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Stop Student Notes! - ______Write Your Observations In This Packet – Sometimes Hints Are Given! Refer to the Reference Guide for more Goodies (pictures, charts, maps, and details – oh my!) regarding each location!! Your My Takeaways are significant!!! When observing, remember the Sweet 16!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1. Important? 2. History? Intros – Big Ideas 3. Terrain? Reference Guide Pages: F1-F16 4. Rock Types? 5. Layers? -My Neato-Spiffy-Superfantasmic-Takeaway: 6. Colors? 7. Lines? 8. Curves? 9. Canyon Shape? Jackson, WY – Grand Junction, CO 10. Erosion? Reference Guide Pages: G1-G24 11. Faulting? What Do I Observe? 12. Fossils? 12. Past Water? Watch for evidences of large water flows in the past - especially South of 13. Current Water? Kemmerer all the way into the Flaming Gorge area. I suspect these 14. Climate? “channels” are major outwash flows. If they are, they are many miles wide 15. Vegetation? with high bluffs on each side. Record what you see and your thoughts. 16. Wildlife?
Note changes in vegetation patterns. Start at Jackson--Go down in elevation and note changes in vegetation--then go back up as you go over the pass, then back down to Vernal and back up to Douglas Pass and then down again to Grand Junction. Elevation certainly dictates the biology.
Fossil Butte National Monument Reference Guide Pages: G1-G3 What Do I Observe?
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My Takeaways:
-______Animals
-No ______
-In a ______? (a lot of water)
-Modern Environments can’t ______.
-My Neato-Spiffy-Superfantasmic-Takeaway:
Dinosaur National Monument Reference Guide Pages: G4-G5 What Do I Observe?
My Takeaways:
-Bones ______in due to a ______!
-My Neato-Spiffy-Superfantasmic-Takeaway:
Colorado National Monument Reference Guide Pages: G5-G24 What Do I Observe?
C3
Record your observations and notes regarding “Two Hats.”
My Takeaways:
-______and ______Fold – gradual ______
-______Rock and ______Rock
-Great ______
-______Layers are not present here.
-___-shaped canyons – ______, very little ______, very little
______at the bottom, sharp-______cliffs
-Secular Model – Changes over time ( _____-_____-ing)
-My Neato-Spiffy-Superfantasmic-Takeaway:
Valley, Fossil Sites, and River Road between Grand Junction, CO and Moab, UT Reference Guide Pages: H1-H7 What Do I Observe?
C4
En Route to Moab: Recall the huge lake at Missoula Montana. Can you imagine what the Grand Valley looked like as a huge lake? As we drive to Moab, look for water channels, mud piles, and other evidence of a draining lake.
Note that shorelines are not visible like they are at Missoula or the Salt Lake region. Why?
Describe the characteristics of the Morrison Formation where many of the dinosaurs are found.
Note ______overtaking the region: Watch changes in vegetation patterns.
My Takeaways:
-Morrison Formation – Dinosaurs – very ______– very ______
-Dave’s ______Story
-Fossil Site – shells all ______up together (similar to Dinosaur National Monument)
-Dinosaur Museum – Fossil Definition & Death ______
-Monuments, Desert ______, ______, ______Beetle,
______Species, Evidence of ______, ______Erosion - Holes
in Sandstone Rock (Dave’s Story)
-My Neato-Spiffy-Superfantasmic-Takeaway:
C5
Moab, UT Reference Guide Pages: H7-H17 What Do I Observe?
______Zone: Record your observations
______Drawing:
Large ______deposits—How did they get here?
My Takeaways:
-Tremendous ______– _____ ft of difference
-______Fold and curve – still ______
-______Petroglyph – did ancient people see these creatures?
-Elements can still ______through tight oil shale
-Large ______better explained from quick and massive
______during flood as opposed to slow Evaporative Model
-A lot of minerals and ______in the area
-______south of Moab – evidence of a lot of ______moving them
-My Neato-Spiffy-Superfantasmic-Takeaway:
C6
Canyonlands National Park Reference Guide Pages: H18-H30 What Do I Observe?
While Driving: Look closely again at a different rock type – many sandstones/ conglomerates
Green River Overlook Record similarities between what you see here and what you may have seen at Dry Falls.
Upheaval Dome Record the different theories of the formation of this feature. What do you think? Do you have your own suggestion? (Why did I not call that a theory?)
