PATRICIA RAILING The Purge of Modern Trends
Patricia Railing has published widely on the Russian Avant-Garde. She is $IRECTOR OF !RTISTS s "OOKWORKS THAT PUBLISHES REPRINTS OF EARLY TH CENTURY artists’ books and writings, as well as studies on the Russian Avant-Garde. Her Alexandra Exter Paints appeared in October 2011 and her doctoral thesis, Kazimir Malevich – Suprematism as Pure Sensation (Université de Paris 1 – Sorbonne, Philosophy of Art) will soon appear under the title, Malevich Paints – The Seeing Eye.
7KDWWKHDUWVIURPSDLQWLQJWROLWHUDWXUHWRWKHDWUH ³RUJDQLVDWLRQV PLJKW FKDQJH WR EHLQJ DQ LQVWUXPHQW IRU WKH WR PXVLF VKRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG VR SRZHUIXO WKDW PD[LPXPPRELOLVDWLRQRI6RYLHWZULWHUVDQGDUWLVWVIRUWKHWDVNV 34 WKH\ KDG WR EH VXEYHUWHG WR WKH DXWKRULW\ RI WKH 6WDOLQLVW RIVRFLDOLVWFRQVWUXFWLRQ´1 UHJLPHVD\VPRUHDERXWWKHHIIHFWVRIWKHDUWVRQWKHKXPDQ EHLQJWKDQZRXOGEHDGPLWWHGLQPRGHUQ:HVWHUQVRFLHWLHV 7KXVWKHDUWVFDPHXQGHUWKHIXOOFRQWURORIWKH6WDWHDQGLIQRW )RUWKHPDUWLVXVXVDOO\FRQVLGHUHGDOX[XU\DSOD\WKLQJDQ DFWXDOO\GHVWUR\HGZKLFKVRPHDUWZDVLWFRXOGDWOHDVWEHPDGH LQYHVWPHQWRUVLPSO\LUUHOHYDQW WRFRQIRUPRUWRGLVDSSHDU ,Q5XVVLDIURPWKHVDUWZDVYLWDOEHFDXVHLWVUROH :KDWHYHUFRXOGQRWEHFODVVL¿HGDV³SUROHWDULDW´DQGZKDWHYHU ZDVWRDQQRXQFHDQGFRQYLQFHWKHSRSXODUPDVVHVDERXWWKH FRXOG EH FODVVL¿HG DV ³ERXUJHRLV´ ZHUH XQGHU WKUHDW :KHWKHU QHZ SROLWLFDO UHJLPH7KH SHDVDQW DQG WKH SUROHWDULDW ZHUH )UHQFK,PSUHVVLRQLVP3RVW,PSUHVVLRQLVP)DXYLVPDQG&XELVPRU WREHSHUVXDVLYHO\SRUWUD\HGDQGWKXVDUWEHFDPHWKHWRRO 5XVVLDQ,PSUHVVLRQLVPWR6XSUHPDWLVPDQG&RQVWUXFWLYLVPDOOZHUH IRU SURSDJDQGD &RLQFLGHQWO\ LW ZDV D ZHDSRQ DJDLQVW WKH GHVLJQDWHGDV³FRXQWHUUHYROXWLRQDU\´DQG³HQHPLHVRIWKHSHRSOH´ ³GHFDGHQWERXUJHRLVYDOXHV´RIWKHHGXFDWHG5XVVLDQV6ORJDQV VXFKDV³7KHSUROHWDULDWLVWKHJUDYHGLJJHURIWKHERXUJHRLVLH´ ³:KRHYHULVDJDLQVW6RYLHWSRZHULVDQHQHP\RIWKHSHRSOH´ The Museum of Western Art ³3URSDJDQGDRIWKHFODVVVWUXJJOHLVWKHGXW\RIDVRFLDOLVW´ RU³9LDWKHSUROHWDULDQGLFWDWRUVKLSWRFRPPXQLVP´EHFDPH 'XULQJ WKH FRQÀLFWV DQG FODVKHV EHWZHHQ WKH DQWL%ROVKHYLN SDUWRIWKHHYHU\GD\OLIHRIWKHSHRSOHVDFURVV5XVVLD$UWZDV :KLWH$UP\ DQG WKH 5HG$UP\ GXULQJ WKH &LYLO :DU XVHGWRFRPPXQLFDWHWKHVHPHVVDJHVDQGEHFDPHWKHPHDQV VORJDQ PRQJHULQJ ZDV KDYLQJ LWV HIIHFWV 7R EH DQWL IRULQ¿OWUDWLQJFRQVFLRXVQHVVDWHYHU\OHYHO)URPSRVWHUVWR ERXUJHRLV WKXVDQWLSULYDWHSURSHUW\ MXVWL¿HGEDQGVRIYDULRXV SDLQWLQJVWRPXVLFWKHDWUHDQGPDVVVSHFWDFOHVDUWZDVWKH SHUVXDVLRQVWRUDQVDFNSURSHUWLHVIDFWRULHVDQGEXVLQHVVHV2Q LQVWUXPHQWRIWKH6WDWH WKHRWKHUKDQGDVPHPEHUVRIWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI)LQH RU3ODVWLF 7KH FRUROODU\ ZDV WKDW DUW ZKLFK FRXOG QRW IXO¿O WKLV $UWV ,=2 DUWLVWV ZHUH GHOHJDWHG WR SURWHFW DUW FROOHFWLRQV IXQFWLRQZDVFDOOHG³GDQJHURXV´IRUWKHPDVVHV$VVWDWHGLQ $OHNVDQGU5RGFKHQNRUHPHPEHUHGRQHHYHQWZULWLQJ WKHGHFUHHRIWKH&HQWUDO&RPPLWWHH¶V³2QWKH5HFRQVWUXFWLRQ RI/LWHUDU\DQG$UWLVWLF2UJDQLVDWLRQV´RI$SULO³RYHU ³, ZDV FKDUJHG ZLWK JXDUGLQJ >6DYYD@ 0RUR]RY¶V KRXVH RQ UHFHQW \HDUV OLWHUDWXUH DQG DUW KDYH PDGH FRQVLGHUDEOH 6UHWHQNDZKHUHWKHUHZHUHHQJUDYLQJVDQGSRUFHODLQ$JURXS DGYDQFHVRQWKHEDVLVRIWKHVLJQL¿FDQWSURJUHVVRIVRFLDOLVW RIµDQDUFKLVWFRPPXQLVWV¶ZDVVHWWOHGWKHUH,ZHQWWKHUHHYHU\ FRQVWUXFWLRQ´EXWWKH³LQÀXHQFHRIDOLHQHOHPHQWVZDVVWLOO GD\DQGZRUNHGRQPRYLQJHYHU\WKLQJRIDUWLVWLFYDOXHLQWRRQH DSSDUHQWDQGPDUNHG´GXHWRZKLFKDUWLVWV¶ URRPWRZKLFK,NHSWWKHNH\V´2
