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Of Dahlia Myths.Pub
Cavanilles’ detailed illustrations established the dahlia in the botanical taxonomy In 1796, the third volume of “Icones” introduced two more dahlia species, named D. coccinea and D. rosea. They also were initially thought to be sunflowers and had been brought to Spain as part of the Alejandro Malaspina/Luis Neé expedition. More than 600 drawings brought the plant collection to light. Cavanilles, whose extensive correspondence included many of Europe’s leading botanists, began to develop a following far greater than his title of “sacerdote” (priest, in French Abbé) ever would have offered. The A. J. Cavanilles archives of the present‐day Royal Botanical Garden hold the botanist’s sizable oeu‐ vre, along with moren tha 1,300 letters, many dissertations, studies, and drawings. In time, Cavanilles achieved another goal: in 1801, he was finally appointed professor and director of the garden. Regrettably, he died in Madrid on May 10, 1804. The Cavanillesia, a tree from Central America, was later named for this famousMaterial Spanish scientist. ANDERS DAHL The lives of Dahl and his Spanish ‘godfather’ could not have been any more different. Born March 17,1751, in Varnhem town (Västergötland), this Swedish botanist struggled with health and financial hardship throughout his short life. While attending school in Skara, he and several teenage friends with scientific bent founded the “Swedish Topographic Society of Skara” and sought to catalogue the natural world of their community. With his preacher father’s support, the young Dahl enrolled on April 3, 1770, at Uppsala University in medicine, and he soon became one of Carl Linnaeus’ students. -
Nomenclatura,Íntimamen- De Losnombrescientíficosnohasidounatareafácil
Los humanos clasificamos con el fin de lograr un orden y un manejo más fácil y adecuado de los objetos con los que La trabajamos. Entre los biólogos esta labor es fundamental para establecer códigos de comunicación que permitan ubicar el tipo de organismos que se investigan. Si bien las nomenclatura discusiones y sus resultados han sido parte de un lento y a veces complejo trabajo que ha ido evolucionando con los botánica en nuevos horizontes en la investigación, llegar a acuerdos en las comunidades científicas a nivel mundial en el terreno de los nombres científicos no ha sido una tarea fácil. la sistemática La taxonomía es la ciencia de la clasificación de los gru- pos de organismos, mientras la nomenclatura, íntimamen- te asociada a la taxonomía desde sus orígenes más remotos, del siglo XXI tiene como meta el poner un orden universal en la acepta- ción de nombres a diferentes niveles jerárquicos. Desde hace siglos ha sido imprescindible dar un nombre estable a toda especie y demás categorías que se describen a fin de que se le reconozca en un “idioma” universal. Las nomen- claturas taxonómicas botánica y zoológica se rigen por có- digos internacionales que se aprueban en congresos de este tipo. En general los códigos consisten en reglas, ar tícu- los y suplementos con recomendaciones, que en muchos casos son muy complejos. En el caso de las plantas, el código de referencia es el International Code of Nomenclature que se aprueba en los congresos internacionales periódicos de la International As- sociation for Plant Taxonomy. Las actualizaciones del código se llevan a cabo después de las reuniones de cada congreso, generalmente identificando el código con el nombre de la ciudad sede del congreso. -
And Herbaria
Phytotaxa 165 (1): 001–101 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press Monograph ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.165.1.1 PHYTOTAXA 165 The plants by Daniel Rolander (c. 1723–1793) in Diarium Surinamicum (1754–1765) and herbaria PEDRO LUÍS RODRIGUES DE MORAES1, JAMES DOBREFF2 & LARS GUNNAR REINHAMMAR3 1Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Av. 24 A 1515, Bela Vista, Caixa Postal 199, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil. Email: [email protected] 2University of Massachusetts Boston, College of Liberal Arts, Classics Department, 100 Morrissey Blvd., 02125-3393 Boston, MA, USA. Email: [email protected] 3The Bergius Foundation at The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. Email: [email protected] Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Accepted by Hans-Joachim Esser: 4 Jan. 2014; published: 16 Apr. 2014 1 De Moraes et al. The plants by Daniel Rolander (c. 1723–1793) in Diarium Surinamicum (1754–1765) and herbaria (Phytotaxa 165) 101 pp.; 30 cm. 16 Apr 2014 ISBN 978-1-77557-372-2 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-77557-373-9 (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2014 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41-383 Auckland 1346 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ © 2014 Magnolia Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed in writing. -
