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5 Immigrant Religious Organisations in Turku

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5 Immigrant Religious Organisations in Turku .DQVLDVHPRLQWL)+:HG)HE3DJH &RPSRVLWH Tuomas Martikainen, born 1971. M.A., University of Turku, 1996. Teacher and researcher, Department of Comparative Religion, Åbo Akademi University, since 1997. Cover: Ollipekka Kangas Åbo Akademi University Press Tavastgatan 30c, FIN-20700 ÅBO, Finland Tel. int. +358-2-215 3292 Fax int. +358-2-215 4490 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.abo.fi/stiftelsen/forlag/ Distribution: Oy Tibo-Trading Ab P.O.B. 33, FIN-21601 PARGAS, Finland Tel. int. +358-2-454 9200 Fax int. +358-2-454 9220 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.tibo.net IMMIGRANT RELIGIONS IN LOCAL SOCIETY Immigrant Religions in Local Society Historical and Contemporary Perspectives in the City of Turku Tuomas Martikainen ÅBO 2004 ÅBO AKADEMIS FÖRLAG – ÅBO AKADEMI UNIVERSITY PRESS CIP Cataloguing in Publication Martikainen, Tuomas Immigrant religions in local society : historical and contemporary perspectives in the city of Turku / Tuomas Martikainen. – Åbo : Åbo Akademi University Press, 2004. Diss.: Åbo Akademi University. ISBN 951-765-179-1 ISBN 951-765-179-1 ISBN 951-765-180-5 (digital) Painosalama Oy Åbo 2004 Contents Illustrations ............................................................................ x Preface ................................................................................. xii 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................ 1 1.1 Aim and composition of the study ...................................... 5 1.2 Background .......................................................................10 1.2.1 The Religious Field in the Turku project .................. 11 1.2.2 Studies on religion and cultural diversity in Finland ............................................................... 16 1.2.3 Assessment ............................................................. 22 1.3 Source material ................................................................ 23 1.3.1 Interview material ................................................... 24 1.3.2 Literary material ..................................................... 25 1.4 Methods ........................................................................... 26 1.4.1 Fieldwork ............................................................... 27 1.4.2 After the field ......................................................... 30 1.4.3 Remarks on the material ......................................... 32 1.4.4 Self-positioning and ethical considerations ............ 35 v 2 GLOBALISATION, LOCAL SOCIETY AND RELIGION ....... 39 2.1 Globalisation ......................................................................40 2.1.1 Definitions................................................................42 2.1.2 The arenas of globalisation ......................................43 2.1.3 The globalisation process .........................................51 2.1.4 Global cultural flows ................................................54 2.2 Local society .....................................................................59 2.2.1 Locality and community...........................................61 2.2.2 Milieux and glocality ................................................63 2.3 Religion .............................................................................65 2.3.1 Definitions................................................................66 2.3.2 Religion in the contemporary West..........................68 2.3.3 Immigrant religious organisations ............................72 2.3.3.1 Environment ................................................74 2.3.3.2 Structural adaptation....................................77 2.3.3.3 Community life ............................................80 2.3.3.4 Transnational connections ...........................83 3 THE HISTORY OF RELIGIONS IN FINLAND FROM A GLOBALISATION PERSPECTIVE ............................... 87 3.1 The historical framework ..................................................88 3.2 The premodern period.......................................................90 3.2.1 From prehistory to emerging Christianity ................91 3.2.2 The Catholic Middle Ages .......................................94 3.3 The early modern period ...................................................98 3.3.1 From the Reformation to the Lutheran state church98 3.3.2 Immigration ............................................................105 3.4 The modern period ..........................................................107 3.4.1 Changes in religious legislation ..............................108 3.4.2 The national churches............................................109 3.4.3 Contenders of traditional religious institutions........ 112 3.4.4 Immigrant religions ................................................ 116 vi 3.5 The late modern period ................................................... 118 3.5.1 Transforming churches .......................................... 119 3.5.2 Increasing religious pluralism .................................121 3.5.3 New immigration ...................................................125 3.6 The global roots of the Finnish religious field..................132 3.6.1 Historical forms of globalisation ............................133 3.6.2 The role of international migration .........................139 4 RELIGION IN TURKU .............................................142 4.1 The city of Turku ............................................................143 4.2 The contemporary religious field ....................................144 4.2.1 Christianity .............................................................145 4.2.1.1 The Evangelical Lutheran Church.............145 4.2.1.2 The Protestant free Churches ...................151 4.2.1.3 The Orthodox Church ...............................161 4.2.1.4 The Catholic Church .................................162 4.2.1.5 Outside the Christian mainstream .............163 4.2.2 Judaism ..................................................................165 4.2.3 Islam ......................................................................165 4.2.4 Hinduism ................................................................168 4.2.5 Buddhism ...............................................................169 4.2.6 Other religions .......................................................171 4.2.7 Alternative spirituality ............................................172 4.2.8 Beside ‘religions’ ...................................................175 4.3 Reflections on the religious field .....................................175 4.3.1 Language and ethnicity ..........................................176 4.3.2 Interfaith activity....................................................179 4.3.3 Religion in the local media .....................................182 4.3.4 Extended locality....................................................185 vii 5IMMIGRANT RELIGIOUS ORGANISATIONS IN TURKU ............................................................191 5.1 Immigrants in Turku ........................................................192 5.1.1 The immigrant population ......................................194 5.1.2 Immigrant groups ...................................................199 5.1.2.1 Europe and the former Soviet Union ......... 200 5.1.2.2 Africa and Asia .........................................201 5.1.2.3 North and South America and Oceania ....202 5.1.3 Religious background ............................................. 203 5.2 Religious organisation .....................................................206 5.2.1 Establishment .........................................................206 5.2.2 Forms of organisation ............................................210 5.2.3 Congregations and immigrant membership ............212 5.2.4 Meeting places.......................................................220 5.2.5 Institutionalisation ..................................................222 5.3 Community life ................................................................224 5.3.1 Worship, ritual and religious festivals .....................225 5.3.2 Religious education ................................................227 5.3.3 Other activities.......................................................230 5.3.4 Transnational connections......................................233 5.4 Restructuring local society ..............................................235 5.4.1 Immigrants and the local religious field .................236 5.4.1.1 Growing pluralism......................................236 5.4.1.2 Interfaith activity .......................................240 5.4.1.3 Mission and outreach ................................241 5.4.2 Multiculturalism, religion and local authorities .......244 5.4.3 From backyard to front-page religion ....................246 5.4.4 Local places—global spaces .................................251 6 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION ...................................254 6.1 Immigration as an agent of local religious change ..........255 6.2 Towards the future .........................................................262 viii 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY .....................................................266 7.1 Interview material ...........................................................266 7.2 Literature and printed material .......................................271 APPENDIX: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS .............................289 ix Illustrations FIGURES 5.1 The age structure of Finnish and foreign citizens in Turku in 2001 ................................................................................
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