TDI Diver Standards
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Hypothermia and Respiratory Heat Loss While Scuba Diving
HYPOTHERMIA AND RESPIRATORY HEAT LOSS WHILE SCUBA DIVING Kateřina Kozáková Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Department of Biomedical Labo- ratory Abstract One of the factors affecting length of stay under water of a diver is heat comfort. During scuba diving there is an increased risk of hypothermia. Hypothermia is one of the most life threatening factors of a diver and significantly affects his performance. The body heat loss runs by different mechanisms. One of them is the respiratory mechanism, which is often overlooked. Compressed dry air or other media is coming out from the cylinder, which have to be heated and humidified to a suitable value. Thus the organism loses body heat and consequently energy. Based on literature search the article will describe safe dive time in terms of hypo- thermia in connection to respiratory heat loss. Key words: hypothermia, heat loss, respiration, scuba diving, water environment Souhrn Jedním z faktorů ovlivňujících délku pobytu potápěče pod vodou je tepelný komfort. Během výkonu přístro- jového potápění hrozí zvýšené riziko hypotermie. Hypotermie představuje jedno z nejzávažnějších ohrožení života potápěče a zásadně ovlivňuje jeho výkon. Ke ztrátám tělesného tepla dochází různými mechanismy. Jednou cestou tepelných ztrát je ztráta tepla dýcháním, která je často opomíjená. Z potápěčského přístroje vychází suchý stlačený vzduch nebo jiné médium, který je třeba při dýchání ohřát a zvlhčit na potřebnou hodnotu. Tím organismus ztrácí tělesné teplo a potažmo energii. Tento článek, na základě literární rešerše, popíše bezpečnou dobou ponoru z hlediska hypotermie a v souvislosti se ztrátou tepla dýcháním. Klíčová slova: hypotermie, ztráta tepla, dýchání, přístrojové potápění, vodní prostředí Introduction amount of body heat. -
Why Heating System in Important Underwater?
HEATING SYSTEM Extend Your Limits & Stay Dry & Keep Warm Would you like to dive longer, deeper and in a more comfortable manner? Please see our innovative heating products. They will let you spend more time under water and facilitate the penetration of wrecks and caves by providing the feeling of warmth and increasing comfort and safety. Choose comfort and feel the difference while diving in our heating system! THE INFLUENCE OF COLD WATER ON A DIVER’S BODY Thermal protection is an important factor during diving. Its failure can cause thermoregulatory disorders. Without extra protection, most divers consider the temperature of 27°C as comfortable when under water. But what if you dive in colder waters? Or longer and deeper? Learn about the factors that affect your thermal balance and safety during the dive: 1. Body cooling Under water both diver’s body and mind must be efficient at all times. A diver whose temperature has fallen down begins to think and act unreasonably and thoughtlessly. Proper temperature of hands is an extremely important issue. When in emergency, capable hands can save your life. Sometimes you only have few seconds to solve the problem, like unfastening a snap hook. It takes much longer when your hands are cold. 2. Constricted blood vessels Blood vessels constrict in low temperature. Constricted blood vessels may cause decompression to be dangerous. Decompression limits are calculated for an average diver whose body functions properly and is not cooled down. However, the constricted blood vessels cause the blood to circulate more slowly. Gas bubbles may cause embolism. -
Escherichia Coli HD701
The Process Intensification of Biological Hydrogen Production by Escherichia coli HD701 By Michael Sulu A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Chemical Engineering College of Engineering and Physical Sciences The University of Birmingham November 2009 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract Hydrogen is seen as a potential fuel for the future; its choice is driven by the increasing awareness of the necessity for clean fuel. Together with the simultaneous development of “green technologies” and sustainable development, a current goal is to convert waste to energy or to create energy from a renewable resource. Biological processing [of renewables] or bioremediation of waste to create hydrogen as a product fulfils this goal and, as such, is widely researched. In this work, an already established process, using a hydrogenase up‐regulated strain ‐ was characterised and the important process parameters were established. This bacterial strain has the potential for industrial‐scale hydrogen production from, for example, waste sugars. Previous work, repeated here, showed that hydrogen could be generated by E. -
Drag Levels and Energy Requirements on a SCUBA Diver
