DOCSLIB.ORG

Fall Armyworm in Africa: a GUIDE for INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT First Edition Fall Armyworm in Africa: a GUIDE for INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT First Edition

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fall Armyworm in Africa: a GUIDE for INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT First Edition Fall Armyworm in Africa: a GUIDE for INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT First Edition Fall Armyworm in Africa: A GUIDE FOR INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT First Edition Fall Armyworm in Africa: A GUIDE FOR INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT First Edition Editors B.M. Prasanna1 | Joseph E. Huesing2 Regina Eddy2 | Virginia M. Peschke3 in collaboration with international and national research and development partners 1CIMMYT; 2USAID; 3Oakside Editorial Services Feed the Future is America’s initiative to combat global hunger and poverty. Led by USAID and drawing on the support and expertise of multiple U.S. government agencies and departments, Feed the Future brings partners together to help some of the world’s poorest countries harness the power of agriculture and entrepreneurship to jumpstart their economies and create new opportunities. For more information, visit www.feedthefuture.gov. United States Agency for International Development (USAID) works to end extreme global poverty and enable resilient, democratic societies to realize their potential. USAID invests in ideas that work to improve the lives of millions of men, women and children by: investing in agricultural productivity so countries can feed their people; combating maternal and child mortality and deadly diseases like HIV, malaria and tuberculosis; providing life-saving assistance in the wake of disaster; promoting democracy, human rights and good governance around the world; fostering private-sector development and sustainable economic growth; helping communities adapt to a changing environment; and elevating the role of women and girls throughout all our work. For more information, visit www.usaid.gov. CIMMYT - The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center - is the global leader in publicly-funded maize and wheat research and related farming systems. Headquartered near Mexico City, CIMMYT works with hundreds of partners throughout the developing world to sustainably increase the productivity of maize and wheat cropping systems, thus improving global food security and reducing poverty. CIMMYT is a member of the CGIAR System and leads the CGIAR Research Programs on Maize and Wheat and the Excellence in Breeding Platform. The Center receives support from national governments, foundations, development banks and other public and private agencies. For more information, visit www.cimmyt.org. The CGIAR Research Program on Maize (MAIZE) is an international collaboration led by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) that seeks to mobilize global resources in maize R&D to achieve greater impact on maize- based farming systems in Africa, South Asia and Latin America. MAIZE strategy draws upon learning and experiences obtained through decades of extensive partnerships with national and international research and development partners, including both public and private institutions, and farming communities. For more information, visit www.maize.org. © 2018. USAID and CIMMYT. All rights reserved. The designations employed in the presentation of materials in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of USAID or CIMMYT or contributory organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. USAID and CIMMYT encourage fair use of this material. Proper citation is requested. Correct citation: B.M. Prasanna, Joseph E. Huesing, Regina Eddy, Virginia M. Peschke (eds). 2018. Fall Armyworm in Africa: A Guide for Integrated Pest Management, First Edition. Mexico, CDMX: CIMMYT. Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in various chapters in this publication are those of the authors, and do not necessarily represent the official views of USAID, CIMMYT, or other organizations for whom the authors work. January 2018; First Edition Preface The world has seen significant progress in the fight against hunger, undernutrition and extreme poverty, although a lot still remains to be done. At the same time, the emergence and rapid spread of the fall armyworm (FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda) in Africa seriously threatens the food and income security of millions of smallholder farmers. Given what we know about the pest’s behavior in the Americas and from the early experiences in Africa, shared commitments to reduce poverty and hunger – as expressed by the Sustainable Development Goals, the African Union’s Malabo Declaration and G7 – may be difficult to achieve without concerted and intensive actions at all levels. Within a short span of its introduction in Africa, FAW has been confirmed in over 30 African countries and it is likely to become endemic in many. Its major preference for maize, a staple food for over 300 million African smallholder farm families, poses a threat to food security, nutrition and livelihoods. Given the enormity of the challenge, an effective response requires coordinated action from the broadest possible community – African governments, international and national research institutions, donors, the private sector and civil society. An important foundation for this action must be an understanding of FAW behavior and the management practices that can help smallholder farmers effectively control the pest without damaging human and animal health and the environment. To this end, we convened experts from Africa and around the world in Entebbe, Uganda (Sept 16-17, 2017) to review and identify management options for control