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Pb 40 God II.Indd 1 29.9.2008 14:04:08 an Interdisciplinary International Journal of the Societas Scientiarum Naturalium Croatica Established 1885 UDC 57:61 CODEN PDBIAD ISSN 0031-5362 Period biol, Vol 110, Suppl 1 P 1-164, Zagreb, September, 2008 four issues yearly pb 40 god II.indd 1 29.9.2008 14:04:08 An Interdisciplinary International Journal of the Societas Scientiarum Naturalium Croatica established 1885 Past Editors Spiridion Brusina 1886–1892 Ferdo Koch 1918–1920 Antun Heinz 1893–1895 Krunoslav Babi} 1921–1922 Spiridon Brusina 1896–1899 Fran [uklje 1923–1925 Antun Heinz 1900–1901 Boris Zarnik 1926 Oton Ku~era 1902–1909 Fran [uklje 1927–1938 Jovan Had`i 1910 Ivan Erlich 1947–1953 Dragutin Hirtz Stjepan Horvati} Antun Heinz 1911–1914 Teodor Vari~ak 1954–1974 Fran Tu}an 1916–1917 Vlatko Silobr~i} 1975–1994 Fran Bubanovi} 1918–1920 Editor-in-Chief Branko Vitale Editor for scientific evaluation Maja Joki} Associate Editors Vlado Deli} Ivan Saboli} Nikola Ljube{i} Nenad Smodlaka Greta Pifat-Mrzljak Ivica Valpoti} Velimir Pravdi} Editorial Board Milivoj Borani} Andrija Ka{telan Sabina Rabati} Branko Brdar @eljko Ku}an Ante Sabioncello Marin Bulat Milan Me{trov Jadranka Serti} Filip ^ulo Vasilije Nikoli} Oskar Springer Mislav Jurin Berislav Pende Bo`idar Stilinovi} Language editor Nikola Habuzin Secretary Sanja Hr`ica Editorial Office Periodicum biologorum, Hrvatsko prirodoslovno dru{tvo Frankopanska1/I, P.O. Box 258, 10001 Zagreb, Hrvatska – Croatia Tel/Fax: 385 (0)1 48 31 223, Tel. 48 31 224 E-mail: [email protected] pb 40 god II.indd 2 29.9.2008 14:04:11 IMMUNOLOGY IN CROATIA 40th anniversary of the Croatian Immunological Society pb 40 god II.indd 3 29.9.2008 14:04:12 Introduction his special issue is dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of organized activities of the Croatian Immunological Society. On Tthis occasion the Annual Meeting of Croatian Immunological Society will be organized in [ibenik, October 9-12 2008, where this supplement will be introduced and distributed. The idea for such a collection of data was born (conceived) during my first presidency 10 years ago, when the first account of Croatian Immunological Society activities was published, in Croatian. This time, we have tried to include not only the founding and activities of Croatian Immunological Society but also all re- search groups working in the field of immunology in Croatia during the past 40 years. I wish to express my warmest thanks to all authors for their contributions. Especially for collecting all the relevant data, references and achievements of their research groups. From the collected data it is evident that Immunology in Croatia developed very fast (rapidly), and achieved a prominent place among scientific disciplines. Both national and international collaboration resulted in the establishment of new groups, not only at universities where immunology first started, but also at several institutes and hospitals in Zagreb and Rijeka. The number of Croatian Immunological Society members varies, being always more than one hundred and less than two hundred, but with a very good renewal rate of young members each year. We hope that, with improved financing policy of basic science in Croatia, more novices will be attracted, and that immu- nologists will remain as active as they were throughout this past 40 years, despite some quite untoward conditions. Sabina Rabati} guest editor pb 40 god II.indd 5 29.9.2008 14:04:12 pb 40 god II.indd 6 29.9.2008 14:04:12 EARLY BEGINNIGS pb 40 god II.indd 7 29.9.2008 14:04:12 PERIODICUM BIOLOGORUM UDC 57:61 VOL. 110, Suppl 1, 2008 CODEN PDBIAD 2008 Annual Meeting of the Croatian Immunological Society ISSN 0031-5362 40th anniversary of the Society [ibenik, October 9 – 12, 2008 Historical Roots of Immunology in Croatia BISERKA BELICZA† t is in the nature of man to pose questions on the beginning of the world, the origin and purpose of his own life and all that Isurrounds him, including the question of who, when, how and where first discovered the regularity of natural occurrences, the nature of their control or utilisation with the object of satisfying human needs and the realisation of human desires. Oc- casionally we ask why, how, when and where and who initiated the process of the creation and transfer of new knowledge and their application throughout the world, just as today, we ask where the early beginnings of immunology in Croatia lie, who were the people and what events marked its development and achievements on a national and world level. Regardless of how we search for the answers to these questions we will inevitably come to the same conclusion. Namely, that man had a key role in this process, urged by the desire to control and avoid diseases which had for centuries determined the tragedy of his life, pervaded with death and invalidity of his nearest and dearest, or the premature loss of their or his own existential forces, the ability to