Loughborough University Institutional Repository Drag levels and energy requirements on a SCUBA diver This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository by the/an author. Citation: PASSMORE, M.A and RICKERS, G., 2002. Drag levels and energy requirements on a SCUBA diver. Journal of Sports Engineering, 5(4), pp. 173- 182. Additional Information: • The final publication is available at www.springerlink.com. Metadata Record: https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6649 Version: Accepted for publication Publisher: Springer ( c International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA)) Please cite the published version. This item was submitted to Loughborough’s Institutional Repository (https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/) by the author and is made available under the following Creative Commons Licence conditions. For the full text of this licence, please go to: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ Drag levels and Energy Requirements on a SCUBA Diver. M.A. Passmore, G Rickers Loughborough University Department of Aeronautical and Automotive Engineering ABSTRACT The popularity of sport diving has increased rapidly since its inception in the 1950’s. Over this period, the trend has been to increase the amount of equipment carried by the diver. There are many undoubted safety advantages associated with the additional kit, but under some conditions, it can impose an additional burden in the form of increased drag. The purpose of this paper is to identify the drag penalties for a number of simple SCUBA configurations. This is achieved through scale model experiments conducted in a wind tunnel. Some comments on the associated energy requirements are made, and from these, the effect on a diver’s bottom time is briefly addressed. -
Underwater Speleology Journal of the Cave Diving Section of the National Speleological Society
Underwater Speleology Journal of the Cave Diving Section of the National Speleological Society INSIDE THIS ISSUE: Possible Explanations For The Lack Of Formations In Underwater Caves In FLA The Challenge At Challenge Cave Diving Science Visit with A Cave: Cannonball Cow Springs Clean Up Volume 41 Number 1 January/February/March 2014 Underwater Speleology NSS-CDS Volume 41 Number 1 BOARD OF DIRECTORS January/February/March 2014 CHAIRMAN contents Joe Citelli (954) 646-5446 [email protected] Featured Articles VICE CHAIRMAN Tony Flaris (904) 210-4550 Possible Explanations For The Lack Of Formations In Underwater Caves In FLA [email protected] By Dr. Jason Gulley and Dr. Jason Polk............................................................................6 TREASURER The Challenge At Challenge Terri Simpson By Jim Wyatt.................................................................................................................8 (954) 275-9787 [email protected] Cave Diving Science SECRETARY By Peter Buzzacott..........................................................................................................10 TJ Muller Visit With A Cave: Cannonball [email protected] By Doug Rorex.................................................................................................................16 PROGRAM DIRECTORS Book Review: Classic Darksite Diving: Cave Diving Sites of Britain and Europe David Jones By Bill Mixon..............................................................................................................24 -
PROLOGUE If I Die, It Will Be in the Most Glorious Place That Nobody
PROLOGUE 2001 If I die, it will be in the most glorious place that nobody has ever seen. I can no longer feel the fingers in my left hand. The glacial Antarctic water has seeped through a tiny puncture in my formerly waterproof glove. If this water were one-tenth of a degree colder, the ocean would become solid. Fighting the knife-edged freeze is depleting my strength, my blood vessels throbbing in a futile attempt to deliver warmth to my extremities. The archway of ice above our heads is furrowed like the surface of a golf ball, carved by the hand of the sea. Iridescent blue, Wedgwood, azure, cerulean, cobalt, and pastel robin’s egg meld with chalk and silvery alabaster. The ice is vibrant, bright, and at the same time ghostly, shadowy. The beauty contradicts the danger. We are the first people to cave dive inside an iceberg. And we may not live to tell the story. It’s February, in the middle of what passes for summer in Antarctica. My job, for National Geographic, is to lead an advanced technical diving team in search of underwater caves deep within the largest moving object on earth, the B-15 iceberg. I had known that diving into tunnels inside this giant piece of ice would be difficult, but I hadn’t calculated that getting out would be nearly impossible. The tidal currents accelerated so quickly that they’ve caged us inside the ice. We’re trapped in this frozen fortress, and I have to figure out how to escape. -
8. Decompression Procedures Diver