of FAW in Africa within an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) framework. This publication, titled Fall Armyworm in Africa: A Guide to Integrated Pest Management, is the result of contributions of dozens of institutions and individuals, to whom we express our deep appreciation. This learning community consisted of experts and practitioners from international and national research and development institutions with extensive experience in pest biology; pest scouting, monitoring and surveillance; biological control; host plant resistance; pesticide risk management; agronomic and landscape management; and IPM strategies. To address the rapid spread of FAW in Africa, we have worked intensively to quickly review and highlight scientifically proven management practices that could be relevant for African farmers, especially smallholders. We intend to revise and release subsequent editions of this FAW IPM Guide, updating the scientific knowledge, management practices, protocols and research findings, as more evidence with regard to efficacy of various FAW management options in Africa emerges. Our approach to the development of this publication is guided by the Rome Principles developed by leaders at the 2009 World Summit on Food Security to guide urgent action to eradicate hunger. In particular, we seek to work in partnership to: • Ensure that scientific evidence and knowledge guides recommendations on FAW management practices and policies. • Foster strategic coordination to align the knowledge, experience and resources of diverse partners, avoid duplication of effort and identify implementation gaps. • Support country-level engagement and ownership of approaches to ensure assistance is tailored to the needs of individual countries and built on consultation with all key stakeholders. • Commit to building capacity, focusing on integrated actions addressing policies, institutions and people, with a special emphasis on smallholders and women farmers. Scope of this FAW IPM Guide This FAW IPM Guide is designed for use by professionals in plant protection organizations, extension agencies, research institutions, and Governments, whose primary focus is smallholder farmers and the seed systems that support them. The FAW IPM Guide is meant to provide an important foundation for the emergence of harmonized FAW pest management protocols that will continue to be informed by research. The guide is also expected to serve as the basis for a series of cascading technical knowledge dissemination materials and social and behavioral change communications that will specifically target the needs of the smallholder farmers in Africa. i Fall Armyworm in Africa: A Guide for Integrated Pest Management The demand for this FAW IPM Guide is high. Therefore, this first edition is meant to provide practitioners with the IPM foundation to successfully manage FAW in Africa. This includes chapters on FAW Pest Biology and Integrated Pest Management, Host Plant Resistance, Biocontrol, and Agroecological Landscape Management. Importantly, the guide provides protocols for Monitoring and Scouting for FAW in maize fields to assess the level of damage due to the pest and to suggest when interventions are warranted. Because the primary technical intervention, at least in the immediate term, is likely to be treatment with synthetic pesticides, a chapter is included on Pesticide Hazard and Risk Assessment and Compatibility with IPM. We recognize that some important topics are still in development and may be provided by other avenues in the short term. For example, we do not make specific pesticide recommendations, per se. The use of a particular pesticide is regulated at the country level and therefore varies by jurisdiction. Country recommendations and label directions must be followed when using pesticides. We do, however, provide generic information on what types of chemical pesticides should be avoided, what could be environmentally safer, and how best to assess pesticide hazards and risks. Further, we have not included information on pesticide application since, in many jurisdictions,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Research Article Ecological Observations of Native Geocoris Pallens and G
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Psyche Volume 2013, Article ID 465108, 11 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/465108 Research Article Ecological Observations of Native Geocoris pallens and G. punctipes Populations in the Great Basin Desert of Southwestern Utah Meredith C. Schuman, Danny Kessler, and Ian T. Baldwin Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoll-Straße¨ 8, 07745 Jena, Germany Correspondence should be addressed to Ian T. Baldwin; [email protected] Received 5 November 2012; Accepted 16 April 2013 Academic Editor: David G. James Copyright © 2013 Meredith C. Schuman et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Big-eyed bugs (Geocoris spp. Fallen,´ Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) are ubiquitous, omnivorous insect predators whose plant feeding behavior raises the question of whether they benefit or harm plants. However, several studies have investigated both the potential of Geocoris spp. to serve as biological control agents in agriculture and their importance as agents of plant indirect defense in nature. These studies have demonstrated that Geocoris spp. effectively reduce herbivore populations and increase plant yield. Previous work has also indicated that Geocoris spp. respond to visual and olfactory cues when foraging and choosing their prey and that associative learning of prey and plant cues informs their foraging strategies. For these reasons, Geocoris spp. have become models for the study of tritrophic plant-herbivore-predator interactions. Here, we present detailed images and ecological observations of G. pallens Stal˚ and G.
