serva (APAT, Roma)

English Desk-copy Editors: Paul Mazza (Università di Firenze), Jessica Ann Thonn (Università di Firenze), Nathalie Marléne Adams (Università di Firenze), Miriam Friedman (Università di Firenze), Kate Eadie (Freelance indipendent professional)

Field Trip Committee: Leonello Serva (APAT, Roma), Alessandro Michetti (Università dell’Insubria, Como), Giulio Pavia (Università di Torino), Raffaele Pignone (Servizio Geologico Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna) and Riccardo Polino (CNR, Torino)

Acknowledgments: The 32nd IGC Organizing Committee is grateful to Roberto Pompili and Elisa Brustia (APAT, Roma) for their collaboration in editing.

Graphic project: Full snc - Firenze

Layout and press: Lito Terrazzi srl - Firenze

D02_copertina_R_OK D 21-05-2004, 15:08:52 Volume n° 3 - from D01 to P13

32nd INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS

KARST AND PALEOENVIRONMENTS OF THE SIENA AREA (CENTRAL ITALY)

EDITED BY: V. Pascucci AUTHORS: G. Biancardi, L. Dallai, D. Manganelli, V. Pascucci, R. Tracchini (Università di Siena - Italy)

Florence - Italy August 20-28, 2004

During-Congress D02

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Leader: V. Pascucci Associate Leader: L. Dallai

Introduction Regional geologic setting Field trip is dedicated to the analysis of some karst Vincenzo Pascucci features of the Siena area developed during the last ice The Apennines are a complex mountain chain that age and formed into Triassic limestones (Calcare Cav- has been developing since the Neogene due to ernoso) outcropping north-east of Siena (Mt. Maggio, the interaction between various microplates in the part of the Middle Tuscany Ridge). Related to karsts Africa-Eurasia collision belt (Fig. 3A). The Adria is also the formation of several relatively small lakes, was a promontory of the Africa plate protruding today drained (Fig. 1). Lakes allowed the establishing into the Ligurian-Piedmont oceanic basin, a narrow of several communities in the Siena area and, in the western arm of the Jurassic Thetis. The Apennines are middle ages, they represented important economic characterized by imbricate fold-thrust belts accreted sources. Villages such as Monteriggioni, Abbadia eastward on the Adria microplate in response to the Isola, and S. Leonardo al Lago all developed thanks westward-dipping subduction zone (Fig. 3B). to the presence of these lakes, and special rules where established for their exploitation. Most of these lakes were drained artifi cially in the late 17th century and, the economy, the landscape, and climate of the Siena environs greatly changed. Field trip is centred (Fig. 2) on the visit to one of the best caves (Buca a Frati, Stop 1) to other karst features (sinks, etc.) in the area, to one of the last drained lakes (Pian del Lago) with its drainage system (Canale del Gran Duca, Stop 2) and, fi nally, to the visit of two of the most important medieval villages of the area, which fl ourished thanks to the presence of the lakes (Monteriggioni and Abbadia Isola).

Figure 2 - Map of the stops Volume n° 3 - from DO1 to P13 n° 3 - from Volume The Apennines can be subdivided into two geologi- cal portions (Northern and Southern Apennines; Vai, 2001) or three geomorphologic segments (the north- ern, central and southern Apennines; Vai and Martini, 2001) (Fig. 3A). Here the tripartite geomorphologic nomenclature (indicated with “northern, central and southern” in low capitals) is adopted to emphasize Figure 1 - Field trip area the different lithological components of the northern

