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Volcanic Activity of Mount Melbourne, Northern Victoria Land

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Volcanic Activity of Mount Melbourne, Northern Victoria Land Volcanic activity of Mount Melbourne, Present-day geothermal activity is restricted to the summit area and consists of warm ground, fumarole ice towers and northern Victoria Land pinnacles, and cave systems in snow and firn. Warm ground temperatures were measured using mercury thermometers, and ice-structure dimensions and positions were noted. The J. R. KEYS table compares maximum ground temperatures and shows that those in January 1983 were virtually identical to those in De- Antarctic Consultant cember 1972. As in 1972, the warmest temperatures in 1983 Wellington, New Zealand were associated with patches of yellow to green moss whose presence is consistent with stable heat flow (Nathan and W. C. MCINTOSH, and P. R. KYLE Schulte 1967). A constant degree of geothermal activity appears to have Department of Geoscience persisted for at least the last. 20 years. Vertical aerial pho- New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology tographs taken in 1963 show a distribution of ice structures and Socorro, New Mexico 87801 bare ground similar to that of both 1972 and 1983. Comparison of observations made in January 1983 and December 1972 indi- cates that the numbers of ice pinnacles and towers in areas I and Mount Melbourne (2,733 meters, 74° 21 S 164° 42 E) is a 3 are unchanged, but in 1983 area 2 had three or four fewer ice mildly active alkaline volcano 12 kilometers from the coast of structures. In 1983 area 1 had about 100 square meters of snow Wood Bay in northern Victoria Land. It is a predominantly and ice-free ground compared to only 40 square meters in 1972, snow- and ice-covered, low-angled strato volcano composed of whereas area 2 had less bare ground than in 1972. These small flows and airfall deposits, which are best exposed on the east- changes are probably due to small differences in snow ern flanks. Trachytes to trachyandesites are the predominant accumulation. lithologies although basalts are present around the base A geothermal cave system was investigated in a depression (Nathan and Schulte 1968). Dark colored dirt layers, probably within the snow-filled summit caldera. It contains chambers consisting of volcanic tephra have been seen in ice cliffs and and passages up to 7 meters wide and 3 meters high. About 100 glacier tongues surrounding the volcano, but none have been meters of the cave system was explored out of a total probably visited (Adamson and Cavaney 1967; Nathan and Schulte 1968). exceeding 300 meters. Other cave systems probably exist in the Present-day activity is restricted to small areas of warm summit area, for example, beneath a second depression in the ground and ice structures built around fumaroles in the summit caldera 300 meters further west. The cave system explored is area. The area has been visited twice previously, in January 1967 formed by melting at the base of the firn and ice mass in the and December 1972 (Nathan and Schulte 1967, 1968; Lyon and caldera, by geothermal heat and steam, similar to caves on Giggenbach 1974). These parties measured soil and air tem- Mount Erebus and elsewhere (Giggenbach 1976). peratures in three areas of warm ground partially covered by low roofs of ice. Areas 1 (100 meters by 20-30 meters) and 2 (100 meters by 10-20 meters) are situated on the southeast and south rims of the 1-kilometer wide, snow-filled summit caldera, while area 3 (200 meters by 10-20 meters) is about 250 meters lower on the northern slopes. Lyon and Giggenbach also mapped the positions of ice pinnacles and towers formed by the con- densation of water vapor from weakly steaming fumaroles in- the summit area. ts The third ascent of the volcano and the first from the east was made by Keys and McIntosh in January 1983. Helicopters from the icebreaker Glacier dropped us off slightly over 1,000 meters -- above sea level on the eastern flank up from Edmunson Point. An englacial layer of gray-brown tephra (figure) up to 0.5 meters thick, was found approximately 2 kilometers east of the summit caldera between 1,700 meters and 2,000 meters above sea level. The tephra is composed of gray-brown lapilli and ash with less than 10 percent ice cement by volume. A 0.25-meter thick section excavated at the bottom end of the outcrop showed the tephra to be predominantly composed of lapilli of fibrous pumice with less than 2 percent black obsidian chips. We be- lieve that the tephra was deposited during an eruption from the summit caldera of the volcano within the last few hundred years. Present address: Commission for the Environment, Wellington, New The young englacial tephra layer on Mount Melbourne, 2 kilometers Zealand. east of the summit caldera. 