    [Show full text]
  • Icipe Quarterly E-Bulletin, Volume 9, Issue No. 2, 2019
    Volume 10, Issue No. 2, 2019 FROM THE CHAIR, icipe THOUGHT LEADERSHIP COLUMN 2 GOVERNING COUNCIL BY THE DIRECTOR GENERAL 3 Re-thinking donor funding strategies Dr Lukas Bertschinger, Dr Segenet Kelemu Chair, icipe Governing Council Director General, icipe Donor: THRiVE-2 Career Development Award Donor: National High Magnetic Field Laboratory user proposal, INSTITUTIONAL NEWS University of Florida, USA Donor: Global Challenges Research Fund seed grant/ UniversityRECENTLY of Aberystwyth, FUNDED UK Donor: 5 Wellcome6 Trust - International Master’s Fellowship Donor: Expanding Excellence in England (E3) Fund/ Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, UK Donor: Mozilla Foundation Donor: THRiVE Research Enrichment for Community and Public Engagement (RECPE) Award Donor: MasterCard Foundation Donor: Lundin Foundation and Africa Oil Ethiopia. Donor: African Academy of Sciences in partnership with Wellcome and Department for NEWSMAKERS International Development (DFID) Donor: European Commission through Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) Donor: THRiVE Research Enrichment for Community and Public Engagement (RECPE) Award Donor: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Donor: USDA-Agricultural Research Service 9 RCU-RSIF 10 7 8 RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS BIOINNOVATE AFRICA RECENTLY PUBLISHED 13 FROM OUR PARTNERS 11 CAPACITY BUILDING AND INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT In 2020, icipe will celebrate its Golden Jubilee, a major milestone for 15 SCENE 17 icipe an institution that was founded on audacious hope: “Get the very best people and then if you have more money, put buildings and AT icipe SCENE equipment around them.” As we launch the countdown to our 50th FROM IN anniversary, we are conscious of the numerous elements that have enabled icipe to flourish; to become a source of pride for Africa – a regionally and globally acclaimed centre of scientific excellence.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Risks and Potential of Injection Techniques in Integrated Programs to Eradicate the Red Palm Weevil: Review and New Perspectives
    Review Assessment of risks and potential of injection techniques in integrated programs to eradicate the red palm weevil: review and new perspectives Michel FERRY*, Susi GOMEZ INRA, Estación Phoenix, Assessment of risks and potential of injection techniques in integrated programs to Apartado 996, 03201 Elche, eradicate the red palm weevil: review and new perspectives. Spain, Abstract – Introduction. Plants develop mechanisms that allow them to compartmentalize injuries [email protected] that they suffer during their life. In trees, pruning and injection treatments must be used in accordance with precise rules to reduce risks resulting from the injuries created. Sealing in palms. Palms, con- trary to widespread belief, are quite capable of “healing” injuries (sealing); because of an anatomy quite different from trees, the sealing process in palms is much simpler. Compartmentalization of injection wounds. The controversy on the use of injection in trees is due essentially to initial mis- takes that have then been rectified. Injection in palms against the red palm weevil. For palms, for decades, this technique has been employed without problems and with great efficiency against various pests, including Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, the red palm weevil (RPW). Its use has been reserved for exceptional situations either to face abnormal pest proliferation, uncontrollable by other techniques, or to implement eradication programs. Integrated eradication program. In such a pro- gram, the main aim of injection treatments is preventive. With long-persistence insecticides, the number of treatments could be greatly reduced. The resulting savings in time and money would ena- ble the organization of the treatments of all the palms located in an infested area, and consequently the rapid eradication of the pest.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Perspectives on Apple Production: Fruit Tree Pest Management, Regulation and New Insecticidal Chemistries