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Volume n° 3 - from DO1 to P13 D02 - D02 Leader: V. Pascucci ites, shalesandthickCenozoicturbidites(Macigno, consist primarilyofMesozoiccarbonates,radiolar- Oligocene deposits. The Tuscan andUmbrianunits shales, pelagiclimestones,andturbiditicEoceneto ates, shalesandturbidites). The Subliguridesinclude Eocene rocks(ophiolites,radiolarites,pelagiccarbon- The LiguridesarecomposedofearlyJurassicto continental margin (Fig.3B). the Tuscan andUmbrianunitsformedonthe Adria deposited adjacenttothe Adria continentalcrust,and from theLigurian-Piedmontocean,Subligurides ent domains:theophiolitic-bearingLiguridesderived formed sedimentarysuccessionsbelongingtodiffer- (Fig. 3A). The northern Apennines consistofde- Antrodoco (oa)transversal lineamenttothesouth Sestri-Voltaggio (sv)lineinthenorthtoOlevano- fold-and-thrust mountainchainextending fromthe The carbonates. primarily siliciclasticrocksandthecentral Apennines Quaternary basins,thenorthern Apennines having part ofthe Apennines, whichunderlietheNeogene- cross-section showing therelationshipsamongtectono-sedimentaryunitsinNorthern Apennines. Quaternary deposits;2=Ligurides;3=UmbrianUnits;4=Tuscan Units;5=MetamorphicTuscan Unit;D.Schematic map ofthenorthern Apennines withmajorstructuresanddistribution ofthetectono-sedimentaryunits;1=Mioceneto Cross-section showing originalsedimentarydomainsofvariousunitsthenorthern Apennines. C.Generalstructural Figure 3-Structuralfeatures ofthenorthern Apennines: A. Paleogeographic mapoftheLigurian-Piedmontbasin;B. northern Apennines areanarcuate,300-km-long ing thiscollision,partofthe Tuscan unitsunderwent involved inacontinent-to-continent collision.Dur- Since theOligocene Adria continentalmargin was lite (piggy-back)basins. deposited unconformablyontotheLiguridesinsatel- of lateEocenetoMioceneage(theEpiligurides)were deformed andthrusteastward. Terrigenous sediments in theLateCretaceous,andLiguridesbegan tobe The Ligurian-Piedmontoceanicbasinstartedclosing (Umbrian). Cervarola, Falterona (Tuscan) andMarnosoarenacea have beendelaminated,locallybringing elementsof and tothewestofMTR Tuscan successions and theCervarola-Falterona thrust(Fig.3C).Ontop dle Tuscany Ridge(MTA), theChianti-Cetonathrust, 1D). ResultantmajorstructuralfeaturesaretheMid- Ligurides overrode thethrustpileasanappe(Fig. thrust imbricationbeltprogradedeastward andthe Metamorphic Tuscan Unit). After theMiocene, can Nappe)overriding themetamorphic rocks(the developed, withnon-metamorphicunits(the Tus- metamorphism, andthrustimbricationstructures 21-05-2004, 15:12:34 KARST AND PALEOENVIRONMENTS OF THE SIENA AREA (CENTRAL ITALY) D02

Figure 4 - Generalized structural maps of Italy: A. Map indicating major structures of Italy and geologic and DO1 to P13 n° 3 - from Volume geomorphic subdivisions of the Apennines; oa=Olevano-Antrodoco line; sv=Sestri-Voltaggio line; B. Neogene- Quaternary basins of the Northern Apennines; Basins: BC, Baccinello; EL, Elsa; FU, Fucino; MU, Mugello; RA, Radicofani; RD, Radicondoli; RI, Rieti; SI, Siena; SU, Sulmona; VT, Volterra; TE, Tiberino; Transverse lineaments: aa, Ancona-Anzio; gp, Grosseto-Pienza; ls, Livorno-Sillaro; pf, Piombino-Faenza; M.T.R.=Middle Tuscan Ridge; P.T.R.= Peri-Tyrrhenian Ridge; 3.5 radiometric age of igneous rocks in Ma. the Ligurides directly over various lower Tuscan units the inner, western part of the Apennines emerged, (“serie toscana ridotta”). and basins 10-40 km long, 15-20 km wide, with up After the main, Early Miocene, compressional phases to 3 km of continental and marine sediment fi ll, de-