© 2008 Stephanie Volmer ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
© 2008 Stephanie Volmer ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PLANTING A NEW WORLD: LETTERS AND LANGUAGES OF TRANSATLANTIC BOTANICAL EXCHANGE, 1733-1777 By STEPHANIE VOLMER A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Literatures in English written under the direction of Myra Jehlen and approved by ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey May 2008 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Planting a New World: Letters and Languages of Transatlantic Botanical Exchange, 1733-1777 by STEPHANIE VOLMER Dissertation Director: Myra Jehlen My dissertation describes an important change in the accepted understanding and imagination of nature. This change took place over the course of the eighteenth century, when nature, from being conceived of as a settled state subject to cyclical change, came to be seen as mobile and mutable. The sense of a mobile, mutable nature--the dissertation's central trope--arose from the experience of travel and discovery, which was accompanied from the first by a vigorous process of transplantation. Plants and seeds were carried across oceans, having been dug up on one continent to be replanted often in another. From being static and predictable, plant life therefore became, for scholars and poets alike, dynamic, mutable, and adaptable. I focus on the writings of a small group of men in the Anglo-American world, including John and William Bartram, Peter Collinson, Alexander Garden, John Ellis, and Carl Linnaeus, who were engaged in the work of transporting, planting, writing about, and classifying botanical objects. -
Nomenclatural Studies Toward a World List of Diptera Genus-Group Names
Nomenclatural studies toward a world list of Diptera genus-group names. Part V Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart Evenhuis, Neal L.; Pape, Thomas; Pont, Adrian C. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4172.1.1 Publication date: 2016 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY Citation for published version (APA): Evenhuis, N. L., Pape, T., & Pont, A. C. (2016). Nomenclatural studies toward a world list of Diptera genus- group names. Part V: Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart. Magnolia Press. Zootaxa Vol. 4172 No. 1 https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4172.1.1 Download date: 02. Oct. 2021 Zootaxa 4172 (1): 001–211 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Monograph ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2016 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4172.1.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:22128906-32FA-4A80-85D6-10F114E81A7B ZOOTAXA 4172 Nomenclatural Studies Toward a World List of Diptera Genus-Group Names. Part V: Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart NEAL L. EVENHUIS1, THOMAS PAPE2 & ADRIAN C. PONT3 1 J. Linsley Gressitt Center for Entomological Research, Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817-2704, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. E-mail: [email protected] 3Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK. E-mail: [email protected] Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Accepted by D. Whitmore: 15 Aug. 2016; published: 30 Sept. 2016 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 NEAL L. -
Why Mammals Are Called Mammals: Gender Politics in Eighteenth-Century Natural History Author(S): Londa Schiebinger Source: the American Historical Review, Vol
Why Mammals are Called Mammals: Gender Politics in Eighteenth-Century Natural History Author(s): Londa Schiebinger Source: The American Historical Review, Vol. 98, No. 2 (Apr., 1993), pp. 382-411 Published by: American Historical Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2166840 Accessed: 22/01/2010 10:27 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=aha. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. American Historical Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The American Historical Review. http://www.jstor.org Why Mammals Are Called Mammals: Gender Politics in Eighteenth-Century Natural History LONDA SCHIEBINGER IN 1758, IN THE TENTH EDITION OF HIS Systema naturae, Carolus Linnaeus introduced the term Mammaliainto zoological taxonomy. -
12 Linnaean Paper Tools
