Minnetonka Cave Interpretive Plan

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Minnetonka Cave Interpretive Plan United States Department of Agriculture Minnetonka Cave Interpretive Plan Forest Service Caribou-Targhee National Forest December 2016 APPROVAL _______________________________________________________________________________ Dennis Duehren Date District Ranger Montpelier Ranger District, Caribou-Targhee National Forest _______________________________________________________________________________ Kaye Orme Date Forest Recreation Program Manager Caribou-Targhee National Forest _______________________________________________________________________________ Carol Ryan Date Interpretation, Conservation Education, Tourism Program Manager USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Region CONTENTS BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE ...................................................................................... 4 Concessionaire Information .................................................................................... 8 INTERPRETIVE STATEMENTS ........................................................................................ 9 Interpretive Goals .................................................................................................... 9 Interpretive Themes & Storylines .......................................................................... 9 Theme 1: Bats, Bat Health and White Nose Syndrome (WNS) .................................. Theme 2: Active Rocks, Fast Water, Geology in Motion .......................................... Theme 3: Karst, Underground Water Transport ........................................................... Theme 4: Growing Rocks Within Mountains, Geology Revealed, & Cave Conservat . Theme 5: Early Government Work Project Creating a Visitor Experience ................. SITE CONDITIONS ......................................................................................................... 16 Wayfinding & Regulatory Signs ............................................................................16 Information & Interpretive Signs ..........................................................................16 Parking Area & Site ............................................................................................... 17 RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................18 Wayfinding & Regulatory Signs ............................................................................18 Kiosks .....................................................................................................................19 Site Structures .......................................................................................................20 Parking & Traffic Flow ...........................................................................................20 General ...................................................................................................................20 FS Branding & Quality Standards .........................................................................21 Information & Interpretive Signs ..........................................................................22 Phase I ....................................................................................................................23 Phase II ................................................................................................................... 24 Phase III ..................................................................................................................25 DESIGN TEMPLATE ...................................................................................................... 27 INTERPRETIVE PANELS & PROGRAMS ......................................................................29 COST ESTIMATES ......................................................................................................... 31 FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES ..........................................................................................32 EVALUATION & MONITORING ......................................................................................35 BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The Minnetonka Cave is located on the Caribou-Targhee National Forest, Montpelier Ranger District. A reevaluation of the site and visitation needs was conducted with new site plans created in 2011 by of the Regional Office. Due to funding and priority constraints these plans have not yet been implemented. This site has been identified as a top regional funding priority once money is available. A critical part of the Forest Service mission is to help people understand, appreciate, and use their national forests and make informed decisions that support the conservation of our natural and cultural heritage. Interpretation is one of the primary vehicles for driving this mission. An interpretive plan provides a framework for implementing a coordinated, unified interpretive approach and sets the direction for high quality visitor experiences. Cavern in Minnetonka Cave Interpretive themes are developed from the interpretive goals and objectives that are identified for the significant resources of a site. A central theme helps tie together the information and ideas that are presented to visitors. Themes are the plot to the movie, the moral of the story. They answer the question, “So what?” or “What’s the big deal?” The theme provides the foundation for all presentations, no matter what media is used. Interpretive messages may be accomplished through signs, exhibits, visitor centers, audio/visual productions, publications, the Internet, and personal services, such as guided interpretive walks, hikes and or