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The Early History of Smalltalk
The Early History of Smalltalk http://www.accesscom.com/~darius/EarlyHistoryS... The Early History of Smalltalk Alan C. Kay Apple Computer [email protected]# Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission. HOPL-II/4/93/MA, USA © 1993 ACM 0-89791-571-2/93/0004/0069...$1.50 Abstract Most ideas come from previous ideas. The sixties, particularly in the ARPA community, gave rise to a host of notions about "human-computer symbiosis" through interactive time-shared computers, graphics screens and pointing devices. Advanced computer languages were invented to simulate complex systems such as oil refineries and semi-intelligent behavior. The soon-to- follow paradigm shift of modern personal computing, overlapping window interfaces, and object-oriented design came from seeing the work of the sixties as something more than a "better old thing." This is, more than a better way: to do mainframe computing; for end-users to invoke functionality; to make data structures more abstract. Instead the promise of exponential growth in computing/$/volume demanded that the sixties be regarded as "almost a new thing" and to find out what the actual "new things" might be. For example, one would compute with a handheld "Dynabook" in a way that would not be possible on a shared mainframe; millions of potential users meant that the user interface would have to become a learning environment along the lines of Montessori and Bruner; and needs for large scope, reduction in complexity, and end-user literacy would require that data and control structures be done away with in favor of a more biological scheme of protected universal cells interacting only through messages that could mimic any desired behavior. -
Visual Smalltalk Enterprise ™ ™
Visual Smalltalk Enterprise ™ ™ Language Reference P46-0201-00 Copyright © 1999–2000 Cincom Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1999–2000 Seagull Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. This product contains copyrighted third-party software. Part Number: P46-0201-00 Software Release 3.2 This document is subject to change without notice. RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND: Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013. Trademark acknowledgments: CINCOM, CINCOM SYSTEMS, and the Cincom logo are registered trademarks of Cincom Systems, Inc. Visual Smalltalk is a trademark of Cincom Systems, Inc., its subsidiaries, or successors and are registered in the United States and other countries. Microsoft Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft, Inc. Win32 is a trademark of Microsoft, Inc. OS/2 is a registered trademark of IBM Corporation. Other product names mentioned herein are used for identification purposes only, and may be trademarks of their respective companies. The following copyright notices apply to software that accompanies this documentation: Visual Smalltalk is furnished under a license and may not be used, copied, disclosed, and/or distributed except in accordance with the terms of said license. No class names, hierarchies, or protocols may be copied for implementation in other systems. This manual set and online system documentation copyright © 1999–2000 by Cincom Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of it may be copied, photocopied, reproduced, translated, or reduced to any electronic medium or machine-readable form without prior written consent from Cincom. -
Smahtalk Kernel Language Fv1anual
This document is for Xerox internal use only SmaHtalk Kernel Language fv1anual BY Larry Tesler SEPTEMBER 1977 Smalltalk is a programming rang'uage that deals with objects. Every object has its own data. Objects communicate by sending and receiving messages according to simple. protocols. Objects are grouped into classes. The objects of a class are called its instances. Each class specifies the protocols its instances will know as well as the methods they will use to respond to messages they receive.· The standard facilities of the Small talk system include i/o protocols for disk, display, keyboard, mouse, and Ethernet; basic data structures such as numbers, strings, arrays, and dictionaries; basic control structures such as loops and processes; program editing, compiling, and debugging; text editing, illustration, music. animation, and information storage and retrieval. Smalltalk applications include education, personal computing, and systems research. This interim reference manual covers the semantics and the present syntax of the Smalltalk kernel language. It is assumed that the reader has seen Smalltalk in operation and has programmed computers in Algol-like languages. Familiarity with LISP, Simula, and/or Smallta!k-72 should be helpful but is not necessary. System operation is described in the memo, Browsing and Error Analysis, available under separate cover from the Learning Research Group, Systems Science Laboratory. XEROX PALO ALTO RESEARCH CENTER 3333 Coyote Hill Road / Palo J\lto / California 94304 This document is for Xerox internal use only Discla inler The Smalltalk kernel system is not yet ready for general release. \Ve ask that you do not copy and distribute either the manual or the system at this time. -
Focal Point Custom Chart Plugin Reference Manual
