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Aèlred of Rievaulx' De Spiritali Amic~Tia: A

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Aèlred of Rievaulx' De Spiritali Amic~Tia: A -' , , " , . , . ~ r .... 1 ~èn ," , , , '. \ AÈLRED OF RIEVAULX' DE SPIRITALI AMIC~TIA:, A 'DISCUSSION " ,/ by - ," ~ 1• Davena Davis ! . , ,. - , . A thesls submitted to -the Faculty of Gr'aduate' Studie'S and Rese:arch in partial fuIf! Iment of the .requirements for the degree of Ma·ster of ~,r~s \. Department of Classlcs, McGilL University, Mon~rea'1, Quebec. Febrtuary'., ,1980. , , , ABSTRACT , J .. Aelred oT Rlevaul~, a twelfth-century Cistercian, wrote a dialogue in Latin entitled De sniritali amicitia (On . \ o spiritual friendshin). Except superficlally, it ls not " " , j , ·simlIa.,r to Cicero' s dialogue on friendshlp,; De amiciti.3.~ Aelred,is best known for, another work, Sneculum caritatis' (The mirror of cha~ity), ta which De snirita1i ~micitia " may be considered a sequel. His .philosonhy on friendship ls' ex~ressed in a statement at the end of the flrst book: "Qui manet in amicitia, in Dea manet et 'Deus in eo.". '1'his he explains and defend~ in the three books which make un the dialop-;ue~' Increasing the i11us,10n" 6f authenticity, 'the , l ' interlocutors raise intell~~ent arp-;uments and opjections . 1 .\ In-t-erest in iXelred has shown a m)n:k~d \ increase esnec,f.a11y in the past ~wo decades, and th~s thesis has as its aim a discussion' of ,De sPlr:i.té;l.11 amicltià, as a I1terar~ work, -,' 1 l ' , 1 t , . ABREGE / \ Aelred de Rievaulx, un molné cistercien, est \ l'auteur d'un dialo~ue rédi~é en latin eut )ntitulé De spiritali amiçitia. Aelred a subi- l'influençe de .l'oeuvre de Cicéron qUi porte le titre, De amicitia, mais le rapport 1 ! est en réalité, superficiel et les deux textes ne sont nas . , r / 1 semblables. Une autre oeuvre d' Aelred, Speculum ca'ri tatis, est bien èonnue. De spiritali amicitia en est la suite. La phllosonhi~ de l'auteur concernant l'amitié se résume en Jun nassage qui apnarait à la·fin dû premier'ouvrap,e: "Oul manet in amicitia, in Dea manet' et Deus in eo." Aelred explique et soutient ce prinçipe dans les trois volumes qui .. constituent le,dialogue. L'illusion d'une véritablé 'authen-" ticÙé s' accer;tue lorsque ies interlocut'eurs soulèvl,ent " , . di vers m:"guments et obj ection,s. Au cours de-s deux dernières . décennies, l'oeuvre d'Aelred a auscit~ u~ int~~êt de plus en' plus marqué. C ~est po,llrqu~i la présente t'hèse a pour ·but <, de discuter De spiritali amicitia du point de vue littérai~e . et à'la lumi~re de la scolastique en caU8e . .' 111 ,. " . , . l' .. iJ1 ..1. _vo "fi M 1 U Il " , -1 ., \ - " --'l"';:' 1 • '\"li:~ ~", i. " t " , ~ '1 ", ( \ ACKNO\AlLEDGMENTS , 1 r C ',,0"'",/ ',' . , 0 , " l wouÏd liké't~ take the oDbortunity ta expres~ 1 my gratitude to McGill Uni versi ty for r-ranting nie a stud,y leave ta work on this essay, ta ~y collea~ues for their r: e~couragement and support, and te Inter-Library Leans , " McLennari Library for their invalua91e assistance. , ' ( , ,1 II '. I , 1 ,( ,, " , ; f' i f -~ 1 /, .- y -; '. , ( " ", , ,r 1 ,1 () 1 ,( v .' ',' 9 - 1 ", , \ /\ , :', PREFACE ') " Aelred of Rievaulx,l a twelfth century Ci~tercian, wrot~ a dIalogue on spirituàl friendship which he modelled on Cicero's De amicitia. Ta anyone familiar with De amicltii; a first readi~g of De spiritali amicltia emph~­ sizes the similarity. However, each subsequent readin~ revé~ls more and ~or~,the ~ubtle a~d not sa subtle differenceR. Aelred spent most of his relatively short lif~j, (he ~ , died in his làte fifties') in Yorkshire. He was elected - abbot 9f Rievaulx in 1147 and during the next twenty yearS wrote" the maj ori ty bf his works. He was requiredç to lJ\alie " , annu~l visits ta ~.ievau1,x 1 da,ughter 0oU,ses in En~land under the ardubus ,travellirig conditions of,the time and, for ~o~~ years, an annual'jo~rney ta Claifvaux. In the midst of • ,these traveis and his wr1 tinp;, and desoi te .his, inëreasin~ .. ill he~lth, he managed ta make ,Rievau1x one of ih~ most , , Cistenc~~n "Inclitus Ael'redus, sought-after houses. , ' •• , f ) conditus aromate ,morum ét mellis favus et dulcedo fuit . " ITh'ere are two common v?-riants to Aelred 1 s name:' : ,Ailrw and Ethelred,. For the .purposes of this essay, he will Qe 'refe>rred ta as Aelred e.xcept in iihe footnotes and bibliography where s when necessary, Ethelred, ~he Library ( . ," of Cçmgress f~rm' of name,"'will be used. , vi ,l' ~ '1': ',' , ,~",. l'~ ", ' .. 1 ( ~. ' , ' , , ,,, ." , ~,1t=.w.f~;~~~~ tiii.~ '»t~..... .,~..1. ..--.t_--" ~~--; .. ~-:---;-:-;- ,~~...:"'!-~ ,.17k~"W~--t.rtditta.".