programs. Implementation of an interpretive plan is the responsibility of the managing agency. The agency also has the leeway to develop partnerships that can assist with implementing parts of the interpretive plan as determined mutually beneficial. SITE DESCRIPTION, CHARACTERISTICS AND MANAGEMENT GOALS The Cache National Forest is located astride the Wasatch Mountains in Minnetonka Cave Parking Lot southeastern Idaho and north central Utah. The Idaho portion of the Cache National Forest is located withing the parts of the Bear Lake, Franklin, and Caribou Counties and is administered by the Montpelier Ranger District, Caribou-Targhee National Forest; the Utah portion is administrated by the Uinta-Wasatch- Cache National Forest. For the purposes of this plan, the Cache National Forest referred to is the portion in Idaho and administered by the Montpelier Ranger District. This area receives relatively heavy Page 4 summer and shoulder season recreational use for several reasons; 1. Close proximity to the recreation draw of Bear Lake 2. Diverse recreational opportunities available 3. Proximity to the greater Wasatch Front Area (Salt Lake City, UT is approximately a 3 hour drive) and 4. Location along a major travel corridor to both Yellowstone and Grand Tetons National Parks The major summer and fall recreational activities include site seeing, camping, picnicking, fishing, horseback riding, hiking, motorized trail riding and hunting. Snow machining, cross-country skiing and snow-shoeing are popular winter activities. Summer temperatures typically range between 70-80 degrees Fahrenheit during the day and 30-40 degrees Fahrenheit at night, just perfect for outdoor recreational activities. Summer months are usually dry, since most of the precipitation in the area occurs as snow in the winter months. Due to the elevation of the area and the dry air that dominates most of the summer, nights are cool and frost can occur anytime. Minnetonka Cave is located within the St. Charles Canyon and is accessed by a paved forest road, No. 412. One of the main public access to Bear Lake is at North Beach which is just 3.5 miles from the turn off at the intersection of US 89 and Forest Road 412 to Minnetonka Cave. (See Vicinity and Area Map). Minnetonka Cave is a limestone cave approximately one-half mile long of which 1,800 feet has been developed for guided tours to the public. Minnetonka Cave is currently one of only five caves within the National Forest System that has been opened for public guided tours; Minnetonka, Wonderland, Blanchard Springs, Ape Caves, and El Capitan Cave. An estimated 30 - 40,000 people visit Minnetonka cave annually. 2016 saw 44,500 visitors. While the cave has been administered by the forest service and open to the public since 1940, the operation of the cave and tours have been under a concessionaire special use permit since 1991. Minnetonka Cave is located approximately 10.5 miles west of the small town of St. Charles, Idaho at 7,700 feet in elevation. Traditionally, guided tours begin over Memorial Day weekend in May and end just after the Labor Day weekend in September. On rare occasions, residual snow could delay the opening of the cave for the season. The season of operation coincides with the hibernation season needs of the Townsend Big-Eared Bat, a Region 4 sensitive species. Additional protection measures for the Townsend Big-Eared Bat include no after hours Vicinity Map. Minnetonka visitation. A gate located 1/2 mile from cave parking is locked nightly. Cave in Southeast corner of Idaho. Page 5 Minnetonka Cave is accessed by Forest Service road #412, which is a paved two-lane road from its intersection with US highway 89 in St. Charles, Idaho to the cave parking lot at the end of the road. From the parking lot, where the ticket booth is located, the cave is accessed via 300-foot boardwalk that leads to the entrance of the cave. Most of the caves 1,800 feet of interior developed trail
Recommended publications
  • Introduction to Virginia's Karst
    Introduction to Virginia’s Karst A presentation of The Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation’s Karst Program & Project Underground Karst - A landscape developed in limestone, dolomite, marble, or other soluble rocks and characterized by subsurface drainage systems, sinking or losing streams, sinkholes, springs, and caves. Cross-section diagram by David Culver, American University. Karst topography covers much of the Valley and Ridge Province in the western third of the state. Aerial photo of karst landscape in Russell County. Smaller karst areas also occur in the Cumberland Plateau, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain provinces. At least 29 counties support karst terrane in western Virginia. In western Virginia, karst occurs along slopes and in valleys between mountain ridges. There are few surface streams in these limestone valleys as runoff from mountain slopes disappears into the subsurface upon contact with the karst bedrock. Water flows underground, emerging at springs on the valley floor. Thin soils over fractured, cavernous limestone allow precipitation to enter the subsurface directly and rapidly, with a minimal amount of natural filtration. The purer the limestone, the less soil develops on the bedrock, leaving bare pinnacles exposed at the ground surface. Rock pinnacles may also occur where land use practices result in massive soil loss. Precipitation mixing with carbon dioxide becomes acidic as it passes through soil. Through geologic time slightly acidic water dissolves and enlarges the bedrock fractures, forming caves and other voids in the bedrock. Water follows the path of least resistance, so it moves through voids in rock layers, fractures, and boundaries between soluble and insoluble bedrock.