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Volume n° 3 - from DO1 to P13 D02 - D02 Leader: V. Pascucci canism (suchasMt. Amiata andRadicofani) which plutonism (suchasLarderello)andQuaternaryvol- more, theareaof“central”basinsisimpactedby thin (about600m)continentalsuccessions.Further- since thePleistocenetoeastandcontainrelatively have developed sincethePliocenetowestand tane” byMartiniandSagri,1993;etal.2001) Those totheNE(named“peripheral”or“intermon- thick (upto3500m)continentalandmarinedeposits. have developed sincetheLateMioceneandcontain (named “central”basinsbyMartiniandSagri(1993)) depositional sequences. Those locatedtotheSW and Sagri,1993). They differ inageofinitiationand tuated byshort-lived compressionalevents (Martini formed duringanoverall extensional regime, punc- These basinshave beeninterpretedashalf-graben, tonic lineaments(Fig.4). are separatedlongitudinallybytransverse morphotec- many ofPleistoceneformationorreactivation. They now boundedbynormalfaults onatleastonefl veloped (Fig.4).For themostpartthesebasinsare Figure 5-EntrancetotheBucaaFrati cave. ank, turn overlain bymarinePliocenematerials. The ba- marine, gypsum-bearingupperMiocenedeposits,in ing succession,thebasinswestofMTRcontain (Fig. 4).Over abasalcontinental,gravelly, peat-bear- and thoselocatedeastoftheMiddle Tuscany Ridge be furtherdifferentiated betweenthoselocatedwest some basins. The “central”basinsexposed inlandcan have affected thepreservation andthestructureof the Triassic limestonesalsostartedduringthistime radiometric datadocumentedthatkarstprocessesin cial time(25-30,000–the Würm). Recently acquired mum extension of lakes occurred duringthelastgla- Close toSiena(intheMt.Maggioarea),maxi- of lakes andriver systems. humid conditionsallowed thedevelopment ofaseries dry tothewest,relatively humidtotheeast. These by separatingareaswithdifferent climaticconditions: In theQuaternary, theMTRplayedanimportant role overlain bymarinePliocenesediments. by still-continental,UpperMiocenedeposits,inturn sins eastoftheMTRhave similarbasalunitsoverlain 21-05-2004, 15:12:40 KARST AND PALEOENVIRONMENTS OF THE SIENA AREA (CENTRAL ITALY) D02

- Follow the “Viali di Circonvalazione” to Porta Ro- mana and take the road to Siena 5 Certosa del Galluzzo (Florence) was built in 1342 and housed the Certosini monks, and then became the Benedectine Cicestensis monks. It is located on the southern edge of the Florence-Pistoia basin, on carbonate turbidites of the Ligurides. 7 Start of the highway (superstrada) for Siena. Along the route note Oligo-Miocene turbidites of the Tuscan unit and of the Ligurides, and Pliocene con- glomerates, sands and clay of the Neogene basins. ~ 31 Frontal view of S. Gimignano in the fore- ground. The S. Gimignano area was occupied by the Etruscans (III-II century BC). There are historical documents indicating that it was a village along the Via Francigena starting from 929 AC. The via Franci- gena was a pilgrimage route to Rome. Because of this route, money lending and other commerce activities (including that of saffron with several European and Middle Eastern cities grew, and so the town became prosperous, reaching its peak during the XII century. At its economic apex the town had 75 towers, which Figure 6 - Profi le of the Buca a Frati Cave (from CAI, were symbols of power, and of which 15 are left. It Sezione Speleologica, Siena). became part of the Republic of Florence in 1351. 41 Poggibonsi (Pascucci and Bianciardi, 2002). 43 Note the superb cross-stratifi cation in Pliocene Most of these lakes were fi lled in the Late Pleistocene shallow marine sandstones (200,000 years ago), others were drained in historical 46 Colle val d’Elsa. Ancient Etruscan (?) Roman time between the XVI and the XVIII centuries to improve the environmental conditions and create new areas for agriculture. This induced a local change in the climatic conditions and a decrease in the available fresh water reserves. Although it has not yet been documented eve- rywhere, this local change in the micro-climatic conditions of the Monte Maggio area induced a reduction of speleothem growth.

~ Km Notes

0 Fortezza da Basso. The DO1 to P13 n° 3 - from Volume Medici built this in 1534. Flor- ence is located at the southeast- ern edge of the Firenze-Pistoia Plio-Pelistocene intermontane Figure 7 - Access to Buca a Frati. basin. It is crossed by the Arno River, which has experienced several large fl oods settlement that became a free “comune” during me- throughout the ages, the latest most-damaging one dieval times (XII cent.). It became prosperous during occurring in 1966. the XIV century because of the wool, glass and paper