InCoRM Journal Vol. 3 Spring-Autumn UÊ2012 $QG DV ,YDQ 0RURVRY KDG WROG )pOL[ )pQpRQ LQ KLV LPSHULDOLVP¶ZKLFKKDGGRQHµJUHDWGDPDJHWRWKHGHYHORSPHQW LQWHUYLHZ VHH³,YDQ0RUR]RY7DONVWR)pOL[)pQpRQ´LQWKLV RI5XVVLDQDQG6RYLHWDUW¶´ LVVXH GHOHJDWHVIURPYDULRXVFLWLHVKDGSUHVHQWHGWKHPVHOYHV DWWKHGRRUVRIKLVPDQVLRQLQWHQGLQJWRUHTXLVLWLRQ³D&p]DQQH 2QO\WKHLQLWLDWLYHRIWKHGLUHFWRUVRIWKH3XVKNLQ0XVHXPRI RU D 'HUDLQ´ 7KH VDPH KDG RFFXUUHG DW WKH SDODFH RI 6HUJHL Fine Arts in Moscow and the Hermitage Museum in Leningrad 6KFKXNLQDQGDVWKH5XVVLDQDUWKLVWRULDQ1DWDOLD6HPHQRYD VDYHG WKH JUHDW FROOHFWLRQV RI ,YDQ 0RUR]RY 6HUJHL 6KFKXNLQ ZULWHVLQKHUIvan Morozov’s Life and CollectionLWZDVRQWKH DQGRWKHUIDUVLJKWHGFROOHFWRUVIURPDFWXDOUHDOGHVWUXFWLRQ,RVLI LQWHUYHQWLRQRI$QDWROL/XQDFKDUVN\&RPPLVVDURIWKH3HRSOH¶V 2UEHO\ RI WKH +HUPLWDJH DQG 6HUJHL 0HUNXORY RI WKH 3XVKNLQ &RPPLVVDULDWRI(QOLJKWHQPHQW1DUNRPSURVWKDWSXWDVWRSWR ³EHJDQDGLYLVLRQRQWKHEDVLVRIµRQHIRU\RXRQHIRUPH¶´DV VXFKSRWHQWLDOSLOODJH3 6HPHQRYDFRQFOXGHV 7KH6KFKXNLQ&ROOHFWLRQZDVWKH¿UVWRIWKHJUHDW)UHQFK $QG WKXV WKH JUHDW FROOHFWLRQV RI )UHQFK ,PSUHVVLRQLVP FROOHFWLRQV WR EH QDWLRQDOLVHG LQ DQG VR ZDV QDPHG WKH )DXYLVPDQG&XELVPZHUHVDYHGHYHQLIWKH\GLVDSSHDUHGLQWRWKH 0XVHXPRI1HZ:HVWHUQ3DLQWLQJ1RZLWKWKH,YDQ0RUR]RY PXVHXPUHVHUYHVDQGZHUHQRWWREHVHHQDJDLQXQWLOWKHJUDGXDO &ROOHFWLRQIROORZLQJWREHQDPHGWKH0XVHXPRI1HZ:HVWHUQ WKDZIURPWKHVZKLOHWKH&XELVWSDLQWLQJVRI3LFDVVRRQO\ 3DLQWLQJ1R%RWKFROOHFWLRQVZHUHSUHVHUYHGLQWKHRZQHUV¶ UHDSSHDUHGPXFKODWHU)RUWKHWKUHDWRIRQHRIWKHPHPEHUVRIWKH PDQVLRQV XQWLO ZKHQ WKH\ ZHUH DPDOJDPDWHG WRJHWKHU 6RYLHW$UWV&RPPLWWHHZKRKDGOREELHGIRUWKHOLTXLGDWLRQRIWKH ZLWKRWKHUVPDOOHUFROOHFWLRQVWREHFRPHWKH0XVHXPRI1HZ 0XVHXP$*HUDVLPRYVWLOOPXVWKDYHEHHQULQJLQJLQSHRSOH¶V :HVWHUQ$UW,WKRXVHGRYHUZRUNVPDLQO\RLOVRQFDQYDV HDUV$V TXRWHG E\ WKH WKHQGHSXW\ GLUHFWRU 1LQD RI )UHQFK ,PSUHVVLRQLVP 3RVW,PSUHVVLRQLVP )DXYLVP DQG ,DYRUVND\DKHKDGGHFODUHG³,IDQ\RQHGDUHVWRH[KLELW3LFDVVR &XELVP ,¶OOKDYHKLPKDQJHG´5 ,WZDVQRWORQJEHIRUHWKHPXVHXPFDPHXQGHUWKHVHULRXV And as of the writing of this article there is a new chapter VFUXWLQ\ RI WKH VORJDQ KRZHYHU DQG ZDV UHDVVHVVHG LQ WKH EHLQJDGGHGWRWKLVVWRU\)RURQ$SULODQG0D\WKH 35 OLJKW RI FOHDUO\ VWDWHG JRYHUQPHQW SROLF\ RQ WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV 5XVVLDQSUHVVDQQRXQFHGWKDWWKHSUHVHQWGLUHFWRURIWKH3XVKNLQ RI DUW ,Q D FRPPLVVLRQ IRXQG WKDW RQO\ RI WKH 0XVHXPRI)LQH$UWVLQ0RVFRZ,ULQD$QWRQRYDKDVUHTXHVWHG FRPELQHGFROOHFWLRQVFRQIRUPHGWRWKHQHFHVVLW\IRU³ZRUNLQJ WKHUHDPDOJDPDWLRQRIWKH0XVHXPRI1HZ:HVWHUQ$UWWREH FODVV WKHPHV´ UHSUHVHQWLQJ ³WKH FODVV VWUXJJOH´ RU ³ZRPDQ LQ VLWXDWHGLQ0RVFRZ7KHGLUHFWRURIWKH6WDWH+HUPLWDJH0XVHXP ERXUJHRLVDQGLQSUROHWDULDQDUW´RUZHUH³DFWLYHO\UHYROXWLRQDU\ LQ6W3HWHUVEXUJ0LNKDLO3LRWURYVN\UHMHFWVWKLVSURSRVDOEHFDXVH SURSHUO\DJLWDWLRQDO´SLFWXUHV$V6HPHQRYDZULWHVTXRWLQJIURP WKH0XVHXPZRXOGORVHLWVJUHDW0DWLVVHSDQHOVDQGVRPXFKHOVH DUHSRUWGHOLYHUHGE\WKH:RUNHUV¶%ULJDGHRIWKH3HRSOH¶V $V$QWRQRYDZKRLVVWDWHGWRMRXUQDOLVWV &RPPLVVDULDWRIWKH:RUNHU3HDVDQW,QVSHFWRUDWHRIWKH5XVVLDQ 6RYLHW)HGHUDWHG6RFLDOLVW5HSXEOLFWKHUHZHUH ³,NQRZWKHVLWXDWLRQYHU\ZHOODQGSHUKDSV,¶PRQHRIWKHIHZ OLYLQJSHRSOHZKRVDZWKHPXVHXPEHIRUHLWVFORVXUH´ ³VR PDQ\ SLFWXUHV µRI DEVWUDFW DUW DQG RWKHU SLFWXUHV QRW XQGHUVWDQGDEOH WR WKH PDVV YLHZHU¶ VR PDQ\ VWLOO OLIHV 6R FRPSHOOLQJ ZDV KHU VWDWHPHQW WKDW 9ODGLPLU 3XWLQ KDV µXQGHUVWDQGDEOH EXW QRW UHÀHFWLYH RI VRFLDO SUREOHPV¶ DQG ³DVNHGWKHJRYHUQPHQWWRGUDZXSE\-XQH>@DUHSRUWRQ ODQGVFDSHVZLWKRXWKXPDQ¿JXUHVDQGWKHQSLFWXUHVZLWKSHRSOH WKHYLDELOLW\RIUHFUHDWLQJWKH:HVWHUQDUWPXVHXPLQ0RVFRZ´ LQWKHPEXWµZLWKRXWFOHDULQGLFDWLRQVRIFODVV¶WKDW>2@XWZHQW DFFRUGLQJ WR SUHVV VWDWHPHQWV ,QGHHG WKH UHXQLWLQJ RI WKH SLFWXUHV FRQVLGHUHG µDFWLYHO\ UHDFWLRQDU\ DQG D GDUN WKUHDW WR FROOHFWLRQVKDVEHHQWKHGUHDPEHKLQGWKHLQFHVVDQWFDPSDLJQLQJ FODVVFRQVFLRXVQHVV¶´ RIWKH6KFKXNLQDQG0RUR]RYIDPLOLHVIRUVHYHUDOGHFDGHV7KH 5XVVLDQSUHVVDQQRXQFHGRQ0D\WKDWWKH0RVFRZ6WDWH 7KH 0XVHXP RI :HVWHUQ$UW ZDV VXEVHTXHQWO\ FORVHG LQ 0XVHXPRI1HZ:HVWHUQ$UWZRXOGEH³UHVXUUHFWHGRQOLQH´ WKHSDLQWLQJVKDYLQJEHHQHYDFXDWHGZLWK:RUOG:DU WR EH EURXJKW EDFN WR 0RVFRZ LQ ZKHUH WKH\ UHPDLQHG XQSDFNHGEHFDXVHWKH\ZHUHODEHOOHG³LGHRORJLFDOO\KDUPIXO´4 The Museum of Artistic (or Painterly) Culture %\JRYHUQPHQWUHVROXWLRQRI0DUFK6HPHQRYDFRQWLQXHV WKH\ZHUHGHVWLQHGWREH ,WZDVWKLVYHU\VDPHFOLPDWHRIWKH³QHFHVVLW\IRUZRUNLQJFODVV WKHPHV´LQDUWWKH³FODVVVWUXJJOH´³DJLWDWLRQDOSLFWXUHV´WKDW ³OLTXLGDWHGDVµDVHHGEHGRIIRUPDOLVWYLHZVDQGIRUSURVWUDWLQJ ³DUHXQGHUVWDQGDEOHWRWKHPDVVYLHZHU´DQG³UHÀHFWLYHRIVRFLDO LWVHOI EHIRUH WKH GHFDGHQW ERXUJHRLV FXOWXUH RI WKH HSRFK RI SUREOHPV´ WKDW ZDV WKH FDXVH RI WKH SXUJH RI 5XVVLDQ$YDQW
InCoRM Journal Vol. 3 Spring-Autumn UÊ2012 JDUGHDUWLQWKHODWHVDQGHDUO\V7KLVDUWZDVDOVRD ³DOO WKH PDWHULDOV RI WKH 0XVHXP ZHUH GLYLGHG LQWR WKUHH ³WKUHDWWRFODVVFRQVFLRXVQHVV´ JURXSV±ZRUNVWREHWUDQVIHUUHGWRWKH*DOOHU\DQGWRWKH 7KHSXUJHFRQVLVWHGQRWRQO\RIWKHZRUNVRIDUWEXWDOVRRI H[FKDQJHFROOHFWLRQZLWKWKH5XVVLDQ0XVHXP±ZRUNVWR WKHLQVWLWXWLRQVWKDWKDGEHHQFUHDWHGE\WKHDUWLVWVWKH,QVWLWXWHV EHVHQWWRWKHSURYLQFHV±ZRUNVRIVWXGHQWVDQGZRUNVWREH of Artistic Culture devoted to research into art were closed and the KDQGHGEDFNWRWKHSDLQWHUVDIWHUH[KLELWLRQFRPPHUFLDOZRUNV PRGHUQUHIRUPVPDGHWRDUWVFKRROVWKH)UHH6WDWH$UW6WXGLRV ZHUHWREHVROG´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³$YDQW 7KHLQLWLDWLYHZDVOHGE\WKHPHPEHUVRIWKH$VVRFLDWLRQ *DUGH$UWLQWKH3HUPDQHQW([KLELWLRQRIWKH7UHW\DNRY*DOOHU\ RI$UWLVWV RI WKH 5HYROXWLRQ$.K55 WKHQ$.K5 ZKRVH LQWKHVDQGV´7 ZRUNZDVQDPHG6RFLDOLVW5HDOLVPDQGZKLFKZDVXQGHUWKH 6YHWODQD']KDIDURYDDGGVIXUWKHUGHWDLOVDERXWWKHGLVSHUVDO IDYRXURI6WDOLQ RI WKH ODUJH 0RVFRZ FROOHFWLRQ ZULWLQJ WKDW ZRUNV RQ SDSHU DQGJUDSKLFV ³7KH DQQRXQFHPHQW RI WKH SXUJH FRQGLWLRQV LQ WKH QH[W LVVXH of Iskusstvo v massy / Art to the Masses shows the extent to ³ZHUHWUDQVIHUUHGWRWKH6WDWH>$UW@)XQGDQGVRPHZHUHSXWRQ ZKLFK$.K5ZDVMRLQLQJKDQGVZLWKWKHEDWWOHIURQWRIFODVVZDU VDOHDWV\PEROLFSULFHVLQFOXGLQJLWHPVE\5R]DQRYD7KHLU 36 cultural revolution in perhaps its most intensive and enthusiastic IDWHLVXQNQRZQ´8 SKDVH)HUYHQWFDOOVIRUµDQRUJDQLFOLQNZLWKWKHZLGHPDVVHVRI ZRUNHUVDQGWRLOLQJSHDVDQWV¶DQµLQWHQVL¿HGSROLWLFDOHGXFDWLRQ 8QWLO -XO\ FXUDWRUV DQG GLUHFWRUV PDQDJHG WR NHHS DQGDGHFLVLYHSXUJHRIRXUUDQNV¶ZRXOGFRQWULEXWHWRDµZLGH ZRUNV RI DUW RQ YLHZ ¿QDOO\ UHVRUWLQJ WR DQ DSSOLFDWLRQ RI VRFLDOLVW RIIHQVLYH¶ DQG D µPRUH DFXWH FODVV VWUXJJOH¶ LW VDLG 0DU[LVW SROLF\ E\ ODEHOOLQJ WKH LQVWDOODWLRQV WKH ³$UW RI WKH +DYLQJEHHQHVWDEOLVKHGLQWKHµFRQFUHWHKLVWRULFDOFLUFXPVWDQFHV (SRFK RI &DSLWDOLVP´ RU WKH ³([KLELWLRQ RI %RXUJHRLV $UW´ RI WKH VWUXJJOH DJDLQVW DEVWUDFW DUW¶ DJDLQVW /() >/HIW )URQW WKH ZDOOV DSSURSULDWHO\ ¿WWHG RXW ZLWK VXLWDEOH VORJDQV RQ RI WKH$UWV@$.K5 QRZ SURFODLPHG WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI µKLJK ODUJH SDQHOV LQ DQ DWWHPSW WR GHPRQVWUDWH KRZ ³GHFDGHQW DQG SURIHVVLRQDO TXDOL¿FDWLRQV DQG VRFLDO DFWLYLW\ WRJHWKHU ZLWK UHDFWLRQDU\´LWZDV,QWKHKDQJLQJRIWKH([KLELWLRQRIWKH$UWRI SUHFLVHJRDOGLUHFWHGQHVVLQVHUYLQJWKHSUROHWDULDQUHYROXWLRQ¶ WKH(SRFKRI&DSLWDOLVPRI UHSURGXFHGDWWKHHQGRI 7KH SXUJH ZRXOG µH[SHO VHOIVHHNLQJ FDUHHULVW OHHFKHV DOO WKLVDUWLFOH WKHVORJDQVUHDG³%RXUJHRLVDUWLVDWWKHGHDGHQGRI SURIHVVLRQDODQGVRFLDOEDOODVWUHOLJLRXVHOHPHQWVDQGDOODUWLVWV WKH)RUPDOLVPRI6HOI1HJDWLRQ´DQG³7KHDWWHPSWDWWKHDUWLVWLF ZKR LQ WKHLU ZRUN KDYH JRQH RYHU WR FODVVKRVWLOH SRVLWLRQV PHWKRGRIREMHFWLYLVDWLRQLVXQDWWDLQDEOHEHFDXVHERXUJHRLVDUW