    [Show full text]
  • Lascaux Cave, France  Complex Hunter Gatherers at the End of the Paleolithic  Dates: 47/45,000 – 20/18,000 B.P
    Lascaux Cave, France Complex Hunter Gatherers at the End of the Paleolithic Dates: 47/45,000 – 20/18,000 b.p. (Epipaleolithic=20/18,000-10,000 bp) Industries include microliths and bone tools—not found in previous periods Raw materials were exchanged over long distances in this period Wide range of materials, other than flint, come into use: bone tools, stone vessels, ochre, shells Some probably for ritual purposes In contrast to early modern humans (and Neanderthals): Size of teeth reduced Size of jaw reduced Muscularity diminishes Less skeletal trauma Increased longevity Cro-Magnon cranium Upper Paleolithic Artwork Cave Art Includes spectacular images of animals and abstract forms and, rarely, humans Mobiliary Art These portable art objects include Venus figurines Body Ornamentation: Pierced shells, pierced animal teeth, and bone beads were most likely work as necklaces or attached to clothing Horse, Cosquer Cave, France Penquin or Auk, Cosquer Cave, France Bear Bison ‘Venus’ figurines Dolni Vestonice Lespugue Willendorf . Appear around 25,000 bp, Europe . Carved in ivory, wood, stone, modeled in clay . Breasts, hips, buttocks, thighs, usually large . Head, arms, hands, legs & feet are only schematic . Some are pregnant, others are not 4.48.jpg Dwellings Huts with bone frameworks Floors with inlaid stone Stone-lined pits for hearths Tailored clothing Long-distance trade Blade technique Long, parallel-sided flakes are struck off the edges of a specially prepared core Blades: long flake, twice as punch long as wide • Sharp parallel edges • Removed from core like peeling carrot (sort of) • Blades provide “blank” or form, which may then be shaped into different tools: .
    [Show full text]
  • Hang Son Doong,Vietnam by Sarah Collinge
    Hang Son Doong,Vietnam By Sarah Collinge Have you ever explored a cave? A cave is an underground chamber in a hillside or clif that has been formed over time by rainwater, ocean waves, lava, or oil-eating bacteria. Places where the earth is made up of large amounts of limestone are known for having many caves. Limestone is made from the remains of shells and skeletons of sea creatures. Tis sedimentary rock is easily dissolved by slightly acidic water. Where limestone dissolves, an underground chamber forms. No one knows how many caves there are on Earth, probably millions. Many natural caves re- main undiscovered. Te largest known cave in the world is Hang Son Doong, located in the country of Vietnam. Tis cave was frst discovered 20 years ago and is more than 2.5 miles long. Its widest chambers are 300 feet wide and over 600 feet high—big enough to easily hold an entire New York City block of skyscrapers. A very large “room” in one section of the cave is equal to the size of the Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. Te name Hang Son Doong means Mountain River Cave. Te cave was originally discovered by a local man who heard a whistling sound made by an underground river. Flowing through the cave is a fast-fowing, subterranean river, the Rao Tuong River. During the fooding season, the river can rise close to 300 feet. References: Groleau, R. (October 1, 2002). How caves form. Retrieved June 23, 2012, from http://www.pbs.org/ wgbh/nova/earth/how-caves-form.html.
    [Show full text]
  • Download a Pdf of the Subterranean Renovations Publication
    SUBTERRANEAN RENOVATIONS THE UNIQUE ARCHITECTURAL SPACES OF SHOW CAVES Under America’s surficial terrain, another landscape lurks, where built and natural forms blend to create unusual spaces, in some of the more compelling tourist caves in the United States. ike an elaborate stage for an audienceless performance, spectacular natural caves L formed and transformed over the ages in the unseen world of the underground. Typically evolving drop by drop, as the earth melted away with the natural dissolution of limestone, strange sculptural creations grew in hollow cracks and capacious chambers; white curtains of speleothems like frozen waterfalls and delicate dioramas of stalactites mutated in geologic slow motion. Shallow pools of still water would mirror seemingly limitless distances, were it not for the absence of light, and sounds would echo, oddly magnified, except for the near total silence. When modern humans came into this subterranean world, first as explorers, then as tour- ists, they brought with them both light and sound, as well as shovels, cement, electricity, postcards, and even fried chicken. From the first lantern-led tours through Mammoth Cave in the early 1800's to the drive-through caves of today, the two hundred or so caves in the country that have been opened to the public (out of over 30,000 caves discovered in the United States so far) have been transformed by the interests of tourism and the fancy of cave owners and promoters. Most modifications to the natural cave are of a practical nature, made in order to accom- modate visitors. New cave entrances are blasted to allow more convenient access, path- ways are installed to allow visitors to move easily along the otherwise uneven cave floor, and lighting of some type is installed to make the formations and pathways visible.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Aquifers: Demonstration Using a Physical Model