Focal Point® Custom Chart Plugin Reference Manual 7.3.0 Publication information Trademarks December 2018 The following are trademarks or registered trademarks of UNICOM Systems, Inc. in the United States and/or other Information in this publication is subject to change. jurisdictions worldwide: Focal Point, UNICOM, Changes will be published in new editions or technical UNICOM Systems. newsletters. Documentation set The documentation relating to this product includes: ■ Focal Point Custom Chart Plugin Reference Manual Copyright notice Focal Point® (the Programs and associated materials) is a proprietary product of UNICOM Systems, Inc. – a division of UNICOM Global. The Programs have been provided pursuant to License Agreement containing restrictions on their use. The programs and associated materials contain valuable trade secrets and proprietary information of UNICOM Systems, Inc. and are protected by United States Federal and non-United States copyright laws. The Programs and associated materials may not be reproduced, copied, changed, stored, disclosed to third parties, and distributed in any form or media (including but not limited to copies on magnetic media) without the express prior written permission of UNICOM Systems, Inc., UNICOM Plaza Suite 310, 15535 San Fernando Mission Blvd., Mission Hills, CA 91345 USA. Focal Point® © Copyright 1997-2018 All Rights Reserved. UNICOM Systems, Inc. – a division of UNICOM Global. No part of this Program may be reproduced in any form or by electronic means, including the use of information storage and retrieval systems, without the express prior written consent and authorization of UNICOM Systems, Inc. No part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, without prior written permission from UNICOM Systems, Inc. -
Interview with James Mitchell
Interview with James Mitchell Interviewed by: David C. Brock Recorded February 19, 2019 Santa Barbara, CA CHM Reference number: X8963.2019 © 2019 Computer History Museum Interview with James Mitchell Brock: Yeah. So, yeah, maybe we can talk about your transition from Carnegie Mellon to PARC and how that opportunity came about, and what your thinking was about joining the new lab. Mitchell: I basically finished my PhD and left in July of 1970. I had missed graduation that year, so my diploma says 1971. But, in fact, I'd been out working for a year by then, and at PARC, you know, there were a number of other grad students I knew, and two of them had gone to work for a start-up in Berkeley that-- there were two Berkeley computer science departments, and the engineering one left to form this company called Berkeley Computer Corporation with Mel Pirtle running it and Butler Lampson kind of a chief technical officer and Chuck Thacker and so on, and anyway the people that I-- the two other grad students that had gone already that I knew, when I was going out, I was starting to go around and interview in early 1970 because I knew I was close to being finished, and it was in those days because there were so few people who had PhDs in computer science and every university was trying to build a department, and industrial research places like Bell Labs were trying to hire people and so on, anywhere you went with a new PhD you got an offer. -
Editor, Captain Scott B. Murray Editorial Assistant, Mr. Charles J
Editor, Captain Scott B. Murray Editorial Assistant, Mr. Charles J. Strong The Army Lawyer is published monthly by The Judge Advocate General's School for the official use of Army lawyers in the performance of their legal responsibilities. The opinions e xpressed by the authors in the articles, however, do not necessarily reflect the view of The Judge Advocate General or the Department of the Army. Masculine or feminine pronouns appearing in this pamphlet refer to both genders unless the context indicates another use. The Army Lawyer welcomes articles on topics of interest to military lawyers. Articles should be submitted on 3 1/2” diskettes to Editor, The Army Lawyer, The Judge Advocate General's School, U.S. Army, ATTN: JAGS-ADL-P, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903-1781. Article text and footnotes should be double-spaced in Times New Roman, 10 point font, and Microsoft Word format. Articles should follow A Uniform System of Citation (16th ed. 1996) and Military Citation (TJAGSA, July 1997). Manuscripts will be returned upon specific request. No compensation can be paid for articles. The Army Lawyer articles are indexed in the Index to Legal Periodicals, the Current Law Index, the Legal Resources Index, and the Index to U.S. Government Periodicals. Address changes for official channels distribution: Provide changes to the Editor, The Army Lawyer, TJAGSA, 600 Massie Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903-1781, telephone 1 -800-552-3978, ext. 396 or e-mail: [email protected]. Issues may be cited as Army Law., [date], at [page number]. Periodicals postage paid at Charlottesville, Virginia and additional mailing offices. -
Nested Class Modularity in Squeak/Smalltalk