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Volume n° 3 - from DO1 to P13 D02 - D02 Leader: V. Pascucci 54 Turn totheright,heading towards Collevald’Elsa in 1244. The wall has14square towers. in 1260-70afterhavingbeendestroyed byFlorence sequent rebuildings ofitswalls,thelatestoccurring against Florence. Itendured variousbattlesandsub- It wasbuilt bySienain1203toprotect theterritory iggioni castlevisibleonthesouthsideofroad. 50 Exitthesuperstrada at“Monteriggioni”. Monter- glass isfamous. Italy. The glassindustryisstill veryactive:itscrystal developed oneofthefi rst printingestablishmentsof industries. InthesecondhalfofXVcenturyit Figure 8-Thefi the columsis4m. growing ontheroofofcave. Themaximumheightof spelethems. Onlysmallrecent(200yrsold)stalactitesare (scale inblack is10 cm). Figure 9-First fl rst fl oor. Column2.5mhigh oor ofthecave withinactive there isapathtotheBucaFrati cave(300m). drive uphillfor3km. At thesecondofaseriesbends 57 At the Abbey take thegravelly road totherightand Abbadia Isola. and, atthefi rst intesection,turntotheleft,towards Access totheCave karst evolution (Fig.6). over threefl Monte Maggiocaves (Fig.5). The cave isdeveloped complete visionofthegenesisandfi is oneofthemostaccessibleandespeciallyoffers a ible andrichinspeleothems. The BucaaFraticave Throughout theMonteMaggioseveral caves arevis- Manganelli Vincenzo Pascucci, GuidoBianciardi&Desirè Buca A FratiCave Stop 1: The accesstothecave ispossiblewitha30mrope Figure 10-Secondfl high is10cm,but largermaybefound aswell. oors andrecordsthreedifferent stagesof Figure 11-Detailof5-10cmhighstalactites. oor. Active stalactites.Theaverage lling-in ofthe 21-05-2004, 15:12:46 KARST AND PALEOENVIRONMENTS OF THE SIENA AREA (CENTRAL ITALY) D02

Figure 12 - Layered calcite fi lling a pool. Scale is 10 cm Volume n° 3 - from DO1 to P13 n° 3 - from Volume

Figure 13 - Calcite deposits.

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Volume n° 3 - from DO1 to P13 D02 - D02 Leader: V. Pascucci a subterraneousnetofgalleriescreatedtocollectand in theXIIIth-XIVthcentury, thesocalled“bottini”, the mostenduringworks ofcivil engineering, back water forcedthelocalauthoritiestoconstructoneof the historyofcitySiena;chroniclack The themeofwater assumesacentralimportancein Luisa Dallai Water, lakes, fi traces oftheseactivities arestillvisible(Fig.13). calcite layersarepresent. These werequarried,and observed (Fig.12).Inthispartofthecave several time andtheevolution ofseveral cave poolsmaybe third fl active stalactitesandstalagmites(Figs.10,11). The The secondfl red withalloftheshadesinbetween(Figs.8,9). cinating fortheircolours,whichchangefromwhiteto the cave. Mostofthespeleothemsareinactive but fas- columns, andrepresentsthenolongeractive partof The fi one. whereas aropeissuggestedforthelowermost, third The secondfl age pointsarepresentattheentrance(Fig.7). and normalspeleologicalequipment.Several anchor- rstfl oor was probablyfl oorischaracterisedbyroomsseparated oor isthe active partofthecave, with oor isaccessiblewithoutany rope, sh pondsandmonasteries ooded foralong Figure 14-Reconstructionofthe Abbey of Abbadia Isola. of numeroussmallandlarger communities(letus had connotedanddramaticallyorientedtheeconomy both ofthecoastalarea,wherevast saltedlakes es deriving fromthepresenceofpondswas typical Since Romantimes,acarefulmanagementofresourc- crucial importancetomany aspectsoftheeconomy. both nearthecitiesandincountryside,wereof in moderntimes,thepresenceofpondsandmarshes, During theMiddle Ages and,insomeareas,even later tion carriedoutintheXIXthcentury. and “LagoScuro”,thelastrelictsoflandreclama- two smalllakes, thesocalled“LagodiS. Antonio” existed duringthemiddleagesisnow attestedtoby gioni andColle Val d’Elsa, where thepondwhich the “PiandelCasone”,locatedbetweenMonterig- drained, but stillcalled “PiandelLago”,orthatofthe This isthecaseoffl geomorphology ofthesoils,vast pondswereformed. was muchricherinwater, especiallywhere,duetothe On theotherhand,countrysidesurroundingSiena ter tothefountainsofancientcity. This extraordinary work isstillinuseandcarrieswa- send tothespringswater retrieved aroundSiena. was partlybasedontheexploitation ofthe Arno two importantmedieval cities,PisaandLucca,which mention, asanexample, theeconomicalsystemof at areanowadays completely 21-05-2004, 15:12:57 KARST AND PALEOENVIRONMENTS OF THE SIENA AREA (CENTRAL ITALY) D02