Vegetation and Micro-ecosystems: Pay attention to the relationship of slope orientation to sun, slope angle, water availability, etc. in the distribution of plants. Record notes:
My Takeaways:
-______/Plants ______Strategies – Wax coating,
water storage, selective die-back, smaller leaves, deep and/or shallow spreading roots, ability to quickly
grow new shoots on roots, dormancy, increased blood flow to skin, large ears, heavy fur, panting, C7
sweating, coloration, shade-resting, reduced metabolism, estivation, hibernation, burrowing
underground, nocturnal nature, migration, concentrated waste products, efficient kidneys, convoluted
nasal passages,
-Definition of Evolution? – How much ______?
-______and ______are not Creative
mechanisms.
-We see evidence of Genetic Entropy!
-Upheaval Dome – Meteorite strike or Salt Dome (now dissolved)?
-Origins Science – hypotheses – how do you proof or know what’s true.
-Overlooks – ______erosion → ______erosion, possible ripple marks,
___-shaped (receding) waterfalls, Great ______, different
______of layers – ______– ______Model
-My Neato-Spiffy-Superfantasmic-Takeaway:
Arches National Park Reference Guide Pages: H30-H37 What Do I Observe?
______-______in Navajo Sandstone. -Note features that indicate deposition by fast-moving currents, rather than windblown sand. Sketch here:
______and Erosion: How did the erosion occur here?
C8
Also note changes in vegetation patterns.
My Takeaways:
-______Arches, have to be 3 feet wide openings
-Arches form from normal erosion of ______sediments dropping away from
______sediments
-More common due to _____ formation
-______– formed as ______push up from below and crack the rocks above
lengthwise
-Holes (______) in Sandstone Rock – less ______bubbles?
-______
-______Soil
-______-______
-My Neato-Spiffy-Superfantasmic-Takeaway:
Natural Bridges Reference Guide Pages: I1-I11 What Do I Observe?
Note the Native American rock art on one of the bridges. What is it? Why would the Park rangers say it was nothing but graffiti?
Note life on the edge. How would you like to raise a family at the ruins?
Describe the difference in formations of the arches at Arches National Monument and those found here at Natural Bridges. C9
My Takeaways:
-______Meandering River creates Natural Bridges
-Natural Bridges form from ______
-Potential ______-______Petroglyph
-______within the ledges all over
-My Neato-Spiffy-Superfantasmic-Takeaway:
Monument Valley Reference Guide Pages: I12 What Do I Observe?
My Takeaways:
-______Remnants – think flowing ______!
-My Neato-Spiffy-Superfantasmic-Takeaway:
Petrified Forest National Park (And Meteor Crater) Reference Guide Pages: I13-I18 What Do I Observe?
Look for evidences of Water flow channels on way to Petrified Forrest
Petrified Forest: Forest or Log-jam? What do you think?
Note that many of the logs are replaced with Agate (Silica). How does that relate to the time needed to petrify the trees?
Record any observation and impressions you have from this area. C10
My Takeaways:
-Large Petrified ______
-______Layers
-Tree ______Studies
-My Neato-Spiffy-Superfantasmic-Takeaway:
Grand Canyon Reference Guide Pages: GC1 – 145 What Do I Observe? En Route to Grand Canyon: Notice the following features.
My Observations:
Caverns: Are you aware that there are big caverns below us at some sections along this route?
Red Butte Note massive erosion of plateau. Is it flat?
Red Butte shows that there used to be more layers above us!
San Francisco Peaks (Volcanic)
Ponderosa Pine Forest (Extensive Ponderosa Pine forest between Williams and the Canyon)
Initial Observations from the Rim:
Questions to Consider from the Rim: What is your first impression of Grand Canyon?
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How Big is the Grand Canyon? -How far across? -How far down? -How long would it take to walk down to the River? -How much sediment is missing?? What do you notice about the Rock Layers? -Colors, Lines, Shapes, Canyons, etc.??
Are there any vegetation changes corresponding to elevation change? What zone are you in at the rim or at the bottom?
How did the Rock Layers form? How long did it take to deposit them?
How did the Canyon erode? How long did it take to erode?
How did the Side Canyons form?
Other Observations:
Driving through the Park Note vegetation changes along the way. (Pinyon-Juniper Zone and Ponderosa Pine Zone)
Fossil Site near Bright Angel Lodge/Trailhead: What kind of fossils are found here? What rock strata are they in? What is significant about them?