Springer, Nested Class Modularity in Squeak/Smalltalk Nested Class Modularity in Squeak/Smalltalk Modularität mit geschachtelten Klassen in Squeak/Smalltalk by Matthias Springer A thesis submitted to the Hasso Plattner Institute at the University of Potsdam, Germany in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in ITSystems Engineering Supervisor Prof. Dr. Robert Hirschfeld Software Architecture Group Hasso Plattner Institute University of Potsdam, Germany August 17, 2015 Abstract We present the concept, the implementation, and an evaluation of Matriona, a module system for and written in Squeak/Smalltalk. Matriona is inspired by Newspeak and based on class nesting: classes are members of other classes, similarly to class instance variables. Top-level classes (modules) are globals and nested classes can be accessed using message sends to the corresponding enclosing class. Class nesting effec- tively establishes a global and hierarchical namespace, and allows for modular decomposition, resulting in better understandability, if applied properly. Classes can be parameterized, allowing for external configuration of classes, a form of dependency management. Furthermore, parameterized classes go hand in hand with mixin modularity. Mixins are a form of inter-class code reuse and based on single inheritance. We show how Matriona can be used to solve the problem of duplicate classes in different modules, to provide a versioning and dependency management mech- anism, and to improve understandability through hierarchical decomposition. v Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit beschreibt das Konzept, die Implementierung und die Evaluierung von Matriona, einem Modulsystem für und entwickelt in Squeak/Smalltalk. Ma- triona ist an Newspeak angelehnt und basiert auf geschachtelten Klassen: Klassen, die, wie zum Beispiel auch klassenseitige Instanzvariablen, zu anderen Klassen gehören. -
1. with Examples of Different Programming Languages Show How Programming Languages Are Organized Along the Given Rubrics: I
AGBOOLA ABIOLA CSC302 17/SCI01/007 COMPUTER SCIENCE ASSIGNMENT 1. With examples of different programming languages show how programming languages are organized along the given rubrics: i. Unstructured, structured, modular, object oriented, aspect oriented, activity oriented and event oriented programming requirement. ii. Based on domain requirements. iii. Based on requirements i and ii above. 2. Give brief preview of the evolution of programming languages in a chronological order. 3. Vividly distinguish between modular programming paradigm and object oriented programming paradigm. Answer 1i). UNSTRUCTURED LANGUAGE DEVELOPER DATE Assembly Language 1949 FORTRAN John Backus 1957 COBOL CODASYL, ANSI, ISO 1959 JOSS Cliff Shaw, RAND 1963 BASIC John G. Kemeny, Thomas E. Kurtz 1964 TELCOMP BBN 1965 MUMPS Neil Pappalardo 1966 FOCAL Richard Merrill, DEC 1968 STRUCTURED LANGUAGE DEVELOPER DATE ALGOL 58 Friedrich L. Bauer, and co. 1958 ALGOL 60 Backus, Bauer and co. 1960 ABC CWI 1980 Ada United States Department of Defence 1980 Accent R NIS 1980 Action! Optimized Systems Software 1983 Alef Phil Winterbottom 1992 DASL Sun Micro-systems Laboratories 1999-2003 MODULAR LANGUAGE DEVELOPER DATE ALGOL W Niklaus Wirth, Tony Hoare 1966 APL Larry Breed, Dick Lathwell and co. 1966 ALGOL 68 A. Van Wijngaarden and co. 1968 AMOS BASIC FranÇois Lionet anConstantin Stiropoulos 1990 Alice ML Saarland University 2000 Agda Ulf Norell;Catarina coquand(1.0) 2007 Arc Paul Graham, Robert Morris and co. 2008 Bosque Mark Marron 2019 OBJECT-ORIENTED LANGUAGE DEVELOPER DATE C* Thinking Machine 1987 Actor Charles Duff 1988 Aldor Thomas J. Watson Research Center 1990 Amiga E Wouter van Oortmerssen 1993 Action Script Macromedia 1998 BeanShell JCP 1999 AngelScript Andreas Jönsson 2003 Boo Rodrigo B. -
Windowbuilder Pro/V 3.1
Cincom WindowBuilder Pro/V 3.1 P46-0208-00 Software to Simplify Our Complex World ® Copyright © 1999–2000 Cincom Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1999–2000 Seagull Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. This product contains copyrighted third-party software. Part Number: P46-0208-00 Software Release 3.2 This document is subject to change without notice. RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND: Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013. Trademark acknowledgments: CINCOM, CINCOM SYSTEMS, and the Cincom logo are registered trademarks of Cincom Systems, Inc. Visual Smalltalk is a trademark of Cincom Systems, Inc., its subsidiaries, or successors and are registered in the United States and other countries. Microsoft Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft, Inc. Win32 is a trademark of Microsoft, Inc. OS/2 is a registered trademark of IBM Corporation. Other product names mentioned herein are used for identification purposes only, and may be trademarks of their respective companies. The following copyright notices apply to software that accompanies this documentation: Visual Smalltalk is furnished under a license and may not be used, copied, disclosed, and/or distributed except in accordance with the terms of said license. No class names, hierarchies, or protocols may be copied for implementation in other systems. This manual set and online system documentation copyright © 1999–2000 by Cincom Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of it may be copied, photocopied, reproduced, translated, or reduced to any electronic medium or machine-readable form without prior written consent from Cincom. -
A Ccnversational Extensible System for the Animation of Shaded Images(*)