    Historical Perspectives on Apple Production: Fruit Tree Pest Management, Regulation and New Insecticidal Chemistries. Peter Jentsch Extension Associate Department of Entomology Cornell University's Hudson Valley Lab 3357 Rt. 9W; PO box 727 Highland, NY 12528 email: [email protected] Phone 845-691-7151 Mobile: 845-417-7465 http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/faculty/jentsch/ 2 Historical Perspectives on Fruit Production: Fruit Tree Pest Management, Regulation and New Chemistries. by Peter Jentsch I. Historical Use of Pesticides in Apple Production Overview of Apple Production and Pest Management Prior to 1940 Synthetic Pesticide Development and Use II. Influences Changing the Pest Management Profile in Apple Production Chemical Residues in Early Insect Management Historical Chemical Regulation Recent Regulation Developments Changing Pest Management Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 The Science Behind The Methodology Pesticide Revisions – Requirements For New Registrations III. Resistance of Insect Pests to Insecticides Resistance Pest Management Strategies IV. Reduced Risk Chemistries: New Modes of Action and the Insecticide Treadmill Fermentation Microbial Products Bt’s, Abamectins, Spinosads Juvenile Hormone Analogs Formamidines, Juvenile Hormone Analogs And Mimics Insect Growth Regulators Azadirachtin, Thiadiazine Neonicotinyls Major Reduced Risk Materials: Carboxamides, Carboxylic Acid Esters, Granulosis Viruses, Diphenyloxazolines, Insecticidal Soaps, Benzoyl Urea Growth Regulators, Tetronic Acids, Oxadiazenes , Particle Films, Phenoxypyrazoles, Pyridazinones, Spinosads, Tetrazines , Organotins, Quinolines. 3 I Historical Use of Pesticides in Apple Production Overview of Apple Production and Pest Management Prior to 1940 The apple has a rather ominous origin. Its inception is framed in the biblical text regarding the genesis of mankind. The backdrop appears to be the turbulent setting of what many scholars believe to be present day Iraq.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of Two Seed Bugs, Geocoris
    A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TWO SEED BUGS, GEOCORIS BULLATUS (SAY) AND G. DISCOPTERUS STAL (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE) IN THE YUKON. By JENNIFER J. ROBINSON B.Sc. Trent University, 1980 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY We accept this thesis as conforming te trie required standard June, 1985 (c) Jennifer J. Robinson, 1985 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia 1956 Main Mall Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Y3 )E-6 C3/81) Abstract Geocoris bullatus (Say 1831), (Henriptera: Lygaeidae) has been collected and studied across North America but the present work is the o first detailed study of western North American CL discopterus Stal 1874. In fact, it has been claimed that 6^. discopterus is solely a species of the east. As the two species are taxonomically difficult to separate, when they were apparently discovered together at several localities in the southwestern Yukon, a detailed investigation of their systematics and distribution seemed necessary. Species status of Yukon Q. bullatus and iG.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Testing of Garlic Based Bio-Pesticide on Insect Pests of Coconut (Cocus Nucifera L.)