STAFFAN MÜLLER-WILLE 12 Linnaean paper tools In this chapter, I am going to explore a theme that has recently become a ‘hot topic’ in cultural studies of early modern science and medicine more generally: the use of ink-and-paper tools, both in script and print, to accumulate, process and communicate information across geographic, socio-political and cultural dis- tances. This is a topic that promises to deepen our understanding of the history of natural history, especially in its ‘classical’ period, which stretches between the tenth edition of Carl Linnaeus’s Systema naturae (1758) and Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of 1 Species (1859). In the first section, I shall provide an outline of the information economy of classical natural history, contending that it was characterised by an increasing heterogeneity, rather than homogeneity, of sources of knowledge. In the second section, I shall argue that the adoption of two information-processing devices that Linnaeus had introduced – namely binomial nomen- clatureandtheso-calledhierarchyoftaxonomicranks– gave discursive unity to classical natural history despite this heterogen- eity. The third section, finally, will present some examples of how these devices were deployed in the form of paper tools designed for the storage, indexing and exchange of information on plants and animals. Overall, I want to suggest that attention to the mater- ial construction and practical deployment of such paper tools can tell us a lot about natural history and its highly dynamic research culture. The information economy of classical natural history Late eighteenth and early nineteenth-century natural history experienced social and institutional changes that involved both diversifying and centralising tendencies. -
Rules of Botanical Nomenclature
Taxonomy Prof.(Dr.) Punam Jeswal Head M.Sc semester II Botany Department Rules of Botanical Nomenclature Definition - Nomenclature is the art of naming of objects, which deals with the determination of a correct name to a known plant or to a known taxon. The names indeed correspond to the sentence, as both constitute meaningful collection of words. A name indicates a noun that helps in the quick identification, easy communication and economy of memory about the object to which it is concerned. Types of Names - The names according to their range of audience, language, territorial coverage and governance are of two types :- 1. Common or vernacular names. 2. International or scientific names. Common or Vernacular Names - These names are of the locals, by the locals, for the locals, in the local dialect. That is when a local plant is named by native people for the identification and communication to the other people of the same territory in their won local dialect, it is referred to as local or common or vernacular name. The fundamental demerits of this name are that they have limited audience, small territorial coverage and not governed under any set of principles or rules and even the same plant may have more than one name in the same locality. Another demerit of concern regarding these names is presence of synonyms in the languages therefore; the same plant may have a variety of names at different places in different languages. As for instance, mango(Mangifera indica) posses more than fifty names in Sanskrit only and lotus is known by more than two dozen names in Sanskrit and Hindi languages. -
Anfänge Und Ziele Der Vegetationsgeographie
FID Biodiversitätsforschung Mitteilungen der Floristisch-Soziologischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Anfänge und Ziele der Vegetationsgeographie Schmithüsen, Josef 1957 Digitalisiert durch die Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main im Rahmen des DFG-geförderten Projekts FID Biodiversitätsforschung (BIOfid) Weitere Informationen Nähere Informationen zu diesem Werk finden Sie im: Suchportal der Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main. Bitte benutzen Sie beim Zitieren des vorliegenden Digitalisats den folgenden persistenten Identifikator: urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:4-89837 Anfänge und Ziele der Vegetationsgeographie *) von JOSEF SCHMITHÜSEN, Karlsruhe . 1 . Geobotanik und Vegetationsgeographie . Oft ist die Frage aufgeworfen worden , ob die Lehre von der Verbreitung der Lebewesen auf der Erde ( Biochorologie ) wissenschaftssystematisch zu der Biologie ( Botanik und Zoologie ) oder zu der Geographie zu rechnen sei . Tatsächlich werden seit je die Probleme der räumlichen Verteilung der Pflanzen und Tiere und ihrer Beziehungen zu der Umwelt sowohl von den Biologen als auch von den Geographen und oft in enger Zusammenarbeit von beiden erforscht . Die Ausgangspunkte und die Ziele der Betrachtung sind jedoch bei beiden grundsätzlich verschieden . Forschungsobjekt der Biologie ist das Leben mit seinen Formen , Vorgängen und Gesetzen , die neben anderen auch einen räumlichen Aspekt haben . Gegenstand der Geo¬ graphie ist die Erdoberfläche ( Geosphäre ) in ihrer Gliederung in Länder und Landschaften -
Suppressing Synonymy with a Homonym: the Emergence of the Nomenclatural Type Concept in Nineteenth Century Natural History
