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Chihuahua HOY 2011 Chihuahua HOY 2011 V ISIONES DE SU H ISTORIA, E CONOMÍA, P OLÍTICA Y C ULTURA Tomo IX Derechos reservados para esta primera edición 2011: © Víctor Manuel Orozco, por coordinación. © Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez. © Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua © Instituto Chihuahuense de la Cultura © Foto de cubierta: Víctor Orozco. (Ciudad Cuauhtémoc y campos menonitas) ISBN: 978-607-7953-60-9 La edición, diseño y producción editorial, fue realizada por la Dirección General de Difusión Cultural y Divulgación Científica a través de la Subdirección de Publicaciones Cuidado de la edición: José Jasso y la Subdirección de Publicaciones Diseño de cubierta e interiores: Gerardo Sotelo Castillo Editado y producido en México Chihuahua HOY 2011 V ISIONES DE SU H ISTORIA, E CONOMÍA, P OLÍTICA Y C ULTURA Tomo IX Nolberto Acosta • Ricardo Almeida • Alan Cornejo Alonso Domínguez • Armida Estrada • Oliverio Ferman Margarita Grajeda • Koldovike Ibarra Myrna Limas • José Alberto López • Beatriz Maldonado Guadalupe de la Mora • Víctor Orozco • Héctor Padilla Gustavo Herón Pérez • Lucía Quintana • Víctor Quintana Ignacio del Río • César Silva • Élide Staines Claudia Vargas • Dizán Vázquez VÍCTOR OROZCO COORDINADOR ÉRIKA SENA SUBCOORDINADORA UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE CIUDAD JUÁREZ UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE CHIHUAHUA INSTITUTO CHIHUAHUENSE DE LA CULTURA INSTITUTO CHIHUAHUENSE DE LA CULTURA César Horacio Duarte Jáquez Gobernador Constitucional del Estado de Chihuahua Jorge Quintana Silveyra Secretario de Educación, Cultura y Deporte Fermín Gutiérrez Galindo Director del Instituto Chihuahuense de la Cultura Luis Iván Carlos Hernández Jefe de la Oficina de Desarrollo Artístico Gonzalo R. García Terrazas Fondo Estatal para la Cultura y las Artes de Chihuahua CONSEJO NACIONAL PARA LA CULTURA Y LAS ARTES Consuelo Sáizar Guerrero Presidenta Susana Phelts Ramos Directora General de Vinculación Cultural Amalia Galván Trejo Directora de Vinculación con Estados y Municipios de la Dirección General de Vinculación Cultural Miguel Ángel Manzano Romero Coordinador Zona Norte de la Dirección General de Vinculación Cultural UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE CIUDAD JUÁREZ Javier Sánchez Carlos Rector David Ramírez Perea Secretario General René Javier Soto Cavazos Director del Instituto de Ciencias Sociales y Administración Martha Patricia Barraza de Anda Coordinadora General de Investigación y Posgrado Servando Pineda Jaimes Director General de Difusión Cultural y Divulgación Científica UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE CHIHUAHUA Jesús Enrique Seáñez Sáenz Rector Saúl Arnulfo Martínez Campos Secretario General Sergio Reaza Escárcega Director de Extensión y Difusión Cultural Heriberto Ramírez Luján Jefe del Departamento Editorial ÍNDICE Presentación ............................................................................................15 Víctor Orozco VIDA COTIDIANA EN LAS POSTRIMERÍAS DE EL PASO COLONIAL ..............19 La población y sus clases ......................................................................19 Los indios enemigos...............................................................................24 Poblamiento y fundación de El Carrizal ..............................................26 Producción y comercio ..........................................................................28 Dueños y trabajadores ..........................................................................30 Prácticas jurídicas ...................................................................................37 Herramientas y objetos de uso personal .............................................41 Tiempos y noticias .................................................................................43 Enseñanza de las primeras letras .........................................................44 Inferencias y conclusiones ....................................................................45 Referencias bibliográficas ......................................................................46 Archivos consultados .............................................................................47 Ignacio del Río LAS MINAS Y EL MERCADO CHIHUAHUENSE EN LOS ALBORES DEL MÉXICO INDEPENDIENTE (1821-1846) ........................................................49 Dizán Vázquez LEONARDO GASSÓ SJ Y SU PROYECTO DE REFORMA SOCIAL EN LA TARAHUMARA, 1902-1906 .........................................................................71 El padre Gassó en la Tarahumara ........................................................71 CHIHUAHUA HOY 2011 7 Manos a la obra ......................................................................................72 Gassó ante Don Porfirio Díaz ................................................................75 Gassó y el gobernador Creel .................................................................81 Se levanta la oposición ..........................................................................93 Con los kuna de Panamá .....................................................................103 Gassó: indigenista y lingüista.............................................................104 Bibliografía .............................................................................................108 Alonso Domínguez LA DESINTEGRACIÓN DEL LATIFUNDIO TERRAZAS. HISTORIA DE LA PROPIEDAD ...................................................................................................................113 Panorama de la desintegración del latifundio Terrazas para 1930 ........................................................................................120 Panorama de la desintegración del latifundio Terrazas para 1935 ........................................................................................124 La lotificación del latifundio ................................................................131 La persistencia del latifundismo y neolatifundistas .......................137 El campesinado y el fraccionamiento del latifundio Terrazas........138 Bibliografía ............................................................................................145 Víctor M. Quintana LA SOCIEDAD CIVIL ORGANIZADA DE CHIHUAHUA ANTE LA INSEGURIDAD Y LA VIOLENCIA (1988-2010) ..............................................149 Introducción ...........................................................................................149 1. El surgimiento de las organizaciones de derechos humanos y feministas: 1988-1994 ...............................................150 1.1 Contexto necesario: insurgencia electoral y avance del narcotráfico ........................................................................150 1.2 El nuevo foco de aglutinación: los derechos humanos ......151 1.2.1 La campaña “Tortura Nunca Más” ...............................152 1.2.2 La protesta contra el asesinato del Padre Madrigal y el matrimonio Betancourt en Ciudad Juárez ..........155 1.2.3 La protesta contra el asesinato de Víctor Manuel Oropeza ............................................156 1.2.4 La violencia contra las comunidades ódames (tepehuanes) de Baborigame ........................................157 1.3 Los movimientos de mujeres ........................................................160 8 CHIHUAHUA HOY 2011 2. La reacción de la sociedad civil chihuahuense ante el feminicidio, 1993-2010 ..............................................................162 2.1 Los datos del feminicidio ..................................................... 162 2.2 La respuesta organizativa de la sociedad civil ...................164 2.3 La respuesta en movilización social .....................................169 2.4 Los más importantes impactos de la organización y acción de los agrupamientos sociales ..............................171 2.4.1 Incidencia pública .........................................................172 2.4.2 Promociones jurídicas ...................................................173 2.4.3 Visibilización del feminicidio ......................................174 2.4.4 Construcción de una amplia red de organizaciones .........................................................174 2.4.5 Construcción de ciudadanía y de saberes ................175 3. Las organizaciones de la sociedad civil en el contexto de generalización e intensificación de la violencia en Chihuahua: 2007-¿? ....................................................................175 3.1 El entorno ...................................................................................175 3.2 La respuesta organizativa de la sociedad civil chihuahuense ....................................................................179 3.2.1. Organizaciones y movimientos formados al calor de la coyuntura ...............................................................180 3.2.2. Las organizaciones civiles existentes antes de 2007 ..................................................................181 3.2.3 Los grupos de trabajo de “Todos somos Juárez” ...............................................182 3.3 Las principales acciones de la sociedad civil organizada ..........................................................................183 Conclusiones generales ........................................................................183 Referencias bibliográficas ....................................................................186 Alan Cornejo SOBREVIVIR EN JUáREZ: UNA DIMENSIÓN POLÍTICA DEL CAOS .............187 Introducción .........................................................................................187 Políticas prohibicionistas: El mayor incentivo para el gran negocio de
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