    Understanding Aquifers: Demonstration using a Physical Model Part I: Aquifers Explained Geology is the science of planet Earth, its history, and all the processes that act on it. Hydrogeology is the branch of geology which studies how water and rocks interact underground, mainly in aquifers An aquifer is a rock unit that holds enough water to supply water to wells. Aquifers can be found in many types of rocks, such as sandstone, conglomerate, unconsolidated sand and gravel, and fractured rocks composed of limestone or igneous rocks. Here at Barton Springs in Austin, Texas, we are standing on top of the Edward’s Aquifer, composed mostly of fractured limestone. These fractured rocks dissolve overtime and can create large, cave-like systems called Karst aquifers. So when you hear the word Karst, think cave. Some of these caves are big, some of them are small. Karst aquifers are different from sedimentary aquifers, where water flows mostly through the gravel and sand grains similar to a sponge. Hydrogeologists use two terms when investigating aquifers—porosity and permeability. Porosity is all the empty pore space inside a rock given in a percent volume. Porosity represents the volume of water a rock formation can potentially hold. Permeability is how well a fluid can flow within the pore spaces of the rock within the aquifer. For water, we describe this property as hydraulic conductivity. For example, clay and rocks like pumice may have high porosity, but because the pores do not connect with each other, the permeability of these rocks is usually low. Layers of low-permeability material such as clay and shale typically act as barriers to groundwater flow and may often function as an aquitard within a groundwater flow system.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Responsible Caving Published by the National Speleological Society a Guide to Responsible Caving
    A Guide to Responsible Caving Published by The National Speleological Society A Guide to Responsible Caving National Speleological Society 2813 Cave Avenue Huntsville, AL 35810 256-852-1300 [email protected] www.caves.org Fourth Edition, 2009 Text: Cheryl Jones Design: Mike Dale/Switchback Design Printing: Raines This publication was made possible through a generous donation by Inner Mountain Outfitters. Copies of this Guide may be obtained through the National Speleological Society Web site. www.caves.org © Copyright 2009, National Speleological Society FOREWORD We explore caves for many reasons, but mainly for sport or scientific study. The sport caver has been known as a spelunker, but most cave explorers prefer to be called cavers. Speleology is the scientific study of the cave environment. One who studies caves and their environments is referred to as a speleologist. This publication deals primarily with caves and the sport of caving. Cave exploring is becoming increasingly popular in all areas of the world. The increase in visits into the underground world is having a detrimental effect on caves and relations with cave owners. There are many proper and safe caving methods. Included here is only an introduction to caves and caving, but one that will help you become a safe and responsible caver. Our common interests in caving, cave preservation and cave conservation are the primary reasons for the National Speleological Society. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced caver, we hope the guidelines in this booklet will be a useful tool for remembering the basics which are so essential to help preserve the cave environment, to strengthen cave owner relations with the caving community, and to make your visit to caves a safe and enjoyable one.
    [Show full text]
  • Cave Painting
    Cave Painting Cave paintings from Lascaux caves (Montignac, Dordogne, France) Some of the earliest examples of art include cave paintings found all over the world. Going as far back in time as tens of thousands of years, the paintings often show animals and humans in connection with the natural environment. These images give us a glimpse of the mind of the maker, communicating natural and possibly spiritual messages through symbolic drawings. Making art is a very human cultural experience, and our expression of art has been a constant practice right from the start. Neolithic cave paintings found in Tassil-n-Ajjer (Plateau of the Chasms) region of the Sahara Be inspired by cave paintings and make your own cave art! See below for examples of cave art from the Maxwell Museum Ancestors exhibit and click here for a video tutorial for making your own cave painting. Cave painting reproductions, Maxwell Museum – Salon Noir, Niaux, France Draw your own forms or use these traditional forms for inspiration. Resources: Cave painting online exhibit – Google Arts and Culture https://artsandculture.google.com/project/chauvet-cave Cave painting lesson plan from the National Endowment for the Humanities https://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plans/cave-art-discovering-prehistoric-humans-through-pictures UNESCO page on cave art around the world https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/?search=cave+art&order=country Lascaux guided tour – French Ministry of Culture https://archeologie.culture.fr/lascaux/fr#/en/00.xml/index.html Cave Art 101 – National Geographic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZjejoT1gFOc Lascaux Cave Paintings – Project #113 – United Art and Education https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E1HC3UeBAng Lessons on Lascaux – Dick Blick https://www.dickblick.com/lesson-plans/lessons-on-lascaux/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0yH0Ia3NDE Lulu inspired by cave art .