A CCNVERSATIONAL EXTENSIBLE SYSTEM FOR THE ANIMATION OF SHADED IMAGES(*) by Ronald M. Baecker Dynamic Graphics Project, Computer Systems Research Group University of Torcnto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Abstract The terms "conversational" and "extensible" are defined and shown to be useful properties of computer animation systems. A conversational extensible system for the animation of shaded images is then described. With this system, implemented on a minicomputer, the animator can sketch images and movements freehand, or can define them algorithmically via the Smalltalk language. The system is itself implemented in Smalltalk, and hence can be easily extended or mcdified to suit the animator's personal style. (*) This work was supported primarily by the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. I. Introduction We shall now focus upon the second category cf systems. The strengths of GENESYS lay in the spontaneous, real time Computer animation consists of a interaction it facilitated, and in the variety cf techniques and processes in ccnceptualization of the computer animated which the computer is used as an aid in the film and the filmmaking process that it production of animated sequences [Halas 74, embodied. The heart of this Wein 74]. Computer animation systems can conceptualization was a duality between generally be classified as either image and movement, and a rich set of algorihmic or demonstrative [Tilson 75]. representations for movement and tools for the construction of movement. The ARTA and 1. Programming-language based systems Eurtnyk-Wein systems demonstrated the (Algorithmic systems) utility of various picture construction and transformation tools, including the ability EEFLIX [Knowlton 64], EXFLOR [Knowlton to interpolate between images (key frame 7C], and ZAPP (Guerin 73, Eaecker 76], animation). -
Visualworks® Environment
Cincom Smalltalk DATA SHEET Cincom Smalltalk VisualWorks ® Environment Cincom Smalltalk is a pure, object-oriented application development suite for software developers who need to build applications quickly and efficiently. Cincom Smalltalk™ The Cincom Smalltalk product suite consists of two environments: VisualWorks and ObjectStudio ®. VisualWorks is an enterprise-class VisualWorks Environment application development and delivery platform used by world-class The VisualWorks suite is the companies in areas such as semiconductor manufacture, shipping, financial premier Smalltalk platform for risk management, insurance, banking, government, education and building instantly portable server, healthcare. web-based and client/server applications. VisualWorks is VisualWorks portable across a wide range of platforms: VisualWorks includes components for any type of work your team might contemplate: Web Applications, WS* (Web Services), SNMP Connectivity Windows (2000/XP/200x/Vista/CE and superior development tools. VisualWorks now includes best-of-breed • ARM and x86) tools like the Refactoring Browser and the Professional Debugger Package, Mac OS X PowerPC and Intel fully integrated with the product. VisualWorks is ready for integration with • Linux (x86/SPARC/PPC) other leading applications and services, with support for Web Services, • HPUX CORBA, COM and common internet protocols. • AIX VisualWorks has support for all major internet protocols including SOAP, • Solaris (SPARC/x86) • WSDL and UDDI. Additionally, VisualWorks supports interoperability standards such as SNMP and MQS, allowing Smalltalk applications to VisualWorks ® has full 64-bit support seamlessly plug into an enterprise infrastructure an important feature for IS on Linux (x86-64) and Solaris — shops that need to integrate multiple applications from multiple sources. (SPARC/x86-64). This generation of Smalltalk also stands as the best way to interoperate with Highlights the existing and competing standards of .NET and J2EE. -
Expanding the Visualworks Image
Expanding the VisualWorks Image After you install VisualWorks, the base Image (to be found in the subdirectory image in the installation directory1) contains packages or bundles with the standard classes that are needed for application development, along with those that contain the program code for the development environment. The subdirectory contributed contains several enhancements that are delivered with VisualWorks. Among these are • Frameworks for the most diverse programming tasks (for example, SUnitToo, a later version of SUnit2) • Components to access various database systems • Free versions of third-part software • Much more These enhancements are in the form of parcels. Stated somewhat simply, parcels are pack- ages that have been “exported” from an Image. You can use the menu item Package → Publish as Parcel to export a package as a parcel. This creates two files: <package-name>.pst <package-name>.pcl The file with the .pst extension contains the Smalltalk source code. The file with the .pcl extension contains the program translated into byte code. You can use the Parcel Manager, which is started by clicking the menu item System → Parcel Manager in the Launcher, to integrate parcels into one’s own Image. The Parcel Manager presents three views of the parcels from the contributed directory. 1See Fig. 5.1. 2See Chap. 15. © Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden 2015 419 J. Brauer, Programming Smalltalk – Object-Orientation from the Beginning, DOI 10.1007/978-3-658-06823-3 420 Expanding the VisualWorks Image Fig. A.1 The Parcel Manager 1. The parcels are grouped by theme in the Suggestions tab. In Fig. A.1, the parcel SunitTool(s) has been selected from the Popular directory (see Chap.