TDI Standards and Procedures Part 2: TDI Diver Standards 8. Decompression Procedures Diver 8.1 Introduction This course examines the theory, methods and procedures of planned stage decompression diving. This program is designed as a stand-alone course or it may be taught in conjunction with TDI Advanced Nitrox, Advanced Wreck, or Full Cave Course. The objective of this course is to train divers how to plan and conduct a standard staged decompression dive not exceeding a maximum depth of 45 metres / 150 feet. The most common equipment requirements, equipment set-up and decompression techniques are presented. Students are permitted to utilize enriched air nitrox (EAN) mixes or oxygen for decompression provided the gas mix is within their current certification level. 8.2 Qualifications of Graduates Upon successful completion of this course, graduates may engage in decompression diving activities without direct supervision provided: 1. The diving activities approximate those of training 2. The areas of activities approximate those of training 3. Environmental conditions approximate those of training Upon successful completion of this course, graduates are qualified to enroll in: 1. TDI Advanced Nitrox Course 2. TDI Extended Range Course 3. TDI Advanced Wreck Course 4. TDI Trimix Course 8.3 Who May Teach Any active TDI Decompression Procedures Instructor may teach this course Version 0221 67 TDI Standards and Procedures Part 2: TDI Diver Standards 8.4 Student to Instructor Ratio Academic 1. Unlimited, so long as adequate facility, supplies and time are provided to ensure comprehensive and complete training of subject matter Confined Water (swimming pool-like conditions) 1. -
DNVGL-OS-E402 Diving Systems
OFFSHORE STANDARDS DNVGL-OS-E402 Edition January 2017 Diving systems The content of this service document is the subject of intellectual property rights reserved by DNV GL AS ("DNV GL"). The user accepts that it is prohibited by anyone else but DNV GL and/or its licensees to offer and/or perform classification, certification and/or verification services, including the issuance of certificates and/or declarations of conformity, wholly or partly, on the basis of and/or pursuant to this document whether free of charge or chargeable, without DNV GL's prior written consent. DNV GL is not responsible for the consequences arising from any use of this document by others. The electronic pdf version of this document, available free of charge from http://www.dnvgl.com, is the officially binding version. DNV GL AS FOREWORD DNV GL offshore standards contain technical requirements, principles and acceptance criteria related to classification of offshore units. © DNV GL AS January 2017 Any comments may be sent by e-mail to [email protected] This service document has been prepared based on available knowledge, technology and/or information at the time of issuance of this document. The use of this document by others than DNV GL is at the user's sole risk. DNV GL does not accept any liability or responsibility for loss or damages resulting from any use of this document. CHANGES – CURRENT This document supersedes DNV-OS-E402 Offshore standard for Diving systems, October 2010 and DNV-DS- E403 Standard for Surface Diving Systems, July 2012 Changes in this document are highlighted in red colour. -
Katana Sidemount Harness USER GUIDE KATANA USER GUIDE
Katana Sidemount Harness USER GUIDE KATANA USER GUIDE Contents NOTICES................................................................................................................................................................3 DANGERS, WARNINGS, CAUTIONS, & NOTES..................................................................................................3 WARNINGS............................................................................................................................................................4 INTRODUCTION............... ....................................................................................................................................5 UNDERSTANDING THE KATANA SIDEMOUNT HARNESS................................................................................6 HOW TO "RIG" YOUR CYLINDERS......................................................................................................................7 ATTACHING CYLINDERS TO THE KATANA SIDEMOUNT HARNESS...............................................................8 FINAL CONFIGURATION......................................................................................................................................9 REFERENCE/PART INFO....................................................................................................................................10 CARE AND MAINTENANCE................................................................................................................................11 RECORDS............................................................................................................................................................12 -
10. Helitrox Instructor
TDI Instructor Manual Date: 01/01/2013 Leadership Standards Version: 13.0 10. Helitrox Instructor 10.1 Introduction The Helitrox Instructor course provides the training required to competently teach the methods and procedures for planned stage decompression diving utilizing Helium in the breathing mixture. The objective of this course is to train instructors how to teach standard staged decompression diving not exceeding a maximum depth of 45 metres / 150 feet. Enriched air nitrox (EAN) and Helium mixes with no greater than 20% He content, and up to 100% oxygen for decompression diving are permitted. Breathing gas mixtures containing more than 20% Helium or less than 21% oxygen are not permitted (+/- 1%). 10.2 Qualifications of Graduates Upon completion of this course, graduates may teach Helitrox divers provided: 1. The diving activities approximate those of training 2. The area of activities approximate those of training 3. Environmental conditions approximate those of training 10.3 Who May Teach 1. Any active TDI Helitrox Instructor Trainer may teach this course 10.4 Candidate to Instructor Ratio Academic 1. Unlimited, so long as adequate facility, supplies and additional time are provided to ensure comprehensive and complete training of subject matter Open Water 1. A maximum of 4 instructor candidates per active TDI Instructor Trainer are allowed; it is the instructor trainer’s discretion to reduce this number as conditions dictate 10.5 Candidate Prerequisites 1. Minimum age 2l 2. Minimum certification as a TDI Trimix Diver or Helitrox diver and a TDI Advanced Nitrox and Decompression Procedures Instructor, or equivalent 3. Proof of 10 certified advanced nitrox or decompression procedures divers; minimum of 5 must be decompression procedures divers 4. -
Guideline for Technical Regulation on Hydropower Civil Works
SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Ministry of Construction (MOC) Guideline for Technical Regulation on Hydropower Civil Works Design and Construction of Civil Works and Hydromechanical Equipment Final Draft June 2013 Japan International Cooperation Agency Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. Shikoku Electric Power Co., Inc. West Japan Engineering Consultants, Inc. IL CR(2) 13-096 Guideline for QCVN xxxx : 2013/BXD Table of Contents 1. Scope of application .................................................................................................. 1 2. Reference documents ............................................................................................... 1 3. Nomenclatures and definitions ................................................................................. 1 4. Classification of works .............................................................................................. 1 4.1 General stipulation ................................................................................................. 1 4.2 Principles for the classification of hydropower works .............................................. 2 5. Guarantee of serving level of hydropower works .................................................... 7 6. Safety coefficient of hydropower civil works ........................................................... 7 7. Construction of hydropower civil works ................................................................ 26 7.1 General requirements ......................................................................................... -
Similan Islands 9 – 19 May 2021
THAILAND LIVEABOARD SIMILAN ISLANDS 9 – 19 MAY 2021 BOAT INFORMATION: Manta Queen 8 is running a 5 days & 5 nights trip to Thailands premier dive site - Similan Islands, Koh Bon, Koh Tachai, Surin Islands, Richelieu Rock and Boon Sung Wreck. The boat accommodates 24 guests in comfortable air conditioned double ensuite, twin ensuite, twin non ensuite cabins. The vessel is a 28 meters long and 7 meters wide wooden hull built boat that is manned with 5 dive staff and 6 boat crew. There is plenty of space to enjoy the time in between dives in the saloon with HD-TV, the open dining area or on the large sundeck. All meals on board are served buffet style freshly cooked by the on board chef. Snacks and fruits are served in between dives. The dinghy gives you the opportunity to spend some time on the beautiful beaches. DIVE - EAT - SLEEP – REPEAT DIVES SITE INFORMATION: RICHELIEU ROCK (called in Thai Hin Plo Naam) is a famous dive site in the Andaman Sea near the Surin Islands. The site is marked by the top with a pinnacle which is 1m above the sea level during low tide, and disappears underwater during high tide. The horseshoe-shaped reef was discovered by Jacques-Yves Cousteau and is known for its purple corals (it reminded Jacques Cousteau of Cardinal Richelieu´s purple robe) as well as diverse marine life ranging from small fish and harlequin shrimp to large pelagics like whale shark, manta ray, barracuda and grouper. The pinnacle falls steeply to the surrounding sand bottom at a maximum depth of 35m.