    [Show full text]
  • Caves and Karst in New Mexico
    Volume 3, Number 1, Winter 2003 CAVES AND KARST IN NEW MEXICO The caves of New Mexico are among rejoining) passage patterns are charac- the most outstanding, beautiful, and teristic of carbonic acid karst, branch- geologically significant in the world. In work caves being by far the most the south-central part of the state near common type. Well-known carbonic the town of Capitan are Fort Stanton acid caves include Mammoth Cave in Cave and Torgac Cave. In the south- Kentucky, Jewel and Wind Caves in eastern part of the state, southwest of South Dakota, Kartchner Caverns in the town of Carlsbad, are Carlsbad Arizona, and Fort Stanton Cave in Cavern, visitor attraction for millions, New Mexico. and Lechuguilla Cave, the deepest cave Thirty years ago cave researchers in the United States and fifth longest noted with interest the fact that many cave in the world. Also in the Carlsbad of the spectacular caves of New Mexico area is Parks Ranch Cave, the longest and Texas bore little resemblance to the gypsum cave in the United States. better-known caves of Kentucky and These caves and the landscapes in Virginia. Other similar caves had been which they occur are important geolog- noted since the 1930s. The patterns ic resources of New Mexico. In the past created by the cave passages themselves twenty years or so, they have played an were remarkably different and bore lit- important part in geologists’ growing tle relation to the known hydrologic understanding of how caves form. features of the area. Thus began the unraveling of one of the more interest- What is Karst? ing stories in the growth of our knowl- Karst is the term geologists use to edge of speleogenesis and the origin of describe a topography characterized by sulfuric acid caves.
    [Show full text]
  • Cave Paintings: the Studiowith Art from Prehistoric Times ART HIST RY KIDS
    Cave paintings: The Studiowith art from prehistoric times ART HIST RY KIDS LET’S LOOK AGAIN Take a few minutes to look at this cave art again – with fresh eyes. Looking at art once is never enough... there’s always more to see! What new things do you notice this week? You can look at everything together, or just focus on one painting. Note your new observations here. January 2019 | Week 2 1 Cave paintings: The Studiowith art from prehistoric times ART HIST RY KIDS A MAP OF THE CAVE One of the most fascinating things This organization suggests that the paintings in the about the Lascaux Cave is the layout. Lascaux Cave are more than just a collection of There’s a deliberate – and very organized – random drawings. The placement was thoughtful, composition to the placement of the art. and there was a reason for the art. Axial Gallery The Passage Hall of The Apse Diverticule of the Bulls the Felines The Shaft Entrance January 2019 | Week 2 2 Cave paintings: The Studiowith art from prehistoric times ART HIST RY KIDS LET’S MEET THE ARTISTS Who painted in the Lascaux Cave? Who painted in the Las- caux Cave? The ancient cave artists lived long ago and it is a challenge to know who they were and what their lives were like. Archaeologists have studied the people who lived in this area during the time the cave paintings were created. They’ve named this group of people the Magdalenians. Archaeologists learned that the Sitting down are two of the four boys who discovered the Lascaux Cave.