    TESTING OF GARLIC BASED BIO-PESTICIDE ON INSECT PESTS OF COCONUT (COCUS NUCIFERA L.) A REPORT 2008-2009 UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, GANDHI KRISHI VIGNAN KENDRA BANGALORE-560065 1 TESTING OF GARLIC BASED BIO-PESTICIDE ON INSECT PESTS OF COCONUT (COCUS NUCIFERA L.) A REPORT 2008-2009 UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, GANDHI KRISHI VIGNAN KENDRA BANGALORE-560065 2 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR Dr. A. K. CHAKRAVARTHY PROFFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY UAS, GKVK, BANGALORE-560065 CO-INVESTIGATOR B.DODDABASAPPA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE UAS, GKVK, BANGALORE-560065 3 TESTING OF GARLIC BASED BIO-PESTICIDE ON INSECT PESTS OF COCONUT (COCUS NUCIFERA L.) Introduction: In recent days organic farming plays an important role in getting quality food, since people are health conscious and many times asking for organic tender coconut and organic copra. Coconut (Cocus nucifera L.) is one of the important plantation crops cultivated across 19.5 lakh ha in India with a production of 14811 lakh nuts with an average of 7608 nuts. In Southern India, every house uses coconut almost every day for one or the other purpose. In addition to use of nuts for food and in temples for spiritual customs and ceremonies, in many parts of the world coconut oil is used as food, bio-fuel and lubricant. While it is one of the important commercial crops in India, it is the most important crop in the world. Keeping this in background the following objectives were framed to upate the pest management practices through suppressing the pests by bio- pesticides (Muralimohan, et al.,2008). In Karnataka ,this palm which is called Kalpavruksh, accounts for more than 18 percent of area in India, is predominantly grown in three agro-systems- hill and mountain (Districts of Hassan, Tumkur, South Chitradurga, Shimoga and Chikmagalur), Coastal (Mangalore, North Karnataka) and plains (Mysore, Mandya, Bangalore rural, Kolar).
    [Show full text]
  • The African Scare of Fall Armyworm: Are South African Farmers Immune?
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITY STUDIES Vol 12, No 1, 2020 ISSN: 1309-8063 (Online) THE AFRICAN SCARE OF FALL ARMYWORM: ARE SOUTH AFRICAN FARMERS IMMUNE? Witness Maluleke University of Limpopo Email: [email protected] Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6228-1640 –Abstract– The manifestations of Fall Armyworm [FAW] (Spodoptera frugiperda) in South Africa were all clearly reminders of the seriousness of this epidemic in 2019. The scare caused by FAW as an African Moth continues to multiple largely. This is becoming a factor for African farmers, seeking urgent acknowledgement of the associated detrimental effects mapped with economic, social, environmental opportunities and fully exploitation of sustainable agriculture in the country and elsewhere. This study adopted qualitative research approach, with an aid of non- empirical research design: Systematic review, closely looking at recent reputable reports across globe, while using South Africa as a case study, from 1995-2019 (i.e. 24 years’ projection). This study found that South African readiness against FAW is [currently] highly questionable, with the consequences of failing to act clearly felt by many South African farmers, therefore, the strategies geared towards this pandemic [might] not be able to totally stop the clock on its effects on farming practices, however, revisiting and adding to the available strategies can be beneficial to this sector to holistically affirm and sustain agriculture in South Africa as one of the two sectors at the core of economic development. It is concluded that there is no single solution to respond to this elusive spread, thus, multi-agency approach is highly sought.