mouth) (Wickham, 2001) till the time between the tural land properties. As time passed they tried more two world wars (Rombai-Signorini, 1993), as well as than once to reclaim the marsh in order to gain more of the inland areas. In medieval Tuscany, for a great land for agriculture; the community had grown and, number of local communities and for many cities, by the half of the XIIIth century, aside the monastery ponds were anything but marginal areas. For this rea- a village had formed, with approximately 70 families. son, their management, together with the use of pond The monastery itself had enlarged, with new build- vegetation in agriculture (the ditch reeds were used, ings, new cells for the monks, a cloister with a porch for example, as a light support for vineyards, or as a and a lodge, a hospital and, during the XIVth century, building material for huts) (Cammarosano, 1983), the the fortifi cations realized by the Sienese. The abbey use of fi shing resources, the development of hunting had, in fact, a strategic position, facing the Florentine activities, became good reasons to deliberately choose army. to maintain the marshes, rather than reclaim them. For all these historical reasons, and, most of all, be- This last activity – the reclaiming -- was, by the way, cause the Sienese government considered the marsh extremely complicated and very expensive. potentially a very good agricultural area to assign The economical importance of ponds clearly shows to the families living in the castle of Monteriggioni, up from the laws and regulations imposed to protect the place was the set of numerous fi ghts. The monks them, as well as from the legal disputes concerning reacted several times to the policy of Siena; in some areas, which, nowadays, we would defi ne “economi- occasions their protests became tangible activities of cally disadvantaged”. remonstrance carried out in the marsh: for example An emblematic example of the importance assumed they would cut hay for the animals of the abbey, or by the marshes in the economy of the city of Siena collect ditch reeds for vines and shrubs for bedding is represented by the historical events linked to the (Cammarosano, 1983). so called “Padule del Canneto”, in other words, the In 1276 the Sienese local authority, the Comune, lake located in the Pian del Casone area, in the fl at urged by the monks of Abbadia a Isola to undertake valley near Monteriggioni. In this area, very close works in order to maintain the area in good condition, to the pond, on the 4th of February of the year 1001, resolved, on the contrary, to fl ood the entire plan. In the countess Ava, widow of a noble of Lombard this way the city intended to solve the problem of origin and ruler of Staggia, founded the monastery stagnated water at its root, gaining, at the same time, of Abbadia a Isola (Fig. 14). The monastery was a vast fi shpond, extremely useful to easily obtain a called “dell’Isola”, “of the Island”, because of the tight Figure 15 - Paleoenvironment reconstruction of the area between connection it had with the Monteriggioni and Siena. water since its founding. The church was located along the “via Francigena” pilgrimage route along the Elsa valley. The initial core was formed by a small church with a single nave, of which only a few traces are still visible in the actual crypt; in contrast, the majority of the structures still standing of the monastic complex were realized under DO1 to P13 n° 3 - from Volume the abbot Ugo, by the fi rst half of the XIIth century. certain quantity of food. Among the priorities given to the monks of the ab- Siena already had a specifi c area of fi sh and wood bey since its founding one was the management of provision, an area close to the city completely under the fragile environmental equilibrium, which made public control, strictly protected by rules written for the marsh offer a whole spectrum of resources. The its maintenance. The written documents call it “Silva monks applied themselves to the maintenance and lacus”, the “wood of the lake”, and it is equivalent improvement of their properties, especially agricul- to a part of the Monte Maggio relief and to the cur-