    [Show full text]
  • Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Dark
    World Heritage 43 COM Patrimoine mondial Paris, 23 November 2018 Original: English / français UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION ORGANISATION DES NATIONS UNIES POUR L'EDUCATION, LA SCIENCE ET LA CULTURE CONVENTION CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE CONVENTION CONCERNANT LA PROTECTION DU PATRIMOINE MONDIAL, CULTUREL ET NATUREL WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE / COMITE DU PATRIMOINE MONDIAL Forty-third session / Quarante-troisième session Baku, Azerbaijan / Bakou, Azerbaidjan 30 June - 10 July 2019 / 30 juin - 10 juillet 2019 Item 7 of the Provisional Agenda: State of conservation of properties inscribed on the World Heritage List and/or on the List of World Heritage in Danger Point 7 de l’Ordre du jour provisoire: Etat de conservation de biens inscrits sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial et/ou sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial en péril MISSION REPORT / RAPPORT DE MISSION Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (Viet Nam) (951bis) Parc national de Phong Nha-Ke Bang (Viet Nam) (951 bis) 11-20 July 2018 Report on the Joint WHC/IUCN Reactive Monitoring Mission to Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (11-20 July 2018) REPORT ON THE JOINT WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE/IUCN REACTIVE MONITORING MISSION TO PHONG NHA-KE BANG NATIONAL PARK (VIET NAM) FROM 11 TO 20 JULY 2018 Photo © IUCN / Remco van Merm July 2018 2 Report on the Joint WHC/IUCN Reactive Monitoring Mission to Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (11-20 July 2018) TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, OVERALL APPRAISAL AND LIST OF RECOMMENDATIONS ................6 1 BACKGROUND TO THE MISSION ............................................................................................ 14 1.1 Inscription History ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Responsible Caving
    Published by the National Speleological Society Photo by Ryan Maurer 1 A Guide to Responsible Caving National Speleological Society 6001 Pulaski Pike Huntsville, AL 35810-1122 256-852-1300 • [email protected] www.caves.org Fifth Edition, 2016 Text: Cheryl Jones Design: Mike Dale/Switchback Design Photos: Selected from those accepted for show in the 2015 NSS Photo Salon Printing: Terry Raines Copies of this Guide may be obtained through the National Speleological Society website. www.caves.org © Copyright 2016, National Speleological Society FOREWORD aving can be a rewarding, safe, and fun activity when you are properly trained, equipped, and Cprepared. But there is more to being a “real” caver than having the correct skills and gear: you also must be a responsible caver. This means you show respect for the cave, and its challenges, environment, and creatures, as well as for cave owners and their property. This is critical to preserving the cave wilderness and keeping caves open to cavers for years to come. In this booklet, the National Speleological Society (NSS) provides an introduction to becoming a responsible caver. We hope these guidelines will help make your ventures underground safe and enjoyable, and pave the way for you to become a respected member of the caving community. I encourage you to join a local chapter of the NSS to develop your skills and knowledge with experienced cavers and speleologists, and become a part of the caving community. This is the fifth edition of my original booklet, A Guide to Responsible Caving. A special thank-you to my fellow cavers for their hard work and dedication: Cheryl Jones for revising and editing this publication and Michael Dale for the design and layout.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of the Mammoth Cave Aquifer
    Characterization of the Mammoth Cave aquifer Dr Steve Worthington Worthington Groundwater Mammoth Cave area Mammoth Cave 300 miles Martin Ridge Cave Model 1 assumptions • Karst feature are local scale • Aquifer behaves as porous medium at large scale • Useful data for calibration – 1) Heads in wells – 2) Hydraulic conductivity from well tests Water level data Hydraulic conductivity data • Matrix 2 x10-11 m/s • Slug tests (geo . mean) 6x106 x 10-6 m/s • Slug test (arith. mean) 3 x 10-5 m/s • PiPumping tests 3103 x 10-4 m/s • MODFLOW (EPM) 1 x 10-3 m/s MODFLOW - homogeneous EPM simulation K=1.1x10-3 m/s 48 wells mean absolute error = 12 m Simulated tracer paths 54 tracer injection locations Actual tracer paths f4ifrom 54 inputs to 3 springs Problems with model 1 • Major assumption incorrect • Lab studies and numerical models (e.g . Plummer and Wigley, 1976; Dreybrodt, 1996) suggest channel networks and caves should always form) • Karst aquifers are not just “features” Model 2 assumptions • Aquifer has integrated conduit network • Useful data for calibration – 1) Hea ds in we lls – 2) Hydraulic conductivity from well tests – 3)dddihi) Heads and discharge in cond diuits – 4) Tracer tests Water level data Simulated tracer paths all 54 tracer paths go to correct spring MODFLOW with high K cells K 2x10-5 to 7 m/s MbltMean absolute error 4 m Result s of M ODFL OW with “conduits cells” • Head error reduced from 11 m to 4 m • Tracer paths accurately shown • Model reasonable for steady-state • Poor performance for transient (hours) • Poor performance
    [Show full text]