-~~~~~ l ' • 1 ~ '1.... - - ~r- ~~ ~ .. -.. ~ " o ( , mo~achorum fIbre luventutis hunc regis yegia fovit~ was what Matthew the Prechantor of .Rievaulx said of him. 1 o His liteF~ry out?ut was quite considerable rn view . , , ~f his ~uties as abbot and the severe illnesses of hts later years. De sniritali amicitia is one of his comnosi­ tions most r~vealing of the compassion, love and understanding which Aelred showeq to his fellow men. It was written in two installments sorne ye~rs anart a& a comnanion or sequel to Gne of hts best known works, Soeculum caritatis. l , ~Nul n'a fait la théorie de l'amitié chrétienne avec autant de méthode et de bénétration qu' t Aelred:,. ,,2 "He h~\ .. given us the perfeQct example of Cistercian humanism: a system of s~irituality whiçh is fundamentally \ ~iblical, but the building of which has been stimulated and . ai;; i t were nourj shed by the ancient cla~sics." 3 , He lived durin~ a neriod wh en the(3ducated were familiar with the masterpieces of Latin 1iterature. Men and women alike were well acquainted wi th the writers of the Silver'Age. Euroneans suddenly realized that they could l Ci ted by A. Stacpoole, "Aelred tQe Abbot," Pax, LVI , ,1 (Autumn/Winter 1966), 67. 2, 1 .. G. Vansteenberghe, 'Amitie," Dictionnaire de snirit- uali té (Paris: Beauchesne, 1932~ . l, Vol. 1, col. 516. 3Louis Bouyer, The C~stercian heritage, transe by ~Elizabeth A.... Livinp;stone (London: Mowb~ay, 1958), p. 157. vii " , bene fi t from a deeper know1ed~e of their c1assiea1 heritage. A vast amo\lnt ot elassica1 mat~ria1 beeame available to the 1 Western wor1d between 1000 and '1150. 1 Nothin~, perhaps, sho~s both the reality and the extent . , of the ~raining o~ classica1 ~ode1s than the faci1ity with whfch numbers were able to comODse s~ts of perfectly correct Latin verses . That the inhabitants of nunneries in Wessex should have been able to' write . passable elegiacs, and that- it r~qould haVe seemed n~tural to a monk when coml1osing a saiht" s lire ta break wi thout warn~rg or apparent reason iQto alcaic5~ heAdecasyllabics and,the still more elaborate iambic and trachaic metres, are phenomena of the late eleventh ce~tury to which it would be hard to find a parallel save in the fifteenth or early sixteenth. 2 The depth of Ae1red's ear1y education i~ not known \ and he repeatediy. professed', a làck of ,book l,earning--"scienter nesciens et saplenter indactus." It would not seem ta have I~ • been the case: ,-~' Tt is true that . Aelred lacked the feeling; for style' which marked St. Bernard .... Like most of the Ci'stercians of his century, Aelred wrote a Latin wnich was in general correct,' 1 i-moi,d " aboundinp; in well-chiselled formulae" but without brilliance. But perhans mor~ th an atiy of the others, he was formed by the classics, a'bove aIl by Cicero,'but also by other prose writers such as Sallust, and by the poets. 3 , . 4' On the other ftand, one has but tD read sorne of his later IR. R. Bolgar, The ,classical heritage and its bene­ ficiaries (Cambridge: University Press, 1954), P. 200. ? . > 1 .- -S. Knowles, "The humanism of the twelfth cent ury ," in Historian and character (Cambrid~e: University Press, 1963), p. '28. ' 3Bouyer, Cistercian heritagè, p. 125-126. -~ v111 , \ l' wor.ks, notably De insti tutioné inclusarum and Oratio pastora1is, to, real1ze that his hum1li ty in this rep-;ard was / , , ., unfounded. 1 J. Dubois, who' was one of the first to make available a translatiqn and commentary ,or De spiritali 4' '- amicitia, writes: "Aelred écrit en latin, et même en beaù '---... ·'l latin. Il ,a~une bonn"e plume ... il use de ces p;entillesses o (" Q • de style avec 'toute la d~xteri té sOUha\table, maj.~ en gaVdan,t touj ours une certaine réserve. 112, , . , ' , In the ~rolague ta De spiritali artîicitia, Aelred wri tes: Tandem aliquando mihl venit in manus ,. liber ilre qu~m 'de' amicitia Tullius scrips,;ft ... ' .. ~ . .Occurrebant anima quae de amiei tia in prae ta libello legeram, et iam mirabar quod non mihi mo e /' solito 'saoiebant . CUI)'l autem in sanctoruIt patrum, :tltteris ,de amic~tia p1ura legi9-sem, ." . " (Prologus -:-6) Not only Cicero's influence, but aiso that of St. August ne .' and St. Bernard of Clairvauxo (to name but a few), can be seen in the dialogue. 3 The editors and translators of . ) lStacpoole,' "Aelred the Abbot, Il p. 71 says: II a beautiful piece of latini ty, which portrays the charm of one matured in letters . no less than in spiritual office. Il referring to Orati·o, p'astoralis! 2Ethelred, L'amitié spirituelle, présentation, traduction et note.s par J. Dubois (Bruges:" Edi tians C .. Beyaert, 1948), p. ciL 3D~uglas Roby in hls introduction to M.E. Laker's translation of De spiri taU amlcitia (Kalamazoo, Mich.: , ,D. '" Cistercian "Publications, .1917, 45, n.
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