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Volume n° 3 - from DO1 to P13 D02 - D02 Leader: V. Pascucci The samekindofdiscussionsandarguments are 1156). (Wickham, 2001) entities (thesedocumentsrefertotheyears1155- of whichwas disputedbetweenthetwo ecclesiastic bolo locatednorthofthe Arno mouth,theownership Rossore fromtheuseofSilva Tumulus, thetom- order todissuadetheabbotofmonasterySan canonicals ofthecathedralSantaMariainPisa, “silvani” or“custodes”whichwereengagedbythe in theSieneselaws isextremely similar tothatofthe The rudeattitudeofthe tinzione, rubricaCCCV Constituto delComunediSiena,anno1262,IIIdis- qualiter etquomodofecerint eo piscari;etpotestatirenunctiare posteateneatur, ita minutatimquodabindeinanteanonpossitcum rete etomneargumentum, cumquoaliquispiscatur, starii rumpere etfrangere tramallium etguadam guard corps,called The applicationofthislaw was entrustedtoaspecial quotiens contra feceritetibipiscatusfuerit et siquiscontra fecerit,totiensXLsol.sibiauferam, de Silvapiscarinonpermittamintotomeotermino; punishments forfi titled: “ of theSieneseConsitution,datingbackto1262,en- and thepunishmentswerelistedinaspecifi authority establishedastrictlimittofi ability ofthisarea.Inthe“ these resourceshighlighttheimportanceandprofi Specifi legrini, 2000). which thewaters covered agoodpartoftheplan(Pel- del LagodatesbacktotheXVIIIthcentury),during to atimenotsofar away (thereclamationofPian rent “PiandelLago”,atoponym whichstillrefers c laws intendedtoprotectandlimittheuseof De penapiscantiuminlacuSilve shinginLake Silva): “… forestarii forestarii ) Figure 16-MapoftheCanaledelGranduca(after Apelle Dei1). ; “… …”(Zdekauer, 1974, Silva lacus , soclearlydescribed teneatur dictifore- shing activities, ” (aboutthe ” thelocal …” c chapter c Et inlacu t- Il the lake ofPiandelLago. The lifeitselfofthereli- tant roleintheexpliotation oftheresourcesrelatedto The monasteryofS.LeonardoalLagohadanimpor- Roberta Tracchini St. Salvatore aLecceto St. Leonardoallago Verano and specifi a Isolacanbeconsideredvery goodexample ofthis the areaofPiandelCasoneandabbey of Abbadia the existence ofpondsandmarshes.For this reason as forthecityofSiena,PisaandLucca,was basedon ied anddifferent, but arelevant partofthem,aswell others, Abbadia aIsolaincluded,wereobviously var- incomes) ofthismonastery, aswellthose ofmany et vini,stagnum, salinasfoce habetis in…terras, possessiones,decimasfrumenti the ponddocumentmentions“… previously claimedbytheBenedictines. Talking about them, inordertoconfi of MassaMarittimawereliving. The popewroteto monastery ofSanGiustiniano,wheretheClarisse Marittima. At thattimetheBenedictineshadleft and churchesintheareaofPiombinoCampiglia ferred tothemonasteryallrightsonseveral lands offi the readingofpapal tion betweenthemonasteryandpondemerge from (Ceccarelli, 1972).Precisedetailsconcerningtherela- ed bythenobleGherardeschifamily intheyear1022. monastery ofSanGiustiniano,whichhadbeenfound- XIth century, theprincipalincomeofBenedictine activities gravitating aroundithadformed,sincethe salted lake ofPiombinoandthenumerouseconomical (along thecoast,southofLeghorn). Inthisareathe found intheterritoryofancientcityPopulonia cial documentthepope Alessandro theIVthcon- c aspectofmedieval economy. rmalltherightsandprivileges bulla datingto1258.Inthis …”. The redditus quos redditus 21-05-2004, 15:13:01 (the KARST AND PALEOENVIRONMENTS OF THE SIENA AREA (CENTRAL ITALY) D02

gious community was so strongly related to the prod- ucts of the lake, that when the lake was reclaimed, its economic importance decreased (Fig. 15). Here is a brief summary of the S. Leonardo and Lec- ceto monasteries (Figs. 2, 15). In 1243 under Pope Innocenzo IV, all the Tuscan her- emitages become Agostinian; this happened also for St. Leonardo alla Selva del Lago, and St. Salvatore a Lecceto, monasteries established in the XI centuries. The two monasteries were very close and often con- fused, until the 1782 when the Grand Duke, Leopoldo of Tuscany joined together the religious communities of St. Leonardo and Leceto. The St. Leonardo convent in 1300 hosted Beato Agostino Novello, who established the order of Dis- ciplinati. The church of St. Leonardo goes back to the 1350 when, thanks to donations, the previous church was enlarged. Lippo Vanni, a Sienese painter, who lived between 1341 and 1372, frescoed the new church around 1360-70 with episodes from the Virgin’s life. On the back wall of the main nave the “Annunciation” is visible and, laterally, “The temple presentation” and “The wedding”. In the vault angels playing music can be seen, while below St. Leonardo (the protector of Figure 17 - The entrance to the Canale del Gran Duca prisoners), and four miracles of the saint are depicted. Volume n° 3 - from DO1 to P13 n° 3 - from Volume

Figure 18 - Exit of the Canale del Gran Duca.