DJDLQVWWKHSUROHWDULDW¶7KHSXUJHZRXOGEHFDUULHGRXWLQµRSHQ LVLQGLYLGXDOLVWLFWKURXJKDQGWKURXJK´ PHHWLQJV LQ SXEOLF ZLWK WKH ZRUNHUV DQG HPSOR\HUV SUHVHQW 'HVSLWHWKHVWDWHPHQWRIWKHGLUHFWRULQWKDWWRNHHSLW ZLWK6RYLHWDUWLVWVWKHSXEOLFDQGZLWKFDGUHVDQGVWXGHQWVRI RQYLHZZDV³LQRUGHUWKDWWKHKDUPIXOLQÀXHQFHRI)RUPDOLVP WKHDUWVLQKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQDQGWHFKQLFDOFROOHJHV¶´6 FDQEHVKRZQQRWRQO\WRWKHH[SHUWVEXWDOVRWRWKHPDVVHV´WKLV ZDVQRORQJHURIDQ\DYDLO97KH$UW&RPPLWWHHRI1DUNRPSURV 7KH VLWXDWLRQ IRU WKH DYDQWJDUGH KDG EHHQ HURGLQJ VLQFH ordered its immediate removal to the storage rooms where it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³7KH0XVHXPVRI$UWLVWLF&XOWXUH±$3ROLF\ ZDV FORVHG GRZQ LQ 'HFHPEHU RI WKDW \HDU 7KH ZKHUHDERXWV RI'LVVHPLQDWLQJ0RGHUQ$UW´LQ)HEUXDU\ RI ZKDW UHPDLQHG RI WKH 0 $ &¶V FROOHFWLRQ LV XQFKDUWHG
InCoRM Journal Vol. 3 Spring-Autumn UÊ2012
Hanging in the Tretiakov Gallery, Moscow, May 1929-August 1930 4OP ROW LEFT TO RIGHT s , 0OPOVA Violin s . 5DALTSOVA Table at a Restaurant, 1915; s ! $REVIN Painterly Composition, 1921 "OTTOM ROW LEFT TO RIGHT s ! %XTER Still Life C s , 0OPOVA hItalian Still Lifev s . 5DALTSOVA Self Portrait and 37 Palette s 6 4ATLIN Selection of Materials s 6 4ATLIN Old Basnaia Street, 1917
s s
s
s
s s s s
InCoRM Journal Vol. 3 Spring-Autumn UÊ2012 7KHDYDQWJDUGHZDVRQYLHZWKHUHLQ VHHKDQJLQJ PXVHXPVLQDGGLWLRQWRZRUNVWUDQVIHUUHGDZD\RUEURXJKWLQ opposite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³7KH0XVHXPVRI$UWLVWLF&XOWXUH´WKHUH GLUHFWRU RI WKH 0XVHXP RI $UW LQ
InCoRM Journal Vol. 3 Spring-Autumn UÊ2012 39
Hanging in the Russian Museum, 1927 4OP ROW LEFT TO RIGHT s . 5DALTSOVA Still Life s + Malevich, Supremus s , 0OPOVA Objects, 1915; s , 0OPOVA Portrait of a Philosopher, 1916 "OTTOM ROW LEFT TO RIGHT s + -ALEVICH Supremus s + -ALEVICH Perfected Portrait of Ivan Kliunkoff; s . 5DALTSOVA Restaurant, 1916 s
s s s
s
s
s
InCoRM Journal Vol. 3 Spring-Autumn UÊ2012 ³)RUYDULRXVUHDVRQVVRPHRI>WKHSURYLQFLDOPXVHXPV@QHYHU ZULWHV$OH[DQGUD6KDWVNLNKLQKHUERRNVitebsk±The Life of HYHQRSHQHGRWKHUVFORVHGZLWKRXWGHYHORSLQJWKHLUSURJUDPV Art6KHDOVRUHIHUVWR³FRQIXVLRQLQHDUO\6RYLHWGRFXPHQWV´ while their collections ended up in the storerooms of local arts RYHUWKHDWWULEXWLRQRIDSDLQWLQJZKLFKVKHFRQWHVWVDVEHLQJ DQGFUDIWVPXVHXPVRUZRUVHMXVWGLVDSSHDUHG´14 E\0DOHYLFK6KDWVNLNKIXUWKHUGHVFULEHVWKHQHJOHFWRIWKH 9LWHEVNPRGHUQFROOHFWLRQLQZULWLQJ ³(QGLQJXSLQVWRUHURRPV´ZDVVRPHWKLQJDERXWZKLFKWKH DUWLVW9HUD(UPRODHYDFRPSODLQHGELWWHUO\:LWKWKHFORVXUHRI ³,Q D UHSRUW WKDW IRUPDOL]HG WKLV DFWLRQ >RI WUDQVIHUULQJ WKH3UDFWLFDO$UW,QVWLWXWHLQ9LWHEVNZKHUH0DOHYLFKKDGEHHQ ZRUNVWRWKH3HWURJUDG0XVHXPRI$UWLVWLF&XOWXUH@LWZDV DW WKH FHQWUH RI WKH 8129,6 JURXS RI VWXGHQWV DQG WHDFKHUV PHQWLRQHGWKDWWKHVH>QDPHG@ZRUNVµDORQJZLWKRWKHUV LQFOXGLQJ (UPRODHYD DQG (O /LVVLW]N\ WKH DYDQWJDUGH ZRUNV ZKLFKOD\LQWKHVWRUHURRPVRIWKH9LWHEVN,QVWLWXWHXQXVHG LQ WKH 0XVHXP RI 0RGHUQ$UW WKHUH ZHUH DOVR DEDQGRQHG ,Q DQGZLWKRXWWKHQHFHVVDU\VHFXULW\ZLOOEHGHOLYHUHGWRWKH KLVDUWLFOHRQWKH9LWHEVNPXVHXPWKH9LWHEVN DUWKLVWRULDQ/ PXVHXPLQWKHQHDUIXWXUH¶´18 0LNKQHYLFK FLWHV D OHWWHU RI 0D\ ZKLFK (UPRODHYD addressed to the director of the Petrograd Museum of Artistic 2QO\SDUWRIWKLVDVLWWXUQHGRXWWRRNSODFH7KHZKHUHDERXWV &XOWXUHVD\LQJ RISDLQWLQJVE\2OJD5R]DQRYD$([WHU,0DVKNRY$ /HQWXORY1*RQFKDURYD$5RGFKHQNR96WHSDQRYD0 ³,QYLHZRIWKHDEVHQFHRIDORFDORUJDQLQWHUHVWHGLQWKHZRUNVRI &KDJDOOHWDOVWLOOUHPDLQVDP\VWHU\2QHFRQWHPSRUDU\ PRGHUQVDUWLVWVDOOWKHSLFWXUHVKDYHVLPSO\EHHQDEDQGRQHGLQWKH ZLWQHVVDVVHUWHGWKDWWKH\KDGEHHQGHVWUR\HGDQRWKHUZDV