Journal of the History of Biology (2016) 49:135–189 Ó The Author(s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com 2015 DOI 10.1007/s10739-015-9410-y Suppressing Synonymy with a Homonym: The Emergence of the Nomenclatural Type Concept in Nineteenth Century Natural History JOERI WITTEVEEN Descartes Centre for the History and Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands E-mail: [email protected] Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands Department of Psychology Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands Abstract. ‘Type’ in biology is a polysemous term. In a landmark article, Paul Farber (Journal of the History of Biology 9(1): 93–119, 1976) argued that this deceptively plain term had acquired three different meanings in early nineteenth century natural history alone. ‘Type’ was used in relation to three distinct type concepts, each of them associated with a different set of practices. Important as Farber’s analysis has been for the historiography of natural history, his account conceals an important dimension of early nineteenth century ‘type talk.’ Farber’s taxonomy of type concepts passes over the fact that certain uses of ‘type’ began to take on a new meaning in this period. At the closing of the eighteenth century, terms like ‘type specimen,’ ‘type species,’ and ‘type genus’ were universally recognized as referring to typical, model members of their encom- passing taxa. But in the course of the nineteenth century, the same terms were co-opted for a different purpose. As part of an effort to drive out nomenclatural synonymy – the confusing state of a taxon being known to different people by different names – these terms started to signify the fixed and potentially atypical name-bearing elements of taxa. -
Plant Taxonomy
AUROBINDO SATPATHY PLANT TAXONOMY 1. Plant taxonomy is a subject that deals with: 12. This famous plant taxonomist was in the Royal Botanic a) Naming of plants Garden Kew, England. His publication of 1926 and 1934 Knowledge b) Identification, nomenclature and classification of plants was "The families of flowering plants". His method of c) Identification and nomenclature of plants classification has closer affinities with that of Bentham and d) Identification and classification of plants Hooker. 2. Identification deals with: a) Alfred Barton Rendle b) Karl Christian Mez a) Determination of a taxon as being identified with or similar c) Hans Hallier d) John Hutchinson to another already known element 13. Who coined the term 'species'? b) Classification c) Nomenclature a) John Ray b) Oswald Tippo d) All of the above c) Carolus Linnaeus d) C. Bessey 3. Carolus Linnaeus system of classification is: 14. Who was the famous embryologist who said that 'Ontogeny a) Asexual system b) Morphological system repeats phylogeny'? c) Sexual system a) Lamarck b) Von Baer d) Biochemical and anatomical system c) Louise Pasteus d) Sir Charles Darwin Test Your Test 4. He was a student of Aristotle and is known as the father of 15. Phylogeny is the: Botany. He was the author of Historia plantarum. He a) Life cycle of a species classified plants into trees, shrubs, under shrubs and herbs b) Evolutionary history of a taxon and also recognized annual, biennial and perennial c) Ontogeny of a plant/animal duration of plant life cycle. d) All of the above a) Jerome Bock (1498-1554) 16. -
Of Dahlia Myths.Pub
A year later the Humboldt seeds were distributed in France and sent to Dresden and Berlin. These clearly came from a dif‐ ferent genetic background than the three varieties that Cavanilles had classified. Quickly the color range expanded to dark red, yellow and even white flowers; hybridization efforts also yielded semi ‐double forms. As the distribution of dahlias throughout Europe intensified, new varieties were introduced. In 1809, shortly before his death, Willdenow returned to the topic in his well‐known Hortus Berolinensis VIII. Willdenow analyzed the three Spanish dahlias and determined that D. rosea and D. pinnata (he called it purpurea) were essentially similar. Alluding to their vexing flowering habits, he combined these subspecies under the descriptor Georgina variabilis. Yet G. coccinea was found to be distinct, and so retained its appellation. He then added the new varieties G. lilacina and pallida. The former may have been a variant of rosea, while the latter points to the emergence of whitish flower forms. De Candolle added to the name confusion in 1810: Although by then well aware that Willdenow’s assumption was in error, his Note sur les Georgina (published in the Annals of the French Natural History Museum) affirms the accuracy of the Ger‐ man botanist’s observation. Nevertheless, the editors of the journal objected: In a side note they referred to the general acceptance in France and elsewhere of ‘dahlia’ as the proper name. No matter ‐ for at least the next hundred years, most Central and all Eastern Europeans continued to use georgina. This disparity led some to conclude that georginas were only distantly related to dahlias.