The Wolf and the Folk Calendar

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The Wolf and the Folk Calendar Iulian Boldea (Editor) – Literature, Discourses and the Power of Multicultural Dialogue Arhipelag XXI Press, Tîrgu Mureș, 2017, eISBN: 978-606-8624-12-9 THE WOLF AND THE FOLK CALENDAR Delia Anamaria Răchișan Lecturer, PhD, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca - Baia Mare Northern University Center Abstract: The paper aims to highlight the days consacrated to the wolf encountered during the year and mentioned in the Folk Calendar. We start from the premise that in the past there were more than 30 days dedicated to the wolf, which attests the renewal of the calendaristic time, namely, the renewal of the Dacian New Year, aspect confirmed also by the ethnologist Ion Ghinoiu. The Dacian New Year ends with Saint Nicholas. An important role was played by Moș Andrei and Moș Nicolae. In the present, in the center of attention there are other santas: Moș Ajun and Moș Crăciun. In the days consacrated to the wolf, the ritual praxis was respected. We recall some interdictions strictly respected in the Romanian villages: the word ”wolf” was not pronounced (on the contrary, the wolves were coming to the man`s household); symbolically ”the wolf's mouth” was bind (emphasizing on the „apotropaic” [defense] function); in order to protect both the people and the domestic animals „marhăle”, the blunt objects of the household were used (for example, the saw, the scissors, the brush with teeth used for wool teaselling, etc.); it was was forbidden working with wool or animal skins– spunning, using of the loom [„teară”]; throwing out the ashes (it was believed that the shewolves that swallowed coals have become fertile and have bred, and the shewolves that did not eat coals have become barren). Referring to the Folk Calendar, we mention a few days dedicated to the wolf: Sânpetru de Iarnă (January 16th), Tănase de Ciumă (January 18th), Filipii de Iarnă (January 25th- 31st), Stretenie (February 2nd), Sânpetru de Vară (June 29th), Circovii de Vară (July 15th-17th or July 16th-18th), Lupu (August 22nd), Teclele (September 24th), Berbecarii (September 26-28th), Lucinul (October 18th), Ziua Lupului (November 13th), Filipii de Toamnă (November 14th-21st), Ovidenie (November 21st), Sântandrei (November 30th), Sfântul Nicolae (December 6th), etc. The osmosis wolves – dacians, the wolves` fangs encountered in the traditional art – textiles (shirts, towels, tablecloths), wooden objects (crosses, seal engravers, traditional ornaments, wooden gates, salt cellars etc.), the impressive number of days confirms the importance assigned to this zoomorphic symbol, both by the former Dacians and by the peasants, currently living in the world of the Romanian village. Keywords: days consacrated to the wolf, Folk Calendar, Dacian New Year, interdictions, predictions. 1. Introducere Lucrarea își propune să evidențieze zilele consacrate lupului din Calendarul popular. Se crede că există treizeci și cinci de zile dedicate lupului. Aceste zile atestă reînnoirea, ciclicitatea timpului calendaristic, primenirea Anului Nou dacic, aspect confirmat și de specialiștii avizați: „un „scenariu ritual de înnoire a timpului calendaristic, probabil Anul Nou Dacic‖1. Raportându-ne la Anul Nou dacic trebuie să menționăm faptul că zilele consacrate lupului se încheiau de Sfântul Nicolae. În prezent, Moș Ajun și Moș Crăciun au un rol extrem de important asupra mentalității oamenilor din mediul rural și urban. În trecut, Moș Andrei și Moș Nicolae aveau un status aparte în mentalul colectiv. Zilele consacrate lupului sunt sărbători păgâne care fac parte din Calendarul popular: „din cele 50 de zile de sărbători păgâne din «calendarul babelor», 35 erau consacrate lupului‖2. 1 Ion Ghinoiu, Panteonul românesc. Dicţionar, Bucureşti, Editura Enciclopedică, 2001, p. 109. 2 Cornel-Dan Niculae, Leacuri şi remedii magice din Carpaţi. Magia şi fiinţele fantastice din arhaicul românesc, Bucureşti, Editura Carpathia Rex, 2005, p. 89. 248 Iulian Boldea (Editor) – Literature, Discourses and the Power of Multicultural Dialogue Arhipelag XXI Press, Tîrgu Mureș, 2017, eISBN: 978-606-8624-12-9 Cele peste treizeci de zile consacrate lupului prezintă asemănări și deosebiri. a. Menționăm câteva asemănări care vizează toate zonele etnografice ale țării noastre: a1 respectarea cu strictețe a unor interdicții și predicții; a2 importanța alocată acestui simbol totemic complex – lupul; a3 colții de lup, întâlniți pe cămăși, pe obiecte din lemn (pecetare, porți de lemn, lăzi de zeste, sărăriță), pe podoabe tradiționale, au o funcție „apotropaică‖ [de apărare]. b. Amintim și câteva deosebiri specifice tuturor regiunilor din țara noastră: b1 zilele alocate lupului nu aparțin unui singur anotimp; b2 denumirile regionale, praxis-ul ritualic diferă în funcție de zona etnografică; b3 o sărbătoare poate avea alocată o zi sau mai multe zile. Indiferent de regiune, interdicțiile și predicțiile vizează același aspect. c. Enumerăm câteva interdicții respectate cu strictețe în lumea satului românesc: c1 să nu se pronunțe cuvântul „lup‖ pentru a nu atrage lupii în gospodărie și pentru a nu le mânca oamenilor „marhăle‖ [animalele]; c2 să nu se toarcă, să nu se folosească „teara‖ [războiul de țesut]; c3 să nu se arunce, în ziua respectivă, cenușă sau cărbuni pe afară, deoarece dacă lupoaicele înghit cărbuni devin fertile. d. Amintim câteva predicții respectate cu sfințenie în satele românești: d1 dacă se leagă anumite obiecte contondente – ferăstrăul, foarfeca, „hrebdinca‖ [peria cu dinți de lemn sau de fier, utilizată la scărmănatul lânii], lupii nu atacă animalele din gospodăria respectivă; d2 dacă se spală o cămașă într-o zi consacrată lupului se opărește gura lupului și nu provoacă pagube în gospodărie; d3 dacă nu se postește în zilele dedicate lupului urmează nenorociri pricinuite de lupi. Lupii reprezintă un simbol zoomorf unic și complex. Îi caracterizează dârzenia și unitatea. Trăind în haită, lupii sunt foarte buni strategi și extrem de uniți. Lupul alfa îi domină pe lupii omega: „se gândeşte la el, dar şi la lupii mai bătrâni, la cei şchiopi, la cei orbi, slabi şi bolnavi sau la lupoaicele care alăptează puii şi nu pot merge la vânătoare‖3. Totodată, lupul este printre puținele animale care își alege perechea pe viață. e. Lupii nu trebuie corelați doar cu sărbătorile incluse în Calendarul popular, ci și cu momentele esențiale din viața omului (naștere, căsătorie, moarte)4. e1 Lupii și momentele tari (nașterea) e1i În trecut se apela la un botez păgân, folosindu-se ca recuzită ritual-magico- simbolică, gheara sau colțul de lup. Puterea lupului constă în colții și în ghearele sale. Pierderea unui dinte echivalează cu moartea acestuia. La nașterea nou-născutului, trei feciori încinși cu brâu roșu trasau cu gheara de lup trei cercuri concentrice. Nou- născutul era introdus în cele trei cercuri, apoi i se dădea un nume: „trecând prin aceste cercuri, copilul e numit (deci introdus în lume, confirmat în planul existenţei umane) şi curăţat de toate elementele malefice‖5. e1ii Pentru a se reinstaura starea de sănătate, în familia în care copiii se îmbolnăveau grav, se apela la un ritual păgân. Copilul era vândut simbolic pe fereastră și primea un nou nume, de obicei Lupu. e1iii Pentru a-și recăpăta vitalitatea, nou-născutul era scăldat în apa în care s-au îmbăiat lupii. 3 Jiang Rong, Totemul lupului, vol. 1, traducere din limba chineză de Roxana Rîbu, Bucureşti, 2011, p. 337. 4 Vezi detalii la Delia Anamaria Răchișan, Mitologia românească și estetica artei tradiționale, București, Editura Academiei Române, 2015, pp. 122-126. 5 Mihai Coman, Mitologie română, vol. 1, Bucureşti, Editura Minerva, 1986, p. 145. 249 Iulian Boldea (Editor) – Literature, Discourses and the Power of Multicultural Dialogue Arhipelag XXI Press, Tîrgu Mureș, 2017, eISBN: 978-606-8624-12-9 e1iv Pentru a fi viguros, nou-născutul era alăptat ritual, prima dată, printr-o tetină uscată de lupoaică sau printr-o gură de lup: „un instrument ritual în formă de cerc, confecţionat dintr-o falcă şi piele de lup‖6. f. Lupii și riturile de trecere (căsătoria) La casele cu fete cu status premarital sau la casele cu neveste tinere se practicau jocuri cu măști. Feciorii se deghizau în lupi, iar fetele nemăritate și nevestele tinere dacă reușeau să smulgă câte un fir din masca de lup aveau convingerea că, la momentul oportun, devin prolifice: „intervenea credinţa ca la casele femeilor sterpe să joace tineri mascaţi în lupi, pentru a le face fecunde‖7. g. Lupii și momentele esențiale din viața omului (moartea) În Cântecul Zorilor, lupul stăpânește universul „htonian‖ [teluric] și are un rol psihopomp. Lupul, având acces la planul terestru cunoaște, de exemplu, drumul întortocheat, labirintic al pădurii care reprezintă, la nivel simbolic, un spațiu închis. Lupul, având rol de călăuză îl ajută pe dalbul pribeag să treacă cu bine peste vămile care îi apar în cale în marea trecere, în drumul către „lumea fără dor‖ [lumea de dincolo]: „Şi-ţi va mai ieşi / Lupul înainte, / Ca să te înspăimânte, / Să nu te spăimânţi, / Frate bun să-l prinzi, / Că lupul mai ştie / Seama codrilor / Ş-a potecilor. / Şi el te va scoate / La fecior de crai / Să te ducă-n Rai‖8. h. Lupii asociați cu anumite categorii folclorice – basme, descântece, jocuri de copii, legende, proverbe9. h1 Lupii în basme În basme, lupul este când malefic (Scufița roșie – Charles Perrault; Frații Grimm), când benefic și năzdrăvan (Lupul cel năzdrăvan şi Făt-Frumos – Petre Ispirescu). h2 Fire de lup se foloseau în descântece de „dezlegat naşterea‖. În descântecele „de alungat boala‖ se foloseau anumite obiecte simbolice: gheară de lup, falcă, piele de lup etc. h3 În jocurile de copii, în numărători, uneori lupul este apelat Halea-Malea. Alteori apare în jocurile de inițiere în moarte (jocul Lupul și mieii). h4 Conform legendelor există mai multe ipoteze: h4i Lupii au fost creați de Necurat: „s-a apucat dracul să facă şi el ceva. A făcut din lut un lup‖10; h4ii Lupii sunt câinii sălbăticiți ai Apostolilor Petru şi Andrei. h4iii Inițial, lupii au fost ființe umane. 11 h5. Lupii și proverbele Exită o taxonomie a proverbelor.
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