VWRUHURRPVRIWKH$UW6FKRRO&RQVLGHULQJWKDWWKHVXEVHTXHQWIDWH FHUWDLQWKDWWKH\KDGQRWEHHQ$.DQGLQVN\GUDZLQJZDV RIWKHVHZRUNVLVFRPSOHWHO\XQNQRZQDQGWKDWWKH\DUHWKUHDWHQHG IRXQGKRZHYHUEXW³LWZDVJLYHQDZD\WRVRPHRQH´19 E\LQHYLWDEOHGHVWUXFWLRQRZLQJWRWKHVWDIIRIWKHVFKRRORIDUW $QGWKLVODVWVWDWHPHQWLVRQHRIWKHPRVWUHYHDOLQJ±DUW 40 PRYLQJWR3HWURJUDG,FDWHJRULFDOO\GHFODUHWKDWWKHSLFWXUHVPXVW ZRUNVDUH³JLYHQDZD\´DQGUHPDLQZLWKRXWWUDFH:KHWKHU EHLPPHGLDWHO\WUDQVIHUUHGIURP9LWHEVNWRDPRUHFXOWXUHGFHQWUH WKH\ FKDQJH KDQGV ZLWKRXW DQ\ GRFXPHQW ZKDWVRHYHU ZKHUHWKH\FDQEHVWRUHGDQGSXWWRFXOWXUDOXVH´15 ZKHWKHU WKH\ DUH IRUJRWWHQ LQ PXVHXP RU DUW VFKRRO VWRUHURRPVZKHWKHUWKH\ZHUHGHVWUR\HGRUZKHWKHUWKH\ ,QODWHVXPPHUWKHDUWLVWWKHQZULWHVWKDWVKHVLPSO\³WRRNWKH ZHUHQRWWKLVLVWKHVWRU\RIWKHPDQ\KXQGUHGVRIZRUNV SLFWXUHVZLWKRXWWKHSURSHUDXWKRULVDWLRQ´VHQGLQJ WKDWZHUHDFTXLUHGWKHQGLVWULEXWHGWRRYHUPXVHXPVLQ 5XVVLD ³WKH¿UVWEDWFKRIZRUNVWRWKH0XVHXPRI$UWLVWLF&XOWXUHLQ 6KDWVNLNKFORVHVKHUFKDSWHURQWKHPXVHXPVD\LQJWKDW 3HWURJUDGRQ-XO\$VHFRQGJURXSRIZRUNVIROORZHGRQ VKHKDGSXWLWWRJHWKHUZLWK³LQFRPSOHWHLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKH $XJXVW1LQD.RJDQWKHQUHFHLYHGSHUPLVVLRQWRUHPRYHSLFWXUHV 9LWHEVN0XVHXPRI0RGHUQ$UW´ IURP9LWHEVN6KHWUDQVIHUUHGKHURI¿FLDOSRZHURIDWWRUQH\WR 7KH LQDGHTXDF\ RI DUFKLYDO LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ WKH FLW\ RI 1LNRODL6XHWLQ/HY InCoRM Journal Vol. 3 Spring-Autumn UÊ2012 The Central Depository for 0DQ\ZRUNV³IURPWKHSUROL¿FOHJDF\RI0LNKDLO/H'HQWX´DV Contemporary Art /LXERY InCoRM Journal Vol. 3 Spring-Autumn UÊ2012 M. B. IZO / M[useum] B[ureau] IZO Label on stretcher of K. Malevich, Suprematism (1916), No. 1425 on reverse of K. Malevich, Red Square – Pictorial Realism in Central Depository – Museum Fund, with stamp: ‘WRITTEN OFF of a Peasant Woman in 2 Dimensions, 1915. Purchased 1949’. Private Collection, St. Petersburg in 1921. State Russian Museum, St. Petersburgh. FORVHGLQRULQ/HQLQJUDGZKHQWKH0XVHXPRI$UWLVWLF 1RW RQO\ GDPDJHG ZRUNV ZHUH VROG DFFRUGLQJ WR &XOWXUHZDVFORVHGLQRUZKLFKKDGEHHQWUDQVIHUUHGEDFN ']KDIDURYD¶VUHVHDUFK,QIDFWWKH$UW)XQGEHFDPHWKHVRXUFH WRWKH$UW)XQGDIHZIDFWVDUHNQRZQ IURPZKLFKWKHVWDWHFRXOGVHOOZRUNVRIDUW3DLQWLQJVIURPWKH ,Q 0RVFRZ WKH ZRUNV WKDW ZHUH WUDQVIHUUHG IURP WKH 0$&FROOHFWLRQWKDWKDGEHHQWUDQVIHUUHGWRWKH$UW)XQG 0XVHXPRI3DLQWHUO\&XOWXUHWRWKH7UHWLDNRY*DOOHU\ZHUHSXWRQ LQWKHVZHUHVROGLQWKHV$QH[DPSOHLVWKDWRID H[KLELWLRQ ZKLOH PRVW RI WKH UHPDLQLQJ ZRUNV ZHUH DOORFDWHG IRU 6XSUHPDWLVWSDLQWLQJE\.D]LPLU0DOHYLFK WKHRQHFRQWHVWHG 24 E\$6KDWVNLNKPHQWLRQHGDERYHDQGWRGD\LQWKH.DZDPXUD 42 ³OLTXLGDWLRQ´DFFRUGLQJWR,ULQD/HEHGHYDDVFLWHGDERYH In this case ³OLTXLGDWLRQ´PHDQWWKDWWKH\ZHUHQRWDFFHSWHGE\WKH*DOOHU\DQG 0HPRULDO0XVHXPRI0RGHUQ$UW6DNXUD-DSDQ +HKDGKDG ZHUHGLVSHUVHGUHWXUQHGWRWKH$UW)XQGRUVHQWWRRWKHUPXVHXPV DRQHPDQVKRZLQ-DQXDU\)HEUXDU\DWWKH0XVHXPRI :RUNVZHUHDOVRSXWRQVDOHDV6YHWODQD']KDIDURYDGHVFULEHGLQ 3DLQWHUO\&XOWXUHLQ0RVFRZFDOOHGD³SHGDJRJLFDOH[KLELWLRQ´ ³7KH/LIHRI5XVVLDQ$YDQW*DUGH:RUNV$Q(VVD\LQ+LVWRU\´25 DQGWKLVSDLQWLQJZDVDSSDUHQWO\SXUFKDVHGIRUWKH0$&DW WKDWWLPH28,QWKHVDQXPEHURISDLQWLQJVZHUHVHOHFWHG ³7KH >DUFKLYDO@ OLVWV QXPEHU SDLQWLQJV LQFOXGLQJ E\ IURPWKH$UW)XQGWREHVROGWRWKH:HVWWKH0DOHYLFKSDLQWLQJ 5R]DQRYD SLHFHV E\ 6WU]HPLQVNL D FRXQWHUUHOLHI E\ 6YHWORY DPRQJWKHP7KLVLVDFRQFUHWHH[DPSOHRIKRZSDLQWLQJVWKDW HWF DQG JUDSKLF LWHPV DQG GUDZLQJV >WKDW@ ZHUH KDGEHHQSXUFKDVHGE\WKH$UW)XQGDQGDOORFDWHGWRPXVHXPV WUDQVIHUUHGWRWKH6WDWH)XQGDQGVRPHSXWRQVDOHDWV\PEROLF ZHUHUHWXUQHGWRWKH$UW)XQGDQGWKHQVROG SULFHVLQFOXGLQJLWHPVE\5R]DQRYD7KHLUIDWHLVXQNQRZQ´26 $QRWKHU H[DPSOH RI D 0DOHYLFK SDLQWLQJ EHLQJ VROG LV GHPRQVWUDWHG E\ D ODEHO RI WKH &HQWUDO 'HSRVLWRU\ RI WKH 7KH$XVWULDQDUWKLVWRULDQ:DOWUDXG%D\HUUHLWHUDWHVWKDW 0XVHXP )XQG IRXQG RQ WKH VWUHWFKHU RI D 6XSUHPDWLVW ZRUNVZHUHVROGLQWKHVIURPWKH$UW)XQG,QKHUERRN SDLQWLQJ LQ D SULYDWH FROOHFWLRQ LQ 6W 3HWHUVEXUJ DERYH OHIW Gerettete Kultur: Private Kunstsammler in der Sowjetunion, 7KH,QYHQWRU\1XPEHULV³´WKH$UWLVWLV³.0DOHYLFK´ 1917-1991Private Art Collectors in the Soviet Union, 1917- DQGWKH7LWOHLV³6XSUHPDWLVP´6WDPSHGRYHUWKHWKHODEHOLV 1991VKHZULWHVWKDW ³63,6$7´³:5,77(12))´ZKHQLWZDVVROGWRD SULYDWHLQGLYLGXDO ³7KRVH ZRUNLQJ LQ WKH 6WDWH 0XVHXP )XQG VROG GDPDJHG 7KLVH[DPSOHUHYHDOVWKHRFFDVLRQDOSRVVLELOLW\RIWUDFLQJD WKLQJVWKDWZHUHVWRUHGLQGHSRVLWRULHVDWWKHORZHVWSULFHVDQG ZRUNWRWKH$UW)XQGWKURXJKWKHOLWWOHVWXGLHGKLVWRU\RIODEHOVDQG DORWZDVGHVWUR\HG´27 VWDPSVIRXQGRQDYDQWJDUGHZRUNV7KHVWHQFLOOHGVWDPSRIWKH 0XVHXP%XUHDX 0% RI,=2LVIRXQGHYHQLIRQDYHU\IHZ $V WKH 0RVFRZ DUW KLVWRULDQ $OH[DQGHU $U]DPDVWVHY FDQYDVHVRQSDLQWLQJVLQWKH5XVVLDQ0XVHXPLQ6W3HWHUVEXUJ ZULWHVRQWKHRWKHUKDQG HPDLOWRWKHDXWKRURI-XQH VXFK DV RQ 0DOHYLFK¶V Red Square – Pictorial Realism of a Peasant Woman in 2 DimensionsRIUHSURGXFHGKHUH7KLV ³LW ZDV IRUELGGHQ WR GHVWUR\ >ZRUNV RI DUW@ (YHQ LI LQ WKH same stamp is also found on a Still LifeE\$OH[DQGUD([WHUZKLFK RSLQLRQRIFLYLOVHUYDQWVWKH\ZHUHRIQRDHVWKHWLFYDOXHWKH\ LVWRGD\LQDSULYDWHFROOHFWLRQLQ6ZLW]HUODQG7KLVSDLQWLQJOLNH KDGDSULFHDQGHYHU\JRYHUQPHQWRI¿FLDOZDVUHVSRQVLEOHIRU PDQ\PDQ\RWKHUVZDVVROGE\RI¿FLDOVRXWRIWKH$UW)XQGDQG WKHVDIHW\RIWKHZRUNV´ WKH&HQWUDO'HSRVLWRU\RI&RQWHPSRUDU\3DLQWLQJLQWKHV InCoRM Journal Vol. 3 Spring-Autumn UÊ2012 ,Q/HQLQJUDGRIWKHDSSUR[LPDWHO\SDLQWLQJVIURPWKH The 9.K87(0$6LWVHOIKHOGH[KLELWLRQVRIVWXGHQW 0XVHXPRI$UWLVWLF&XOWXUHWKDWZHUHVHOHFWHGE\1LNRODL3XQLQ ZRUNVXFKDVWKDWRIWKH3URMHFWLRQLVWVRI'HFHPEHU WREHWUDQVIHUUHGWRWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI&RQWHPSRUDU\$UWZLWKLQ RU WKH ([KLELWLRQ RI WKH 3URGXFWLRQ 'HSDUWPHQW RI ODWH WKH6WDWH5XVVLDQ0XVHXPDQXQNQRZQQXPEHURIZRUNVZHUH ZKLFKZDVUHYLHZHGE\ InCoRM Journal Vol. 3 Spring-Autumn UÊ2012 7KHVHGUDZLQJVZHUHSDUWRIDQ,1.K8.SURMHFWWKRXJKWWREH KDYHEHHQWKHLGHDOSODFHEXWDJDLQGRFXPHQWV±ZKLFKSUREDEO\ WKHRQHLQYHVWLJDWLQJFRQVWUXFWLRQLQHDUO\VRLWLVSRVVLEOH GRQRWH[LVW±DUHQHHGHGWRHODERUDWHRQWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHV7KH WKDW WKH ODEHOV ZHUH DSSOLHG WR LQGLFDWH ZRUNV WKDW KDG EHHQ KXPDQVLWXDWLRQOHGDWOHDVWWRUHVRXUFHIXOQHVV WKH VXEMHFW RI SHGDJRJLFDO LVVXHV GLVFXVVHG LQ WKH PHHWLQJV 7KH FROOHFWLQJ RI WKH YDULRXV IDFWV PDNHV LW SRVVLEOH WR 3HUKDSVDOVRDSHGDJRJLFDOFROOHFWLRQRI,1.K8.ZDVSODQQHG EXLOGXSDJUDGXDOSLFWXUHDERXWWKHKROGLQJVRIWKH$UW)XQG ,1.K8.DOVRRUJDQLVHGH[KLELWLRQVVXFKDVWKH'HFHPEHU DQGWKH&HQWUDO'HSRVLWRU\ZLWKVWDPSVDQGODEHOVZKHUHWKH\ RQHEDVHGRQWKH6FLHQWL¿F$QDO\VLVRIWKH0HDQVDQG$LPVRI H[LVWFRQWULEXWLQJDPHDQVIRUWUDFLQJZRUNVWKDWZHUHVROGRXW $UWLVWLF3URGXFWLRQZLWKDFFRUGLQJWRLWVDQQRXQFHPHQW RIWKHPRYHUWKHGHFDGHV ³WKH ZRUNV JURXSHG DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH SUREOHPV WR ZKLFK WKH\ JLYHULVHVXFKDV WKHSUREOHPRIFRORXU WKHSUREOHPRI New Collections YROXPH WKHSUREOHPRIVSDFH WKHSUREOHPRIPDWHULDO WKHSUREOHPRIWH[WXUH WKHSUREOHPRIPDWHULDO SUREOHPV 7KH&HQWUDO'HSRVLWRU\RI&RQWHPSRUDU\3DLQWLQJKDGEHHQFUHDWHG ZKLFKFDQEHGLYLGHGLQWRWKUHHIRUPDOFDWHJRULHVOLQHVXUIDFH E\ WKH DUWLVWV WKHPVHOYHV DQG WKURXJKRXW WKH 6RYLHW UHJLPH ZDV DQGYROXPH´33 SURWHFWHGE\DKDQGIXORILQGLYLGXDOVZLWKLQÀXHQFHZKRUHFRJQLVHG WKHFXOWXUDOYDOXHRIWKLVODUJHWUHDVXU\RI5XVVLDQ$YDQW*DUGHDUW *LYHQ WKDW D QXPEHU RI 0 $ & H[KLELWLRQV KHOG LQ ZRUNV2QHRIWKHVHZDV,JRU9DVLOHYLFK.DFKXULQ G +LV WKH 9.K87(0$6 IURP ZHUH VSHFL¿FDOO\ FODVVL¿HG DV ZLGRZ,ULQD.DFKXULQDUHPHPEHUVWKDW ³SHGDJRJLFDO´ DQG GRQH LQ FROODERUDWLRQ ZLWK ,1.K8. WKLV ODEHOPD\KDYHDOVREHHQDI¿[HGWRZRUNVVXFKDV0DOHYLFK¶VRQ ³LQ WKH 'HSXW\ 0LQLVWHU RI &XOWXUH RI WKH 8665 6XHYD WKHRFFDVLRQRIWKHVHH[KLELWLRQV0XFKPRUHUHVHDUFKLVQHHGHG UHOHDVHG DQ DFW UHJDUGLQJ WKH 0XVHXP )XQGV7KLV DFW VWDWHG WKH 44 WRGLVFRYHUWKHDFWLYLWLHVDQGWKHSURMHFWVHQYLVLRQHGE\,1.K8. IROORZLQJ FKHFNLQJ WKH 0XVHXP )XQGV DQG UHYLHZLQJ DOO WKH DQGWKHRFFDVLRQVRQZKLFKWKHODEHOZDVDSSOLHG H[KLELWVWKDWDUHQRWXVHGLQPXVHXPH[KLELWLRQVDQGDUHQRWJRLQJWR $VIRUWKHWKLUGSRLQWZKDWWRGRZLWKZRUNVLQDUWLVWV¶ EHH[KLELWHG±WKHVHSLHFHVRIDUWKDGWREHGHVWUR\HGRUH[FKDQJHG VWXGLRVZLWKWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHSXUJHVIURPDURXQGLW RUVROGµ8VHOHVVQHVV¶ZDVGH¿QHGDVQRWFRQIRUPLQJWRLGHRORJ\ LV NQRZQ IURP QXPHURXV DFFRXQWV WKDW ZRUNV ZHUH VWRUHG E\ WKHUHIRUHLFRQVZHUHWKH¿UVWWKDWHQGHGXSRQWKHOLVW WKLVLVKRZZH IDPLO\DQGIULHQGVRIWKHDUWLVWVDQGWKLVHYHQIURPWKHYHU\ ORVWVHYHUDOH[WUDRUGLQDU\SLHFHVRIROG6ODYRQLFDUW DVZHOODVDYDQW HDUO\V,QWKHFDVHRI.D]LPLU0DOHYLFKIRUH[DPSOHKH JDUGHSDLQWLQJVERRNVWKDWGLGQRWIRFXVRQ0DU[DQG/HQLQHWF VWRUHGPDQ\SDLQWLQJVZLWKKLVEURWKHULQ0RVFRZ0LHFKHVODY ³9'%RQFK%UXHYLFKZDVDIDPRXVSDUW\PHPEHUDQGKHDG DQGSHUKDSVDOVRZLWKKLVVLVWHUWKHUH(O/LVVLW]N\ZURWHWRKLV RIWKHQHZO\IRUPHGFRPPLWWHHRIH[SHUWVZKRZHUHWRH[HFXWH IXWXUH ZLIH 6RSKLH .SSHUV IURP 0RVFRZ RQ 6HSWHPEHU WKH JRYHUQPHQW¶V DFW RI +H ZDV LQ FKDUJH RI WKH SDUW\¶V WKDW DUFKLYHVDQGWKHSUHVHUYLQJRIZRUNVRI5XVVLDQFXOWXUH,Q %RQFK%UXHYLFKEHFDPHKHDGRIWKHFRPPLVVLRQWKDWZDVIRUPHG ³0DOHYLFK YLVLWHG PH VHYHUDO WLPHV DERXW D PRQWK DJR :H WRSUHVHUYHKLVWRULFDODQGFXOWXUDOPRQXPHQWV6LQFHDWWKDWWLPH had agreed that he would come for me so that we go into town KHZDV'LUHFWRURIWKH0XVHXPRIWKH+LVWRU\RI5HOLJLRQDQG WRJHWKHUDQGPDNHDVHOHFWLRQIURPKLVZRUNV+HZDQWHGWR¿[ $WKHLVPLQ/HQLQJUDGPDQ\SLHFHVRIDUWWKDWUHSUHVHQWHGUHOLJLRXV PHXSZLWKDURRPDWKLVVLVWHU¶V%XW,¶YHVHHQDVPXFKRIKLP DQGKLVWRULFDODUWZHUHEURXJKWWRWKLVYHU\PXVHXPLQRUGHUWR DV\RXKDYH+RZHYHUVRWKDW'RUQHUZRQ¶WVWDUWVXVSHFWLQJ\RX VDYHWKHP DIWHUWKDWPDQ\ZHUHGHVWUR\HGRUVROG±EDFNWKHQ RIEHLQJDOLDU,LQWHQGWRZULWHWR/HQLQJUDGDJDLQ´34 RQHFRXOGKDSSHQWR¿QGXQLTXHSLHFHVRIDUWLQDQWLTXDULDQVWRUHV LQ 0RVFRZ DQG /HQLQJUDG EHFDXVH RI WKH µFOHDQLQJ XS¶ RI WKH :KDW WUDQVSLUHG UHPDLQV YDJXH EXW 0DOHYLFK QHYHU KDG 0XVHXP)XQGVUR\DOFDVWOHVDQGOLEUDULHV(YHQQRZRQHFDQVWLOO DQ H[KLELWLRQ DW WKH 3URYLQ]DO 0XVHXP LQ +DQRYHU RI ZKLFK ¿QGVRPHSDLQWLQJVZLWKLQYHQWRU\QXPEHUVIURPWKH UR\DOFDVWOHV $OH[DQGHU 'RUQHU ZDV WKH 'LUHFWRU $QG ZKDW KDSSHQHG WR RI3DYORYVN*DWFKLQDDQGPDQ\PRUHDVZHOODVWKH+HUPLWDJH 0DOHYLFK¶V ZRUNV DW KLV EURWKHU¶V LV DOVR QRW UHFRUGHG EXW LW DQGWKH5XVVLDQPXVHXPLQ6W3HWHUVEXUJ ZDVEHFRPLQJGDQJHURXVWRVWRUHZRUN$VDORQJWLPHIULHQGRI ³,9.DFKXULQZDVWKHOHDGLQJSHUVRQLQWKLVFRPPLVVLRQDVKH 9ODGLPLU7DWOLQWROGPHZKHQ,YLVLWHGKHULQ0RVFRZLQ had two degrees in higher education (he graduated from the Historical- VWXGLRVZHUHVHDUFKHGE\WKHSROLFHVRDUWLVWVKDGWRKLGHRUUHPRYH $UFKLYDO,QVWLWXWHDQGWKH3KLORORJ\DQG/LWHUDWXUH,QVWLWXWH DQGZDV WKHLUDEVWUDFWZRUNWRVDIHUSUHPLVHVE\WKHODWHVDQGHDUO\ DGLVWLQJXLVKHGH[SHUWRQDUW0\KXVEDQGWROGPHWKDWWKHJURXSRI V7KH&HQWUDO'HSRVLWRU\IRU&RQWHPSRUDU\3DLQWLQJZRXOG H[SHUWVWUDYHOOHGDURXQGWKHFRXQWU\FKHFNLQJWKH0XVHXP)XQGV InCoRM Journal Vol. 3 Spring-Autumn UÊ2012 DQGGHWHUPLQLQJWKHIXWXUHRIXQXVHGSLHFHVRIDUW,JRU.DFKXULQ LQ DQ DWWHPSW WR OHJDOLVH SULYDWH FROOHFWLRQV 2QO\ WKDW RI ZDVFRPSOHWHO\DZDUHRIWKHKRUULEOHQHVVRIZKDWZDVKDSSHQLQJ *HRUJH &RVWDNLV KDG HQMR\HG DQ XQRI¿FLDO ³RI¿FLDO´ VWDWXV