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Volume n° 3 - from DO1 to P13 D02 - D02 Figure 19-TheCanaledelGranDucaInsideview. Leader: V. Pascucci to Ambrogio Lorenzetti,afragmentofbiggerfresco, Defi and probablydonebythesameunknown author. covered. The qualityofthefrescosis,however, poor Barocque fashion ofthetime,andonlyrecentlyredis- ered withplasterinthe1600s,accordance Frescos insidethechurch,datedto1374,werecov- nuns moved there. habited until1972,whenacommunityof Augustinian under theNapoleonicgovernment in1808 andunin- the 1300s. The monastery ofLeccetowas suppressed The porticoinfrontofthechurchis,instead,datedto 1500s thecloisterwas addedand,in1708,thetower. 1700s reachingitspresent-daydimensions;inthe ed in1200.Ithasbeenenlarged several times,inthe The monasteryofSt.Salvatore aLeccetowas found- towers. lomba, astestifi the localpopulationofnearbyvillageS.Co- St. Leonardowas fortifi 1400s paintedbyGiovanni diPaolo (1403-1483). cil roomthereisthemagnifi frame withSt.Monicaand Augustine. Inthecoun- On theoppositeside,St. Augustine isatthetopofa nitely betteristhe Archangel Michael,attributed ed bythesurroundingwall andtwo ed in1366tooffer shelterto centcrucifi xionfromthe The startingaltitude(Fig.16)ofthecanalisat252m the LaDiana Association, thecanalcanbevisited. Duke, andinrecenttime,thankstothevolunteers of piramide. Gran Duca. The erntrance isindicatedbyatravertine After 1kmyou’llreach theentrance totheCanaledel and take thepathtoleftwithred andwhitesigns. to S.Leonardo allago, andafterabendparkthecar left, afterabout500m,totherightpath-waygo tinue onforabout1km. Take thegravelly road tothe 80 Pass theintersection togoS.Colombaandcon- S. Colmba. 74 Arrive atPiandelLago. Follow thedirections to towards Siena. 64 Driveback toMonteriggioni. Take theSS.2Cassia resents PopePioIIvisitingthe“BeatusLanducci”. still preserved canvas, byRaffaello Vanni (1630),rep- episodes ofthelife“BeatiLeccetani”. The only Six tabernaclesinplasterhostedcanvases with unfortunately lost. is calledthe” m theunderground drainingcanal(Fig.15). The canal Pian delLagolake bypaving andextending by 197 Grand Duke of Tuscany defi the lake swamped upagain.In1777PietroLeopoldo but quiteoftenthetunnelwas fi obtain theexpected results. The lake was drained, The projectcostsexceeded 37,000scudianddidnot to connectthePiandelLagolake withRigocreek. m tunnelwas excavated inthe Triassic limestones Bindi Sergardi, toreclaimthelake in1766. A 2,124 nearby cityofSiena,inducedanobleman,Francesco bad stink,thatduringthedryperiodreached as itsmaineffect malaria. This, linked withastrong However, theproblemoflow water lake level had with gatheringandusingany freshwater resource. medieval periodexplains thetown’s preoccupation The chroniclackofwater thatvexed Sienaduringthe with 20to30mofareddishsilty-clayey succession during thedryseason. The lake depressionisfi ceeded 6mindepth,anditwas mainlyaswamp plain km long,and12wide(Fig.2). The lake never ex- noso Formation). The depressionisN-Soriented,4.5 limestones ofthe Tuscan Nappe(theCalcareCaver- late Quaternary. Itformedasapoljie onthe Triassic Pian delLagoisalake whichdeveloped duringthe Dallai Vincenzo Pascucci, DesirèManganelli&Luigi Pian dellagoandthecanalegranduca Stop 2: Canale delGran Duca” nitively reclaimedthe lled withdebrisand inhonorofthe 21-05-2004, 15:13:07 lled KARST AND PALEOENVIRONMENTS OF THE SIENA AREA (CENTRAL ITALY) D02