10 ANTARCTIC JOURNAL Maximum ground temperatures measured in warm ground areas in 1972 (after Lyon and Giggenbach 1974) and 1983 Warm ground area 1 Warm ground area 2 Maximum Depth of Maximum Depth of temperature measurement temperature measurement Date measured (©C) (in centimeters) measured ( CC) (in centimeters) 20, 21 January 1983 +20.5 15 58.0 10 15, 16 December 1972 +21.0 15 59.0 25 This work was supported by the captain, officers, and crew of Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 10(2), 418-421. USCGC Glacier during Deep Freeze 83, to whom we are most Giggenbach, W. F. 1976. Geothermal ice caves on Mt. Erebus, Ross grateful. The research was supported by National Science Foun- Island, Antarctica. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 19(3), dation grants DPP 80-20002 and DPP 80-21402. Field personnel for 365-372. Lyon, C. L., and W. F. Giggenbach. 1974. Geothermal activity in Vic- this study were J. R. (Harry) Keys and W. C. McIntosh; they were in the field 20-21 January 1983. toria Land, Antarctica. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 17(3), 511-521. Nathan, S., and F. J. Schulte. 1967. Recent thermal and volcanic activity on Mt. Melbourne, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 10(2), 422-430. References Nathan, S., and F. J. Schulte. 1968. Geology and petrology of the Camp- bell Aviator Divide, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Part 1—Post Adamson, R. C., and R. J. Cavaney. 1967. Volcanic debris-layers near Paleozoic rocks. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 11, Mt. Melbourne, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. New Zealand 940-975. Geological observations on the Sculpture Mountain. The basal part of the basalt sequence and Kirkpatrick Basalt in the Mesa Range the contact with the underlying rocks were examined at Agate Peak, Mount Fazio, the Exposure Hill area, and in the upper region, northern Victoria Land reaches of the Aeronaut Glacier. Diabase intrusions crop out in the latter two areas. The maximum stratigraphic thickness of the Kirkpatrick D. H. ELLIOT, C. FAURE, T. M. MENSING, Basalt is estimated to be 900 meters. A small number of flows in M. A. SIDERs, M. A. HABAN, and E. M. CHERRY the Mesa Range can be used as stratigraphic markers to corre- late the lower part of the section. A unit of black basalt which Institute of Polar Studies forms a prominent feature in the Mesa Range is also present on Department of Geology and Mineralogy Sculpture Mountain and will facilitate the correlation of the The Ohio State University basalt sequences between the mesas and scattered nunataks of Columbus, Ohio 43210 the upper Rennick Glacier region. The basalts rest on volcanic breccias and volcanogenic sedi- mentary rocks that appear to be similar to the Mawson Diamic- A second season of fieldwork was conducted in the general tite of southern Victoria Land (Ballance and Watters 1971; Hall, area of the Mesa Range between 12 November and 17 December Sutter, and Borns 1982). These deposits were observed at the 1982 (see figure). The objectives for the 2-year field program base of Tobin Mesa, at the southern end of Gair Mesa, and at the included making stratigraphic studies; sampling for pe- head of the Aeronaut Glacier. At each of these locations, the trological, mineralogical, geochemical, and isotopic studies; Kirkpatrick Basalt disconformably overlies the volcaniclastic and collecting rocks for paleomagnetic investigations. rocks. At the southern end of Gair Mesa a sedimentary interbed Stratigraphic sections were measured at Mills Valley, Mount containing conchostracans is present near the base of the basalt Ballou, and Mount Masley on Pain Mesa; on Tobin Mesa; and on sequence. The Agate Peak locality, first described by Nathan 1983 REVIEW 11.
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