WKLVLVZK\KHWULHGWRµKLGH¶DVPDQ\SDLQWLQJVDVSRVVLEOHE\VHQGLQJ IURPWKHV WKHPWRRWKHUPXVHXPVDQGRWKHUUHSXEOLFVRIWKH6RYLHW8QLRQ+H 'XGDNRYJLYHVDQDFFRXQWRIWKLVFODQGHVWLQHFROOHFWLQJ HLWKHUJDYHWKRVHSLHFHVWKDWZHUHVXSSRVHGWREHGHVWUR\HGWRIULHQGV &KULVWLQD %XUUXV LQWURGXFLQJ WKLV ZULWLQJ WKDW ³*UDGXDOO\ RUWRRNWKHPZLWKKLP ZKLFKZDVTXLWHGDQJHURXV 7KLVLVKRZKH 'XGDNRY ZDV DGPLWWHG LQWR WKH H[WUHPHO\ VHOHFW FLUFOH RI DFTXLUHGIRUH[DPSOHDYDQWJDUGHDUW´35 FROOHFWRUVZKLFKSRVVHVVHGLWVRZQGLVWLQFWLYHFRGHRIEHKDYLRXU DQGUXOHV´ $OH[DQGHU $U]DPDVWVHY HODERUDWHV RQ WKH ZRUN RI WKH commissions: ³, OHDUQW P\ SURIHVVLRQ WKH KDUG ZD\ DQG WKH OHVVRQV ZHUH RIWHQ SDLQIXO %XW , ZDV OXFN\ HQRXJK WR PHHW VRPHRQH ZKR ³'XULQJ:RUOG:DUWKHUHZDVQRSRVVLELOLW\RIPDLQWDLQLQJVWRUDJH LQWURGXFHGPHWRWKLVFRUQHURIWKHEXVLQHVVZRUOGDQGJXLGHG FRQGLWLRQVKHDWLQJUHVWRUDWLRQ0DQ\ZRUNVRIDUWZHUHGDPDJHG PHRQDMRXUQH\WKDWZDVIUDXJKWZLWKGLI¿FXOW\$IWHU>'PLWUL@ RUGHFD\HG6RDIWHUWKH:DUVSHFLDOFRPPLVVLRQVZHUHHVWDEOLVKHG 6DUDELDQRY DQG >2VFDU@ 5DELQ P\ WKLUG PHQWRU ZDV 7KHVH FROOHFWLRQV ZHUH FODQGHVWLQH RI FRXUVH IRU DV 7KHVRXUFHVRIWKHVHZRUNVZHUHVRPHWLPHVWKHIDPLOLHVRU &KULVWLQD%XUUXVZURWHLQKHULQWHUYLHZZLWK9DOHUL'XGDNRY IULHQGVRIWKHDUWLVWVVRPHWLPHVMXQNVKRSVZKHUHDV'XGDNRY SXEOLVKHGLQWKHJournal of InCoRMLQ36 ZULWHVFRXOGEHIRXQGROGVKRHVRUDSDLQWLQJE\5REHUW)DON VRPHWLPHV WKH JRYHUQPHQW &RPPLVVLRQ VKRSV EXW WKH PDMRU ³FROOHFWRUVKDGEHHQFRQVWUDLQHGWRRSHUDWHLQVHPLVHFUHF\ VRXUFH ZDV WKH &HQWUDO 'HSRVLWRU\ RI &RQWHPSRUDU\ 3DLQWLQJ :LWK WKH VXSSRUW RI 5DLVVD *RUEDFKHY 'XGDNRY IRXQGHG WKH $QGLWZDV1LNRODL9LQRJUDGRY ZKRVWLOOKHOGWKH µ&ROOHFWRUV¶&OXE¶LQDQGWKHQWKHµ&ROOHFWRUV¶8QLRQ¶´ NH\V InCoRM Journal Vol. 3 Spring-Autumn UÊ2012 Exhibition of the Art of the Epoch of Capitalism “Bourgeois art is at the dead end of the Formalism of Self Negation” Tretiakov Gallery, Moscow, November 1931-February 1932 Top row, left to right: V. Kandinsky, Overcast, 1917; A. Rodchenko, Composition No. 64/84 (Abstraction of Colour: 46 Elimination of the Density of Colour), 1918 Bottom row, left to right: K. Malevich, Supremus No. 57, 1916, K. Malevich, Black Square, 1915 On the right: I. Kliun, The Musician, 1917 Exhibition of the Art of the Epoch of Capitalism “The attempt at the artistic method of objectivisation is unattainable because bourgeois art is individualistic through and through.” Tretiakov Gallery, Moscow, November 1931-February 1932 Top row, left to right: V. Tatlin, The Fishmonger, 1911 Middle row: K. Malevich, Reaper, c. 1928 Bottom row: N. Udaltsova, Self Portrait with Palette, 1915 InCoRM Journal Vol. 3 Spring-Autumn UÊ2012 $V'XGDNRYUHFRUGV >@ 6HH16HPHQRYDIvan Morozov’s Life and CollectionZZZ PRUR]RYVKFKXNLQFRP$OOVXEVHTXHQWTXRWDWLRQVDUHIURP ³:KHQ9LQRJUDGRYGLHGLQDQROGSHRSOH¶VKRPHDWWKHDJHRI>RYHU@ WKLVVRXUFH QLQHW\KLVKHLUVQRWL¿HGFHUWDLQDUWORYHUVLQVWULFWFRQ¿GHQFHDQGLQ >@ 2Q WKH GHEDWH RYHU KRZ ,PSUHVVLRQLVP PD\ RU PD\ QRW VHYHUDOGD\VKDGGLVSRVHGRIKLVIDEXORXVFROOHFWLRQ9LQRJUDGRY FHOHEUDWH WKH SHDVDQW DQG KRZ LWV ³ERXUJHRLV´ DQG KHQFH who was one of the heads of the Moscow Fine Arts Commission ³FDSLWDOLVW´YDOXHVFRUUXSW6RYLHWFLWL]HQVSUHYHQWLQJWKHPIURP DQGKHDGRIWKH6WDWH'HSRVLWRU\RI3DLQWLQJLQ0RVFRZKDGQRW ³RYHUFRPLQJWKHVXUYLYDOVRIFDSLWDOLVPLQSHRSOH¶VPLQGV´DV RQO\FROOHFWHGZRUNVRIDUW+HKDGKHOGRQWRHYHU\WKLQJ>VXFKDV VWDWHGLQ6WDOLQ¶V6HFRQG)LYH InCoRM Journal Vol. 3 Spring-Autumn UÊ2012 >@ / 0LNKQHYLFK ³7KH +LVWRU\ RI WKH 0XVHXP RI 0RGHUQ >@ Press photograph of exhibition at Museum of Private Collections, Moscow, June-August 2012. Works in the collection of Valeri Dudakov. InCoRM Journal Vol. 3 Spring-Autumn UÊ2012