Do you think the Canyon was formed by slow, gradual processes or by catastrophic ones? Why?
What lessons can you learn from the Canyon experience about God, about yourself, about geology, about biology etc.? C12
Things to Ponder & Observe as You Hike the Grand Canyon!! • Observe rock layers “up close and personal” • Observe changing ecological zones as elevation changes • Look for evidences regarding formation and erosion of the canyon. • Stop at various points. Take time to look and reflect upon what you are seeing. • Think of Scripture verses that talk about the power of God. • Think about the loving God who also brought great destruction on the Earth due to sin. Then think about how God can take something destroyed and make it so beautiful. • How does that relate to us? Record your thoughts in your journal.
Kaibab and Toroweap Limestone Layers Pinyon-Juniper Zone (Rabbit Brush, Sage, Cliff Rose, Banana Yucca, etc.) Chert Nodules -- Indicates lots of silica in water Petroglyphs on left immediately after first tunnel (Bright Angel Trail) Brachiopod & sponge fossils Yo-yo Seas
Coconino Sandstone Cross-bedding! Note contact between Coconino and Hermit Shale Discuss fossil trackways in Coconino Sandstone Do you think the tracks were formed under water or in wind-blown dunes? Why?
Supai Formation Note the brilliant red.
Redwall Limestone Really grey limestone. Red color comes from erosion of Supai above. Micritic vs. Skelatal Limestone (Redwall is mostly micritic.)
Temple Butte & Muav Missing time?
Bright Angel Shale Less resistant to erosion
Tapeats Sandstone: Extends all the north of Greenland and to East Coast of US!
Tonto Platform Black Brush Zone (Agave / Century Plants, Yucca, Mormon Tea, Cactus) Bright Angel Shale Tapeats Sandstone
Plateau Point Great Unconformity Inner Gorge Fossil Footprints (?)
N C13
My Takeaways:
-John Wesley ______– ______Exploration (GC2)
-______Plant + ______Moth – ______Relationship (GC7-8)
-Variation of ______-Eared ______on different sides (not
______) (GC11)
-Kaibab ______Management (GC12)
-Rapid ______of Layers – Not ______(GC13-35)
-______contacts – no ______(GC20-29)
-______
-“Missing ______” – but flat contacts between layers (aka – no erosion)
-Gaps of ______
-What should it look like if there were millions of years of erosion?
-What do we see about today’s erosion and topography?
-Channels, Canyons, Valleys, Hills, Mountains, Deserts, Deltas
– alluvial fans, turbidites
-Erosion of Continents ______=
-______Layers (______!) (GC29-33)
-Origin of Sediments and Consistency of Composition (GC35)
-____-____Seas (Transgression and Regression – “sloshing back and forth” during the Flood)
(GC120-126) C14
-East Kaibab Monocline – All the layers of the Grand Canyon are
______/______together.
-Fossils (GC70-80)
-______are necessary
-Great ______– ______ripped up
from below! (GC126-130)
-Rapid ______of Layers – Not ______(GC37-54)
-Lack of ______/______/______at bottom (GC55)
-Sharp, ______cliffs (GC55)
-Colorado River cuts through Kaibab ______/______/______
(GC37-45)
-Uplift occurred before ______
-______in the Grand Canyon – possibly created side canyons (GC37, 64)
-Secular Theories – lack of ______and too ______(GC46-47)
-Antecedent ______Theory
-Percocious ______Theory or Stream ______Theory
-______of a ______
-Creation Theories (GC47-54)
-______Theory (GC47-53)
-______Theory (GC53-54) C15
-______Lake and ______Lake
-Sediment Evidence for those Lakes and for possible sediment buildup of
______Formation – west of Salton Sea west of
San Diego, new delta (GC60-61)
-Erosion evidence similar to that of the ______Flood and the
______canyons. (GC62-63)
-______mocked for giant flood idea – but proven true. (Your
______Influences Your ______!)
-______formed __-shaped canyons and amphitheater-shaped
rims and the side canyons (GC58-59)
Quickly ______, not Slowly Deposited Quickly ______, not Slowly Eroded
1. _____Contacts – No Evidence of 1. ______Cliffs
Erosion 2. Very ______Tallus
2. ______and Flat 3. Barbed Side ______
3. Transport over ______Distances 4. ___-Shaped Canyons
4. ______-Bedding and other 5. Erosional ______
Evidence of ______Formation
(From GC64)
-Radiometric Dating is faulty due to 3 ______and as shown by
______results. (GC65-69)
1. ______Conditions C16
2. ______Rate
3. ______System
Ex. Lava Flows over Canyon date ______than Cardenas Basalt at bottom.