Figure 20 - Stalactites in the vault of the Canale del Gran Duca. a.s.l., and the exit (Fig. 17) is at 247 m a.s.l.. Altitude for stalagmites. difference is therefore of 5 m, with a dip of 0,2 %. Twenty-two wells for air are present along the ca- References nal-length. These were also used to carry out the AA.VV. (1990) - Lecceto e gli eremi agostiniani in excavated material. The canal is for the most part terra di Siena. A. Pizzi, Milano, pp.573 paved (Fig. 18) but, in places, solid walls of Triassic limestones are still visible. In several places diffuse Apelle Dei (1887) - Il prosciugamento di Pian del karst features are forming. Stalactites whose lengths Lago - Notizie Storiche. Tipografi a all’Insegna are comprised between 5 to 10 cm (Fig. 19), small dell’Ancora, Siena, pp.54 pools, and drapes are present at several localities. The presence of these speleothems has allowed some Cammarosano, P. (1983) - Monteriggioni, Storia, comparison between the newly formed stalactites and architettura, paesaggio,Milano the old ones present in caves. The tunnel was terminated in 1777, and possibly Ceccarelli, M.L. (1972) - Il monastero di initially, it was cleaned and well maintained. It is S.Giustiniano di Falesia e il castello di Piombino DO1 to P13 n° 3 - from Volume possible, therefore, to assume that all the speleothems (secc.XI-XIII), Pisa present have developed in the last two centuries. This implies that the maximum growth of a stalactite is 5 Martini, I.P. and Sagri, M. (1993) - Tectono- cm every 100 years. If this were true we may assume sedimentary characteristics of the late Miocene- that the 0.5 mm per year could be the average growth Quaternary extensional basins of the Northern of a stalactite in the Triassic limestones of the Mon- Apennines, Italy. Earth Science Reviews 34,197-233. tagnola Senese area. No data however, are available Martini, I.P., Sagri, M. and Colella, A. (2001) -

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Volume n° 3 - from DO1 to P13 D02 - D02 Leader: V. Pascucci Vai, G.B.(2001)-Structureandstratigraphy:an in GreppiC.,Ipaesaggidellacosta piaga risanata.Paesaggi ebonifi pp. 29-55Rombai,L.&Signorini,R.(1993)-La delle giornatedistudio(11-12Giugno1999),Siena, Santità ederemitismonella Toscana medievale. Atti al Lago(Secc.XI-XIII),inGIANNI A (acuradi), L ’episcopatodiSienaelachiesaSanLeonardo Pellegrini, M.(2000)-Lacattedraeildeserto. WWF Italia2001.pp.11-23. guida naturalistica(G.Manganelli&L.Favilli Ed.). di fenomenicarsici.In:LaMontagnolaSenese,una da unastrutturacomplessaeunnotevole sviluppo morfologia: unaseriedimodestirilievi, caratterizzati Pascucci, V. &Bianciardi,G.(2001)-Geologiae Academic Publishers,Dordrecht. basin ”(G.B. Vai andI.P.,Eds.), pp.375-400.Kluwer Orogen: the Apennines andadjacentMediterranean and Calabrianarc.In:“Martini Anatomy ofan Neogene-Quaternary basinsoftheinner Apennines che nelleMaremme , Venezia, pp.181

octobre 1996,Rome-Madrid,pp.451. Université Lyon -C.N.R.S.-E.H.E.S.S.),Rome,23-26 d ’histoireet’archéologiemédiévales (UMR5648- Collège deFranceetleCentreinteruniversitaire et laCasade Vélasquez, encollaboration avec le international organisé parl’ÉcolefrançaisedeRome peuplement, miseenvaleur.Actes ducolloque le mondeméditerranéenaumoyen âge:défense, cura di),Catrum7.Zonescôtièreslitoralesdans Maremma toscana,XI-XIIIsecolo.In:MartinJ.M.(a Wickham, Ch.(2001)-Paludi eminierenella Dordrecht. Martini Eds.),pp.1-4.Kluwer Academic Publishers, and adjacentMediterraneanbasin”(G.B.Vai andI.P., setting. In:“Anatomy ofanOrogen:the Apennines Vai, G.B.andMartini,I.P.(2001) -Geomorphologic Dordrecht. Martini Eds.),pp.15-34.Kluwer Academic Publishers, and adjacentMediterraneanbasin”(G.B.Vai andI.P., overview. In

: “Anatomy ofanOrogen:the Apennines 21-05-2004, 15:13:12 Back Cover: Map of Tuscany where the stops of the fi eld trip are indicated

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Edited by APAT

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