see, hear, speak, understand, motoricity and many other blessings, of which in health we are frequently unaware. Time-honoured experience was carried from generation to generation in the knowledge that there are diseases of which man, after recovering from the disease, is protected for life, but also that there are diseases which provide such protection only for a short period or not at all. Such experience was applied in practice in many cultures and civilisations long before man had discovered the nature of the causes which lead to the occurrence of disease and resistance. Thus, one can trace the roots of experience based immunology in the declaration issued on July 27, 1377 by Council of the Dubrovnik City Republic ordering precisely defined quarantine measures against various infectious diseases. Unique measures were focused on prevention of possible outbreak of plaque epidemics, which could spread out by cara- vans or ships carrying merchandises from Ottoman Empire. Latter on, Venetian republic and in particular Habsburg monarchy developed a Copley system of tightly controlled quar- antine measures along Croatian Military Boarder with Ottoman Empire. Described system of preventive measures was mostly elaborated and at that time represented one of the greatest achievements of medicine. The most impressive was that connected with variola. Today, aware of the historical sequence of events, we realise that it was in fact the discovery of Edward Jenner on the protective effect of cowpox that was a crucial moment, which in the preb- acteriological era already established the foundation for the development of today’s immunology. It is well known that his study, published in 1789 did not meet with the universal support of learned circles in the Royal Society in London. However, this did not prevent the introduction and promotion of vaccination with cowpox with the aim of preventing variola in Lon- don and soon after in other countries of the world, alarmed by the consequences of variola, which had intensified, while the plague had gradually receded. It was almost the only ray of hope at a time of medical scepticism and therapeutic nihilism, in- hibited by all the problems of the range of medical theories, natural knowledge and technology at that time. As in the case of quarantine practice based on experience proved more effective than the relevant scientific doctrine at that time. † The original text (in Croatian) was solicited from the late Professor Biserka Belitza, for the occasion of the 30th Anniversary of the Croatian Immunologi- cal Society, in 1998. To make this collection of texts a comprehensive account of the activities of immunologists in Croatia, we have translated Belit- za’s text into English and added it to the recently written collection of the Society activities from its beginnings. Period biol, Vol 110, Suppl 1, 2008. 9 pb 40 god II.indd 9 29.9.2008 14:04:12 Immunology in Croatia – 40th anniversary of the Croatian Immunological Society We do not know exactly when the first news of Jenner’s discovery reached these regions. However, we do know that as early as 1797 Mihajlo Gellei, a physician in Vukovar and later in Novi Sad, wrote articles on the usefulness of variolization, and that already in 1801 a report by the Italian physician Constante Mudiano was printed on vaccination against smallpox. In 1804 two books were printed in Zagreb with the support of the bishop, Maksimilijan Vrhovac, on the advisability of vaccination by Michael Neustadter, a protomedicus in Erdelj, translated into Croatian and »Illyrian«, and a third book printed in Rijeka, which was published with the support of the bishop of Senj-Modru{ district, Ivan Je`i~. During those years Luka Stulli, a county and hospital physician in Dubrovnik, known as the casual poet, wrote a special elegy on vaccination by cowpox in honour of Luigi Caren, an Italian physician who lived in Vienna, where he dedicated a translation of Jenner’s work on vaccination and propagation of vaccination. With the poem Stulli in fact announced Caren’s book, which was printed in Dubrovnik in 1805 in his translation from French to Italian and Illyrian-Croatian. It is interesting to note in these initial publications not only inevitable emphasis and praise for Jenner’s work and success because of his method of vaccination against variola, but also that the reader is constantly dissuaded from doubt and fear that some other diseases can be spread by this method. In other words that the efficacy of vaccination weakens with the transfer of the vaccine from one child to the next. All the propagators of vaccination at that time advocated that vaccination should only be performed by experienced physicians or paramedics, and that they must procure the vaccine themselves, either in a dry or liquid form, so that in the case of greater needs they can continue to use puss from the pustules of children in whom the vac- cine had been administered.
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