Ex. C-14 found in ______and ______.
Layers
-Great ______(GC88-89)
-______Erosion of top layers over the Grand Canyon
-What else could cause such widespread, flat erosion?
-Kaibab Limestone – ______Coral Reef Fossils (GC97)
-Toroweap Limestone (GC100)
-Coconino Sandstone (GC100-110)
-Cross-bedding (______angle)
-Fossil ______– like a salamander climbing up in a
______.
-______contacts between other layers
-______
-Hermit Shale (GC111)
-“______of the Grand Canyon”
-Too flat and widespread to be ______
C17
-Supai Group (GC111-113)
-Too flat and widespread to be ______
-Redwall Limestone (GC113-117)
-Stained ______from above
-______
-7 ft ______Layer – oriented like buried in a
______(mud-______)
-No erosion ______and ______smoothly with the Temple
Butte and Muav Layers
-Temple Butte Formation (GC 117-118)
-These are ______in Muav – filled in quick during the Flood
-TONTO GROUP (GC120-126)
-Made up of Muav, Bright Angel and Tapeats
-Even secular scientists see these ______at the same time
-Coarse-grained to fine-grained going _____
-1 of 6 ______of Transgression/Regression
-Trilobite fossils found here
-______eyes and body systems
-No ______Fossils
-Muav Limestone (GC118)
-Bright Angel Shale (GC118) C18
-Tapeats Sandstone (GC118-119)
-Very ______
-Smoothly ______
-______(storm beds – like form in modern Hurricanes) at the
bottom
-Great ______(GC126-130)
-Between 500 million to over 1 billion years of ______time
-What type of event could cause such a ______?
-Supergroup (GC131-133)
-Angled Layers
-Lined up ______(broken pieces of Rock)
-______Fossils - formed likely before the Flood
-______Basalt – bad radiometric dates
-Ripple Marks, Raindrops, footprints – had to be buried ______
-______? (maybe just contamination) – but if it were there would be
way out of place according to evolution
-______Mud – sediment that fills the cracks goes up and down
-Basement Rock (GC133-135)
-______-week Rock
-Metamorphic Rock – How could so much become metamorphosed?
-______– result of judgment (GC35) C19
-My Neato-Spiffy-Superfantasmic-Takeaway:
Sunset Crater Reference Guide Pages: M1-M8 What Do I Observe?
Record your observations at the Visitor Center.
What kind of volcanic activity/volcanic rock do you see here compared with Craters of the Moon?
My Takeaways:
-______causing so much volcanic activity
-associated with the ______of the Colorado Plateau?
-Volcanic Mountains near Williams, AZ – 2-3 million years ago
-San Francisco Peaks near Flagstaff – 600,000 years ago
-May have been ______that
catastrophically blew like Mt. St. Helens
-Sunset Crater – around ______years ago
-______Cone, ______Cone, Lava Flows, Lava ______, Volcanic Peaks
-My Neato-Spiffy-Superfantasmic-Takeaway:
Wupatki Ruins Reference Guide Pages: M9-M16 What Do I Observe?
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"America's oldest apartment house"? Pueblo ruin abandoned before 1250 AD Anasazi -- Navaho for "Ancient Ones" Anasazi Culture Beautiful basketry and pottery with geometric designs Hunting, gathering, dry land farming Metate -- grinding stones Most likely animists (i.e. believe plants, animals, wind, rocks, people all have life consciousness and indwelling spirits; spirits appeased with dances and ceremonies) Kivas -- circular buildings used for religious and social events Sipapu -- symbolizes entrance to spirit world Decline of culture Implications in creation/evolution debate These people had sophisticated culture -- not primitive Connection with Tower of Babel (Ancient pagan religions and New Age) Flood legends in many cultures (Havasupai)
My Takeaways:
-Edge of ______Lake – in Painted Desert – primarily colored ______Formation –
known also for petrified wood
-Large ______– ______center
-More ______in the past (residual ______from the
______not from Hopi Lake?)
-My Neato-Spiffy-Superfantasmic-Takeaway:
Spillway Overlook (Marble Canyon) Reference Guide Pages: N1 What Do I Observe? Why do I call this site a spillway?
