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Biodiesel from Specified Risk Material Tallow: an Appraisal of TSE Risks and Their Reduction

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Biodiesel from Specified Risk Material Tallow: an Appraisal of TSE Risks and Their Reduction Biodiesel from Specified Risk Material Tallow: An Appraisal of TSE Risks and their Reduction Biodiesel from Specified Risk Material Tallow: An Appraisal of TSE Risks and their Reduction i Acknowledgements Biodiesel from Specified Risk Material Tallow: An Appraisal of TSE Risks and Their Reduction was prepared for the International Energy Agency’s (IEA’s) Executive Committee on Advanced Motor Fuels. The report was supported by agencies in Canada, Finland and the United States through their participation in the IEA’s Implementing Agreement on Advanced Motor Fuels. The authors and ATFCAN gratefully acknowledge the Executive Committee on Advanced Motor Fuels, Natural Resources Canada, the United States Department of Energy and the National Technology Agency of Finland. The views and opinions of the authors expressed in the report do not necessarily state or reflect those of the IEA, nor of any of the participating countries and supporting agencies. 9 Antares Drive, Suite 224 Ottawa, Ontario K2E 7V5 Canada Tel: +1 613 231 4310 Fax: +1 613 231 4353 Email: [email protected] Web: www.atfcan.com ii About the Authors This report was prepared as a collaborative effort by an international team of experts from Canada, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. Anne-Marie Baribeau, B.A.Sc., M.A.Sc. (Canada) Dr. Ray Bradley, MSc, BVetMed, FRCVS, FRCPath, CBiol, MIBiol. (United Kingdom) Dr. Paul Brown, MD (United States) Dr. James Goodwin, Jr. Ph.D (United States) Dr. Ulrich Kihm, Prof. Dr. med. vet. (Switzerland) Dr. Edgar Lotero, Ph.D (United States) Don O’Connor, B.A.Sc., P.Eng. (Canada) Manon Schuppers, M.Sc. (Switzerland) Dr. David Taylor, Ph.D (United Kingdom) iii Foreword In the past few years, concern over rising oil prices and the peaking of oil production have increased global interest in pursuing transportation fuels derived from renewable feedstock sources. The use of animal fats and tallow to produce biodiesel fuel is one such pathway actively being pursued, and is gaining attention in Canada, the United States, and parts of Europe as certain ruminant animal risk material is coming under regulatory review and further control. Animal tallow, which has proven to be a dependable source material for a variety of value-added consumer products, will be impacted to some degree due to segmentation of animal fats as regulatory controls are enacted. The use of specified risk material to produce fuel is an important economic and disposal option, as the materials could be an excellent feedstock for value-added production of renewable biodiesel. The goal of the study resulting in this report was to determine what, if any, animal and public health risks and environmental exposure issues might result from using animal fats for biodiesel fuel, particularly those materials specified at higher risk for transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). An absolute zero-risk assessment cannot be made and would be impossible to prove at this juncture in time. This study, therefore, examines current research results to determine what potential risks exist, and whether risk reduction processes would result in an immeasurably small (i.e., negligible) risk to public health, animal health and the environment. Specific emphasis was directed at collecting information that will be needed by government decision makers, commercial interests, private investors, and the general public to understand the merits of animal tallow-based biodiesel. To produce this report, ATFCAN engaged the services of scientists with substantial expertise and experience, from both Europe and North America. A literature search was undertaken to investigate chemical and biological considerations that could result in any potential for adverse health effects. Of particular interest is the processing of tissues from animals potentially infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or “mad cow” disease. This report presents a systematic survey of current knowledge devoted specifically to this topic. It is organised into an introductory background section on TSE, followed by chapters covering the sequential stages of biodiesel production. The work resulting in this report was commissioned and begun in 2004. This report was largely written in 2004 and 2005. Research findings and developments constantly result in additions to literature and knowledge. It will be prudent, therefore, for government officials, regulators and the renewable fuels industry to continuously assess whether such new information might require the conclusions of this report to be modified in regard to the safety of biodiesel made from animal fats. An example of new information is the announcement made by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) on June 26, 2006, two days before printing this report. The CFIA announced new regulations enacting a ban on the use of specified risk material in any animal feed, pet food or fertilisers in Canada. In addition, one of the disposal options listed by the CFIA for specified risk material is processes that can generate biofuels. v Table of Contents Executive Summary .................................................................. 1 Glossary of TSE-Related Acronyms and Terms.......................... 3 1 Introduction ................................................................... 7 1.1 Objectives of this Report ................................................... 7 1.2 About Risk Communication ................................................ 9 1.2.1 The Pessimistic Perspective: A Worst-Case Scenario .............. 9 1.2.2 The Optimistic Perspective: Sensible Precautions .................11 1.3 Summary .......................................................................12 2 Background Paper on TSE............................................. 15 2.1 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) ...............15 2.1.1 Causal Agents of TSE .......................................................15 2.1.2 Species Affected by TSE ...................................................18 2.2 Transmission of TSE.........................................................19 2.2.1 Dose and Amount in TSE Transmission ...............................19 2.2.2 Routes of Infection ..........................................................20 2.2.3 Species Barriers and the Donor Species Effect .....................21 2.2.4 Transmission of Human TSEs ............................................22 2.3 Diagnosis of BSE .............................................................23 2.3.1 Clinical Signs and Clinical Diagnosis ...................................23 2.3.2 Tests to Confirm TSE .......................................................24 2.4 Inactivation of TSE Agents ................................................24 2.4.1 Physical and Chemical Methods of Inactivation.....................25 2.4.2 Disposal of Animal Carcasses and Waste.............................25 2.4.3 TSE in Animal Fats...........................................................28 2.5 Summary Points..............................................................28 2.6 Reading List....................................................................30 3 Source: TSE in Starting Materials.................................. 39 3.1 Animals of Origin.............................................................39 3.1.1 BSE in Cattle ..................................................................41 3.1.2 BSE in Other Animals .......................................................45 3.1.3 Chronic Wasting Disease in Cervidae ..................................46 3.1.4 Scrapie in Goats and Sheep ..............................................47 3.1.5 Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy....................................50 3.1.6 Knowledge Gaps about Animals of Origin ............................50 3.2 Tissues of Origin..............................................................51 3.2.1 Infectivity of TSE.............................................................53 3.2.2 BSE Infectivity in Cattle Tissues.........................................54 3.2.3 Scrapie Infections in Sheep and Goats................................55 3.2.4 BSE Infections in Sheep and Goats.....................................56 3.2.5 CWD Infectivity in Cervidae (Deer and Elk) .........................56 3.2.6 TSE Infectivity in Other Animal Species ..............................57 3.2.7 Knowledge Gaps about Tissues of Origin .............................57 3.3 Countries of Origin...........................................................58 3.3.1 Country Statistics on BSE .................................................58 3.3.2 Risk Assessment of BSE ...................................................61 vii 3.3.3 Risk Management of BSE ................................................. 61 3.3.4 Internationally Recognised BSE Risk Classification Systems ........................................................................ 65 3.3.5 Knowledge Gaps about Countries of Origin ......................... 68 3.3.6 Sources of TSE Risk: Conclusions...................................... 69 References and Bibliography ...................................................... 70 4 Process: Converting Animal Feedstocks into Biodiesel .......................................................................77 4.1 Rendering...................................................................... 77 4.1.1 Types of Rendering ......................................................... 77 4.1.2 TSE Risks in Starting Material for Rendering ....................... 80 4.1.3 Risk
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