    [Show full text]
  • INDEX to PESTICIDE TYPES and FAMILIES and PART 180 TOLERANCE INFORMATION of PESTICIDE CHEMICALS in FOOD and FEED COMMODITIES
    US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs INDEX to PESTICIDE TYPES and FAMILIES and PART 180 TOLERANCE INFORMATION of PESTICIDE CHEMICALS in FOOD and FEED COMMODITIES Note: Pesticide tolerance information is updated in the Code of Federal Regulations on a weekly basis. EPA plans to update these indexes biannually. These indexes are current as of the date indicated in the pdf file. For the latest information on pesticide tolerances, please check the electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR) at http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfrv23_07.html 1 40 CFR Type Family Common name CAS Number PC code 180.163 Acaricide bridged diphenyl Dicofol (1,1-Bis(chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol) 115-32-2 10501 180.198 Acaricide phosphonate Trichlorfon 52-68-6 57901 180.259 Acaricide sulfite ester Propargite 2312-35-8 97601 180.446 Acaricide tetrazine Clofentezine 74115-24-5 125501 180.448 Acaricide thiazolidine Hexythiazox 78587-05-0 128849 180.517 Acaricide phenylpyrazole Fipronil 120068-37-3 129121 180.566 Acaricide pyrazole Fenpyroximate 134098-61-6 129131 180.572 Acaricide carbazate Bifenazate 149877-41-8 586 180.593 Acaricide unclassified Etoxazole 153233-91-1 107091 180.599 Acaricide unclassified Acequinocyl 57960-19-7 6329 180.341 Acaricide, fungicide dinitrophenol Dinocap (2, 4-Dinitro-6-octylphenyl crotonate and 2,6-dinitro-4- 39300-45-3 36001 octylphenyl crotonate} 180.111 Acaricide, insecticide organophosphorus Malathion 121-75-5 57701 180.182 Acaricide, insecticide cyclodiene Endosulfan 115-29-7 79401
    [Show full text]
  • Insect Pest Management in Soybeans 12 by G
    Chapter Insect Pest Management in Soybeans 12 by G. Lorenz, D. Johnson, G. Studebaker, C. Allen and S. Young, III he importance of insect pests in Arkansas Finally, it is important to determine what soybeans is extremely variable from year to management tactics are available and whether or year due in large part to environmental not they are economically feasible. T conditions. For example, hot, dry years favor many lepidopterous pests such as the soybean Insect Identification podworm and the beet armyworm; and when drought conditions occur, these pests usually are The three types of insect pests found in soybeans abundant. Many other lepidopterous pests, such as in Arkansas are: the velvetbean caterpillar and the soybean looper, 1. Foliage feeders, which comprise the biggest may cause problems following migrations from group of insect pests, southern areas, particularly in concurrence with winds out of the Gulf region where they are a 2. Pod feeders, which are probably the most common problem. Generally, insect pressure is detrimental to yield, and greater in the southern part of the state compared to 3. Stem, root and seedling feeders, which are northern Arkansas due to warmer temperatures and often the hardest to sample and are not detected closeness to the aforementioned migration sources. until after they have caused damage. Production practices also have an impact on the Some insects, such as the bean leaf beetle, may feed GEMENT occurrence of pest insects in soybeans. For example, on both foliage and pods but are primarily insects such as the Dectes stem borer and grape considered foliage feeders.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyclic Glycerol Acetals from the Abdominal Hair Pencil Secretion of the Male African Sugarcane Borer Eldana Saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) B
    Cyclic Glycerol Acetals from the Abdominal Hair Pencil Secretion of the Male African Sugarcane Borer Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) B. V. Burger, A. E. Nell, D. Smit, and H. S. C. Spies Laboratory for Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa Z. Naturforsch. 