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My Takeaways:
-______Water Draining and ______
-______
-______and ______Layers – suggest ______
-______
-My Neato-Spiffy-Superfantasmic-Takeaway:
Glen Canyon Dam Reference Guide Pages: N1-N4 What Do I Observe? What is cavitation and what are the implications for the flood scenario?
Ecological changes on river below Discuss some of the environmental issues relating to endangered species and ecological changes as a result of dams?
My Takeaways:
-Rethinking Dams – ______(Fish, Temperature, Sediments, Water Control, lost heritage
sites, etc)
-______of Water (Erosion - ______, hydraulic
______, hydraulic vortex - ______)
-My Neato-Spiffy-Superfantasmic-Takeaway: C22
The Grand Staircase Reference Guide Pages: N5-N16 What Do I Observe? What is the Grand Staircase: What do you see?
Notice potential water channels and describe what you see.
My Takeaways: -Great ______-My Neato-Spiffy-Superfantasmic-Takeaway:
Zion National Park Reference Guide Pages: N17-N19 What Do I Observe?
Read carefully the Brochure of Zion National Park and find points for which we would have alternative explanations.
Checkerboard Rock: Describe this feature. What is its significance?
Note the Hanging Valleys: What are they and what do they indicate?
Sapping Structures What are Sapping Structures? Sketch one that you have seen at Zion. C23
My Takeaways:
-______-bedding
-Widespread Layer very ______here
-______erosion at the ______of Flood ______-_____
-Sapping – ______Gardens
-My Neato-Spiffy-Superfantasmic-Takeaway:
Bryce Canyon National Park Reference Guide Pages: N20 What Do I Observe?
Read through the park brochure carefully. Compare what they say regarding the “canyon” aspect to the statement: “In essence it is a major canyon.” Notice the interesting structures formed by erosion. What kind of erosion does this look like?
My Takeaways:
-______of Grand Lake
-Lakeshore and Lake Bottom – ______sediments (or from ______of the Flood)
-Fast Erosion of Who? – ______!!
-______
-Top of Grand ______
-My Neato-Spiffy-Superfantasmic-Takeaway: C24
Kodachrome Basin Reference Guide Pages: N21-N29 What Do I Observe?
Note specifically the “pushy-up” columns and their composition compared to the layers around. How would you explain these features? What is the significance of this site?
My Takeaways:
-Sandstone ______
-______- indicating an underwater environment
-Sapping (______?)
-My Neato-Spiffy-Superfantasmic-Takeaway:
Zion/Kodachrome → Salt Lake → Jackson Reference Guide Pages: N30-N34 What Do I Observe? En Route: Notice the geology and biology as you travel to Salt Lake City. Record any items of significance along the way today.
Begin looking for ancient shorelines of Lake Bonneville.
In the Salt Lake City area: Just as the shorelines were recognized for ancient Lake Missoula in Montana, watch again for terraces on slopes east of I-15 in the Salt Lake valley beginning a long way South of SLC. A candy bar prize goes to the one who first spot these shorelines along the way. (Your bus driver buys the candy bar!) Record approximate milepost. C25
They are evidence of ancient shorelines of the ancient Lake Bonneville. Lake Bonneville had a surface area of 22,500 square miles. The Great Salt Lake is all that remains of this ancient lake. It catastrophically drained to the ocean, sometime flowing up-river toward Jackson and down river past Boise, through Hells Canyon (You may have seen some of the evidence and deposits in Hell’s Canyon last fall), through Columbia River where Missoula flood flowed. Was Portland flooded again? Very likely!
Imprint the pictures of these shorelines on your brain. Look for similar features throughout the country as you travel. What does absence of notable shorelines do to the theory of an ancient lake in a region that catastrophically drained? For instance, notable shorelines benches are not found around Grand Junction, CO. Are they necessary evidence? How would you explain lack of them?
If there is time to stop at Fossil Butte National Monument, make sure to re-read the article The Fish of Fossil Butte National Monument in preparation.
As you drive, ponder the significance of the phrase: Great Lakes/Floods of the West. What have you observed regarding that?
My Takeaways:
-Ancient ______(including Lake Bonneville)
-that Catastrophically ______
-A lot of ______
-A lot of ______
-______
-My Neato-Spiffy-Superfantasmic-Takeaway: