DOCSLIB.ORG

Final Evaluation of the Joint Resilience Project in Kassala

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Final Evaluation of the Joint Resilience Project in Kassala OFFICE OF EVALUATION Project evaluation series Final Evaluation of the Joint Resilience Project in Kassala February 2018 PROJECT EVALUATION SERIES Final Evaluation of the Joint Resilience Project in Kassala FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS OFFICE OF EVALUATION February 2018 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Office of Evaluation (OED) This report is available in electronic format at: http://www.fao.org/evaluation The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. © FAO 2018 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. For further information on this report, please contact: Director, Office of Evaluation (OED) Food and Agriculture Organization Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 1, 00153 Rome Italy Email: [email protected] Cover photo credits: @FAO/ Anne Bichard Final Evaluation of the Joint Resilience Project in Kassala Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................................vii Acronyms and abbreviations ...................................................................................................................viii Executive summary ..................................................................................................................1 1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................8 1.1 Purpose the evaluation .................................................................................................8 1.2 Scope and objective of the evaluation .....................................................................8 1.3 Methodology ...................................................................................................................9 1.4 Structure if the report .................................................................................................11 2. Background and context of JRP ....................................................................................12 2.1 Presentation of the Project ........................................................................................12 2.1.1 A joint Project to strengthen resilience to weather shocks in Kassala State ..............................................................................................................12 2.1.2 JRP timeline .........................................................................................................13 2.1.3 Resources allocated to JRP ..............................................................................14 2.2 Context of implementation ......................................................................................15 2.2.1 Kassala State: general data .............................................................................15 2.2.2 Major shocks in the past decades .................................................................15 2.2.3 A rural economy based on livestock and agriculture ...............................16 2.2.4 Poor access to basic needs and high level of malnutrition ....................16 2.2.5 A project in line with mandate and strategy of the agencies; in line with Sudanese policy ......................................................................................18 3. Evaluation Questions: key findings ............................................................................19 3.1 Evaluation Question 1: Design and approach of JRP ..........................................19 3.1.1 Relevance of the JRP Theory of Change .......................................................19 3.1.2 M&E system ........................................................................................................ 30 3.1.3 Coordination mechanisms ...............................................................................33 3.2 Evaluation Question 2: Results .................................................................................37 3.2.1 Impact of JRP: Increased resilience to droughts and floods ..................37 3.2.2 Outcome 1: Improved maternal and child health and nutrition status ............................................................................................................................... 38 3.2.3 Outcome 2: Improved adaptive capacity.................................................... 39 3.2.4 Output 1: Community consultation ............................................................. 40 3.2.5 Output 2: Nutrition and Health ..................................................................... 44 3.2.6 Output 3: WASH .................................................................................................49 3.2.7 Output 4: Food Security and Livelihood .................................................... 54 3.2.8 Output 5: Response to “El Niño” ................................................................... 63 3.3 Evaluation Question 3: Gender and Equity .......................................................... 68 3.3.1 Gender ................................................................................................................. 68 3.3.2 Equity ....................................................................................................................69 iii Final Evaluation of the Joint Resilience Project in Kassala 4. Conclusions and recommendations ........................................................................... 72 4.1 Conclusions .....................................................................................................................72 4.2 Recommendations ......................................................................................................74 5. Appendices ......................................................................................................................... 78 Appendix 1. List of documents consulted ......................................................................78 Appendix 2. List of people interviewed ......................................................................... 82 Appendix 3. JRP timeline ................................................................................................... 84 Appendix 4. List of visited villages ...................................................................................85 Appendix 5. Theory of Change ........................................................................................ 86 Appendix 6. Coordination frame for JRP ........................................................................87 Appendix 7. JRP M&E workplan ........................................................................................ 88 Appendix 8. Selection of pictures ................................................................................... 89 Appendix 9. Response to drought and floods (details on Output 5) ......................93 6. List of Annexes ................................................................................................................... 95 iv Final Evaluation of the Joint Resilience Project in Kassala Boxes, Figures and Tables Boxes Box 1: Evaluation questions (from ToR) ............................................................................9 Box 2: JRP definition of Resilience in Kassala .................................................................19 Box 3: Village selection in Hameshkoreb ....................................................................... 23 Box 4: Water: a priority for communities ........................................................................28 Box 5: Early Warning System in JRP documentation .................................................. 30 Box 6: Two levels of Coordination .....................................................................................33 Box 7: Design option .............................................................................................................35 Box 8: Design option............................................................................................................ 36 Box 9: Qualitative follow-up of community capacity ................................................. 39 Box 10: Implementing partner assessment of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • “Kankasha” in Kassala: a Prospective Observational Cohort Study of the Clinical Characteristics, Epidemiology, Genetic Origi
    medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.23.20199976; this version posted September 24, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . 1 1 Title [216/250 characters] 2 “Kankasha” in Kassala: a prospective observational cohort study of the clinical characteristics, 3 epidemiology, genetic origin, and chronic impact of the 2018 epidemic of Chikungunya virus 4 infection in Kassala, Sudan 5 Short title: [66/70characters] 6 Understanding the 2018 Chikungunya virus epidemic in Eastern Sudan 7 8 Authors: Hilary Bower1*, Mubarak el Karsany2,3*, Abd Alhadi Adam Hussein4, Mubarak Ibrahim 9 Idriss5, Ma’aaza Abasher AlZain6, Mohamed Elamin Ahmed Alfakiyousif2, Rehab Mohamed2, Iman 10 Mahmoud2, Omer Albadri,7 Suha Abdulaziz Alnour Mahmoud10, Orwa Ibrahim Abdalla10, Mawahib 11 Eldigail2, Nuha Elagib2, Ulrike Arnold1, Bernardo Gutierrez8, Oliver G. Pybus8, Daniel P. Carter9, Steven 12 T. Pullan9, Shevin T. Jacob11, Tajeldin Mohammedein Abdallah4,10#, Benedict Gannon1# , Tom E. 13 Fletcher11# 14 * Equal first authors, # Equal senior authors 15 16 Authors’ affiliations 17 1. UK Public Health Rapid Support Team, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine/Public Health 18 England, London, United Kingdom 19 2. National Public Health Laboratory, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan 20 3. Karary University, Omdurman, Sudan 21 4. University of Kassala, Kassala, Sudan 22 5. Laboratory Division, Kassala State Ministry of Health, Kassala, Sudan 23 6. Communicable Disease Surveillance & Events Unit, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan 24 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Sudan Food Security Outlook Report
    SUDAN Food Security Outlook February to September 2019 Deteriorating macroeconomic conditions to drive high levels of acute food insecurity in 2019 KEY MESSAGES • Food security has seasonally improved with increased cereal Current food security outcomes, February 2019 availability following the November to February harvest. However, the macroeconomic situation remains very poor and is expected to further deteriorate throughout the projection period, and this will drive continued extremely high food and non-food prices. The negative impacts of high food prices will be somewhat mitigated by the fact that livestock prices and wage labor are also increasing, though overall purchasing power will remain below average. A higher number of households than is typical will face Crisis (IPC Phase 3) or worse outcomes through September. • Between June and September, the lean season in Sudan, Crisis (IPC Phase 3) outcomes are expected in parts of Red Sea, Kassala, Al Gadarif, Blue Nile, West Kordofan, North Kordofan, South Kordofan, and Greater Darfur. Of highest concern are the IDPs in SPLM-N controlled areas of South Kordofan and SPLA-AW controlled areas of Jebel Marra, who have been inaccessible for both assessments and food assistance deliveries. IDPs in these areas are expected to be in Source: FEWS NET FEWS NET classification is IPC-compatible. IPC-compatible analysis follows Emergency (IPC Phase 4) during the August-September peak key IPC protocols but does not necessarily reflect the consensus of national of the lean season. food security partners. • The June to September 2019 rainy season is forecasted to be above average. This is anticipated to lead to flooding in mid-2019 and increase the prevalence of waterborne disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Soil and Oil
    COALITION FOR INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE COALITION FOR I NTERNATIONAL JUSTICE SOIL AND OIL: DIRTY BUSINESS IN SUDAN February 2006 Coalition for International Justice 529 14th Street, N.W. Suite 1187 Washington, D.C., 20045 www.cij.org February 2006 i COALITION FOR INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE COALITION FOR I NTERNATIONAL JUSTICE SOIL AND OIL: DIRTY BUSINESS IN SUDAN February 2006 Coalition for International Justice 529 14th Street, N.W. Suite 1187 Washington, D.C., 20045 www.cij.org February 2006 ii COALITION FOR INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE © 2006 by the Coalition for International Justice. All rights reserved. February 2006 iii COALITION FOR INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CIJ wishes to thank the individuals, Sudanese and not, who graciously contributed assistance and wisdom to the authors of this research. In particular, the authors would like to express special thanks to Evan Raymer and David Baines. February 2006 iv 25E 30E 35E SAUDI ARABIA ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT LIBYA Red Lake To To Nasser Hurghada Aswan Sea Wadi Halfa N u b i a n S aS D e s e r t ha ah raar a D De se es re tr t 20N N O R T H E R N R E D S E A 20N Kerma Port Sudan Dongola Nile Tokar Merowe Haiya El‘Atrun CHAD Atbara KaroraKarora RIVER ar Ed Damer ow i H NILE A d tb a a W Nile ra KHARTOUM KASSALA ERITREA NORTHERN Omdurman Kassala To Dese 15N KHARTOUM DARFUR NORTHERN 15N W W W GEZIRA h h KORDOFAN h i Wad Medani t e N i To le Gedaref Abéche Geneina GEDAREF Al Fasher Sinnar El Obeid Kosti Blu WESTERN Rabak e N i En Nahud le WHITE DARFUR SINNAR WESTERN NILE To Nyala Dese KORDOFAN SOUTHERN Ed Damazin Ed Da‘ein Al Fula KORDOFAN BLUE SOUTHERN Muglad Kadugli DARFUR NILE B a Paloich h 10N r e 10N l 'Arab UPPER NILE Abyei UNIT Y Malakal NORTHERN ETHIOPIA To B.A.G.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Environmental and Social Considerations in Detailed
    Environmental and Social Considerations in Detailed Planning Survey (Technical Cooperation for Development Planning) 1. Full title of the Project The Project for Enhancement of Integrated Water Resources Management 2. Type of the Study (e.g. Master Plan, Feasibility Study, Detailed Design, etc.) Master Plan 3. Categorization and its reason (1) Category: B (2) Reason: The project is not likely to have significant adverse impact on the environment under the JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations (April, 2010) in terms of its sectors, characteristics and areas. 4. Agency or institution responsible for the implementation of the Project Water Resources Technical Organ (WRTO), Ministry of Water Resources, Irrigation and Electricity (MWRIE) 5. Outline of the Project (objectives, justification, location, proposed activities and scope of the study) 5.1 Objectives The objective of the Project is to improve water utilization for domestic, industrial, irrigation, hydropower and navigation purposes. 5.2 Location the Republic of the Sudan 5.3 Scope of the Project The scope of the Project would include the evaluation of water potential-demand balance in nationwide, identification and categorization of the challenges on water resources, implementation of the practice IWRM at field level and preparation of recommendations for practical strategy, legal and organizational framework for promoting IWRM. 5.3.1 Outputs 1 (1) To evaluate water potential-demand balance in nationwide (2) To identify and categorize challenges on water resources
    [Show full text]
  • Sudan (Annual Programme)
    Sudan (Annual programme) Main objectives UNHCR's main objectives in Sudan were to pursue recognition of refugee rights through strengthening of the asylum sys- tem; ensure protection and assistance to urban and camp-based refugees; seek Sudan durable solutions for refugees by facilitat- ing voluntary repatriation; resettle those who cannot be locally integrated; reha- bilitate the infrastructure and the envi- ronment in and around closed and vacated camps and improve livelihoods of refugees and host communities; pro- mote gender equality among refugees, returnees, and within host communities; and implement policy priorities on the needs of women, older refugees, and chil- dren including adolescents. Impact • As a result of capacity building and training provided to the Office of the Commissioner for Refugees (COR) and local authorities, 95 per cent of asylum applications were processed without delays; there was a sharp fall in the number of reported cases of refoulement; and the regional COR office in Kassala assumed management of the asylum reception centre as well as responsibility for refugee between the host population and the remaining status determination (RSD) processing in eastern refugee groups. Sudan. • Provision of food, basic medical and other services in refugee camps kept malnutrition, morbidity and mor- Working environment tality rates at minimum levels. • With no prospect of local integration, 508 people The context were resettledin Australia, Canada and the Netherlands. In 2005, UNHCR continued to work in a politically vola- • Two refugee camps (Wad Hileau and Um Ali) were tile environment in eastern Sudan. The opposition par- closed, rehabilitated and handed over to state author- ties in the eastern states of Sudan felt excluded from the ities.
    [Show full text]
  • COVID-19 Situation Overview & Response
    SUDAN COVID-19 Situation Overview & Response 11 October 2020 CONFIRMED CASES by state NO. OF ACTIVITIES by Organization as of 11 October 2020 13,691 International boundary IOM 912 State boundary UNHCR 234 Confirmed cases Undetermined boundary Save the children 193 Abyei PCA Area Red Sea ECDO 150 385 UNFPA 135 Number of confirmed cases RIVER RED SEA 836 6,764 NILE Plan International Sudan 39 Welthungerhilfe (WHH) 34 Deaths Recovered 391 438 WHO 23 NORTHERN HOPE 22 HIGHLIGHTS 146 NCA 20 9,841 The Federal Ministry of Health identified the first case of COVID-19 on 12 March WVI 19 OXFAM 12 2020. United Nations organisations and their partners created a Corona Virus 228 NADA Alazhar 12 Country Preparedness and Response Plan (CPRP) to support the Government. EMERGENCY NGO Sudan 12 NORTH DARFUR KHARTOUM On 14 March 2020, the Government approved measures to prevent the spread of KASSALA EMERGENCY 12 Khartoum the virus which included reducing congestion in workplaces, closing schools 1,137 TGH 11 By Organization Type: NORTH KORDOFAN and banning large public gatherings. From 8 July 2020, the Government started AL GEZIRA World Vision Sudan 11 GEDAREF NORWEGIAN 9 174 7 WEST REFUGEE COUNCIL to ease the lock-down in Khartoum State. The nationwide curfew was changed 203 (9.33%) (0.38%) DARFUR WHITE 274 Italian Agency 7 from 6:00 pm to 5:00 am and bridges in the capital were re-opened. Travelling Development Co. NGO Governmental 34 NILE 243 Near East Foundation 7 between Khartoum and other states is still not allowed and airports will 191 SENNAR CAFOD 6 CENTRAL WEST gradually open pending further instructions from the Civil Aviation Authority.
    [Show full text]
  • North Darfur State UNHCR Presence and Refugee Locations As of 23 Jun 2020
    SUDAN: North Darfur State UNHCR presence and refugee locations As of 23 Jun 2020 Burush Um Gullah Haj El Malha EGYPT SAUDI ARABIA LIBYA R e d S Red Sea e Um Buru Northern a El TinaKornoi River Nile CHAD North Khartoum Darfur Kassala ERITREA Kutum North Mellit El Kuma Kordofan E l Jazira West Gedaref Darfur White El Sireaf Nile Sennar El Fasher El Fasher Central Darfur West Kebkabiya A South Blue Saraf Omra C# Kordofan Nile Tawilla Umm Keddada South East Kordofan Darfur Darfur ETHIOPIA Dar El SalamKalimendo SOUTH SUDAN El Taweisha C# C#AillC#ieC#t C#C#C#C#C#C#C# Sani Karaw NORTH DARFUR Gabir Shaqq Al Gawa Khamis WEST KORDOFAN Umm Shalkha Shag Al Gamous C# A UNHCR office Refugee Sites Sigeir Umm Sa C# Haskanita Refugee settlement C# El-Lait Û Shaqq Al Huja C#El Lait E" Refugee reception centre Main town Hallet Ali Habib Darma C#Û Secondary Town Abu Sufyan C# E" Abu Gileiha o C#Abu Sufyan Godat C# Dalil Dokhry Al iMrfuiteurlwdesd C# Dalil Babiker # C# C Shag Allayoun Boundaries & Roads C# International Boundary EAST DARFUR Futaha State boundary WC#ad Hassib Abu Gheid LocaUlimty B obimoundary Primay road Secondary road Qubba 5km The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Final boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined. Final status of the Abyei area is not yet determined. Creation date: 23 Jun 2020 Sources: Geodata: UNHCR, OCHA .
    [Show full text]
  • Feasting on Famines Food Insecurity and the Making of the Anglo
    Feasting on Famines Food Insecurity and the Making of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1883-1956 Steven Serels Department of History, McGill University, Montreal April 2012 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Steven Serels 2012 Abstract The cycle of famine and food insecurity that afflicted much of Northern, Central and Eastern Sudan in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was part of an inter-generational process that fundamentally altered indigenous economic, political and social structures and, in so doing, allowed British imperial agents to conquer the Sudan and, subsequently, to seize key natural resources, including the Nile and fertile regions in the Jazira and Eastern Sudan. This cycle was triggered by British military policies pursued in the 1880s to contain the Mahdist Rebellion (1883-1898). These policies eroded the food security of indigenous communities in Dunqula, Eastern Sudan and the Red Sea Hills and precipitated a series of famines that destabilized the Mahdist state. Though British-led forces were unaffected by these nineteenth century food crises, the British-controlled Anglo-Egyptian government was, in the years following its establishment in 1898, weakened by a prolonged period of food insecurity during which indigenous communities exerted their right to control their slaves, land and produce. Subsequent innovations in the colonial economy, notably the development of a common grain market, precipitated a number of early twentieth century famines that impoverished many indigenous communities and, thereby, prevented indigenous resistance to state efforts to develop Sudanese resources for the benefit of British industry.
    [Show full text]
  • New Issues in Refugee Research
    NEW ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH Research Paper No. 254 Refugees and the Rashaida: human smuggling and trafficking from Eritrea to Sudan and Egypt Rachel Humphris Ph.D student COMPAS University of Oxford Email: [email protected] March 2013 Policy Development and Evaluation Service Policy Development and Evaluation Service United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees P.O. Box 2500, 1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.unhcr.org These papers provide a means for UNHCR staff, consultants, interns and associates, as well as external researchers, to publish the preliminary results of their research on refugee-related issues. The papers do not represent the official views of UNHCR. They are also available online under ‘publications’ at <www.unhcr.org>. ISSN 1020-7473 Introduction Eritreans have been seeking asylum in east Sudan for more than four decades and the region now hosts more than 100,000 refugees1. East Sudan has also become a key transit region for those fleeing Eritrea. One route, from East Sudan to Egypt, the Sinai desert and Israel has gained increasing attention. According to UNHCR statistics, the number of Eritreans crossing the border from Sinai to Israel has increased from 1,348 in 2006 to 17,175 in 2011. Coupled with this dramatic growth in numbers, the conditions on this route have caused great concern. Testimonies from Eritreans have increasingly referred to kidnapping, torture and extortion at the hands of human smugglers and traffickers. The smuggling route from Eritrea to Israel is long, complex and involves many different actors. As such, it cannot be examined in its entirety in a single paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Tuta Absoluta in Sudan
    Natural Enemies of Tuta absoluta in Kassala State, Sudan Mohammed E. E. Mahmoud Kassala and Gash Research Station ARC, Sudan An area of 36,710 km² 1,400,000 (2000) Rain fed Horticultural (wells) ground water Spate irrigated Cultivated areas and production of Solanacious crops in Kassala State Seasons 2010‐2011 and 2011‐2012 700 600 500 400 Tomato 300 Eggplant Potato 200 100 0 Area 2010‐2011 Production 2010‐ Area 2011‐2012 Production 2011‐ (1000 fedan 2011 (Ton) (1000 fedan) 2012 (Ton) Department of Agricultural Statistics Ministry of Agric Fedan= 4200sm Start from summer of 2011 Farmers applied several insecticides from different groups even the already banded one (DDT, Gamaxine, etcetra 100% loss reported in 2013 Raising awareness Testing chemicals Proclaim 75g/fed On going Testing of : Vertemic 225ml/fed Icaros 114ml/fed activities •Pheromones Tracer 112ml/fed •Genotypes Searching for natural enemies Parasitoids Monitored Gammam areas Elgurashi Dabalawait Mastoura Um-rahaw Mastoura, Gamam 4 locations, Dabalawait, Abdelrahaman Um-rahaw and Elgurashi In each area, leaves of tomato showing symptoms of infestation by Tuta absoluta larvae were taken to laboratory at Kassala & Gash Research Station during November, December, 2012 and January, February, March and April of 2013. Predators were collected by hand picking, using small tubes and aspirator. In the lab, infested leaves were placed inside transparent glass bottels covered with muslin cloth to allow ventilation and left up to the emergence of parasitoids. Emerged parasitoids in rearing cages and predators that caught using aspirator were preserved in 70% alcohol and sent to Natural History Museum (NHM) UK for identification.
    [Show full text]
  • Sudan, December 2004
    Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Sudan, December 2004 COUNTRY PROFILE: SUDAN December 2004 COUNTRY Formal Name: Republic of the Sudan (Jumhuriyat as-Sudan). Short Form: Sudan. Term for Citizen(s): Sudanese. Capital: Khartoum. Other Major Cities: Omdurman, Khartoum North, Port Click to Enlarge Image Sudan, Kassala, Al Ubayyid, and Nyala (according to decreasing size, 1993 census). Independence: Sudan gained independence from the United Kingdom and Egypt on January 1, 1956. Public Holidays: Sudan observes the following public holidays: Independence Day (January 1, 2004), Feast of the Sacrifice/Id al-Adha (February 1, 2004*), Islamic New Year (February 22, 2004*), Uprising Day, anniversary of 1985 coup (April 6, 2004), Coptic Easter Monday/Sham an-Nassim (April 12, 2004*), Birth of the Prophet/Mouloud (May 2, 2004*), Revolution Day (June 30, 2004), end of Ramadan/Id al-Fitr (November 14, 2004*), and Christmas (December 25, 2004). The asterisk indicates holidays with variable dates according to the Islamic or Coptic calendar. Flag: Sudan’s flag has three horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Click to Enlarge Image Prehistory and Early History: Northern Sudan was inhabited by hunting and gathering peoples by at least 60,000 years ago. These peoples had given way to pastoralists and probably agriculturalists at least by the fourth millennium B.C. Sudan’s subsequent culture and history have largely revolved around relations to the north with Egypt and to the south with tropical Africa, the Nile River forming a “bridge” through the Sahara Desert between the two.
    [Show full text]
  • Toward a Sustainable Future for the Red Sea Coast of Sudan Part 2: Socio Economic and Governance Survey
    Toward a Sustainable Future for the Red Sea Coast of Sudan Part 2: Socio Economic and Governance Survey 1 2 Toward a Sustainable Future for the Red Sea Coast of Sudan Part 2: Socio Economic and Governance Survey This program would have not be possible without the generous financial support of the European Commission and IWC Schaffhausen. 3 CREDITS Consortium of partners: The Red Sea State of Sudan and related institutions (HCENR, ICZM Office, Red Sea University) Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA) The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) Afrikan Parks Conservation (APC) Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean (CORDIO) The Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE) The Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE) Sudanese Development Initiative - SUDIA Mallinson Architects Editors: Tarik Chekchak Authors: Mr. Tarik Chekchak, Equipe Cousteau, Director for Sciences & Environment Ms. Khulood Tubaishat, PERSGA, Advisor on Policy and Coastal Governance Dr. Melita Samoilys, CORDIO, Director, Marine Biologist Mr. Roy Facey, Equipe Cousteau, External Consultant Mr. Nedal Aloral, Equipe Cousteau, External Consultant Ms. Raphaëlle Martinez, UNESCO Division of Education Strategies and Capacity Building, Education Planning Specialist of the Section for Education Support Strategies Mr. Ahmed Hanafi Abdel-Magid, Sudia, Consultant, in charge of updating the 2007/8 survey Dr. Rebecca Klaus, Equipe Cousteau, Consultant & Advisor, Marine Biologist and GIS Dr. Jeremy Kemp, Equipe Cousteau, External Consultant, Marine Biologist Ms. Lauren Salm, PERSGA and Equipe Cousteau, UNESCO World Marine Heritage assessment Mr.
    [Show full text]