46c, 678-686 (1991); received January 8, 1991 Cyclic Acetals, Darmstoff, Eldana saccharina, Mass Spectrometry, NMR Four constituents of the hair pencil secretion of the male African sugarcane stalk borer, Eldana saccharina, having a molecular mass of 312 and peculiar El mass spectra with an excep­ tionally abundant base peak at m/z 103, were isolated preparatively from an extract of the se­ cretion. Using 'H and l3C NMR spectral analysis, these constituents were identified as five- and six-membered cyclic glycerol acetals of Z-9-hexadecenal, viz. cis- and trans-2-(Z- 8-pentadecenyl)-4-hydroxymethyl-l,3-dioxolane, and cis- and fra«s-2-(Z-8-pentadecenyl)- 5-hydroxy-l,3-dioxane. These compounds are related to the 2-alkenyl-4-hydroxymethyl-l,3- dioxolane dihydrogen phosphate esters, known to be the active constituents of the smooth muscle contracting acidic phospholipid (Darmstoff) which was isolated from the intestine of mammals. The presence of these acetals in the tail brush secretion of E. saccharina could possi­ bly be the first evidence that compounds related to the active principle of Darmstoff, may also be present in the insect kingdom. The possibility that these four compounds or their dihydro­ gen phosphate esters might play a part in the eversion or retraction of the tail brushes of the male insect, is briefly discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Parasitoids of Gramineous Stemborers in Africa
    Eur. J. Entomol. 107: 169–176, 2010 http://www.eje.cz/scripts/viewabstract.php?abstract=1524 ISSN 1210-5759 (print), 1802-8829 (online) Host recognition and acceptance behaviour in Cotesia sesamiae and C. flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), parasitoids of gramineous stemborers in Africa MESHACK OBONYO1, 2, FRITZ SCHULTHESS3, BRUNO LE RU 2, JOHNNIE VAN DEN BERG1 and PAUL-ANDRÉ CALATAYUD2* 1School of Environmental Science and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa 2Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UR 072, c/o International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology ( ICIPE), Noctuid Stemborer Biodiversity (NSBB) Project, PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya and Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay, France 3ICIPE, Stemborer Biocontrol Program, PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya Key words. Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Cotesia sesamiae, C. flavipes, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Eldana saccharina, Noctuidae, Busseola fusca, Chilo partellus, parasitoids, host recognition, host acceptance, stemborers, Africa Abstract. The host recognition and acceptance behaviour of two braconid larval parasitoids (Cotesia sesamiae and C. flavipes) were studied using natural stemborer hosts (i.e., the noctuid Busseola fusca for C. sesamiae, and the crambid Chilo partellus for C. flavi- pes) and a non-host (the pyralid Eldana saccharina). A single larva was introduced into an arena together with a female parasitoid and the behaviour of the wasp recorded until it either stung the larva or for a maximum of 5 min if it did not sting the larva. There was a clear hierarchy of behavioural steps, which was similar for both parasitoid species. In the presence of suitable host larvae, after a latency period of 16–17 s, the wasp walked rapidly drumming the surface with its antennae until it located the larva.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic and Environmental Impacts of Fall Armyworm in Africa
    EconomicEconomicEconomic and and environmental and environmental environmental impacts impacts impacts of of oficipe icipeaimsicipeaims toaims developto develop to develop and and establish and establish establish an an an EffectiveEffectiveEffective and and timely and timely timelymonitoring monitoring monitoring FallFall ArmywormFall Armyworm Armyworm in Africain Africa in Africa integratedintegratedintegrated pest pest management pest management management for forFall forFall Fall -FAW has-FAW spread has-FAW spread has spread -Can feed-Can on feed more-Can on feed more on more to entireto sub entire- tosub entire- sub- ArmywormArmywormArmyworm that that is that specificis specific is specific to Africato Africa to Africa than 80than plant 80 than plant 80 plant SaharanSaharan Africa in SaharanAfrica in Africa in speciesspeciesspecies less thanless 2 years thanless 2 years than 2 years -Critically-Critically damages-Critically damages damages -Key food-Key food-Key food early maizeearly maizeandearly at andmaize at and at securitysecurity crops, crops,security crops, cob/headcob/head formationcob/head formation- formation- - maize andmaize andmaize and sorghumsorghum sorghum severelyseverely severely damageddamaged damaged MonitoringMonitoring tools,Monitoring suchtools, as such tools, field as scoutingsuch field as scouting field mobile scouting mobile apps (left)mobileapps and (left) apps pheromone and (left) pheromone and traps pheromone (middle)traps (middle) traps (middle) optimisedoptimised andoptimised a communityand a community
    [Show full text]