Asian Journal of Research in Crop Science
2(4): 1-10, 2018; Article no.AJRCS.47225 ISSN: 2581-7167
Study of Paddy Stem Borers Population Dynamics and Influencing Environmental Factors through Light Trap
Mubashar Hussain1*, Muhammad Yasir Ali2, Muhammad Umer3, Numan Ejaz3, Muhammad Bilal3, Muhammad Arslan Salim4, Hamza Armghan Noushahi5, Bilal Atta6 and Muhammad Rizwan6
1Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. 2College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, China. 3Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. 4Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. 5College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China. 6Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Pakistan.
Authors’ contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. All authors of this experiment designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors BA and MR supervised the whole study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/AJRCS/2018/v2i430035 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Bojan Stipesevic, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Osijek, Croatia. (2) Dr. Moaed Al Meselmani, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, South Yorkshire. Reviewers: (1) Pervin Erdogan, Plant Protection Central Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey. (2) Andrei Ana-Maria, Romania. (3) Imam Widhiono, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto, Indonesia. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle3.com/review-history/47225
Received 22 October 2018 Original Research Article Accepted 14 February 2019 Published 23 February 2019
ABSTRACT
Rice crop is affected by many insect pests like White Stem Borer, Yellow Stem Borer and Pink Stem Borer. Rice stem borers are main pests affecting rice crop from nursery to physiological maturity including them in key pests. These studies had been carried out to discover the encouraging and antagonistic boundaries of weather parameters for the rice stem borers. As per result of studies, the population was recorded higher from mid-March to 1st week of May and then it escalated again from ______
*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected];
Hussain et al.; AJRCS, 2(4): 1-10, 2018; Article no.AJRCS.47225
2nd week of August to a maximum in September in case of Yellow Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulus) and White Stem Borer (Scirpophaga innotata) of rice during the both years 2017-2018; while in case of Pink Stem Borer population recorded from mid-September to the last week of April in 2017 and lasted till 4th week of May 2018. On evaluating the weather conditions specially temperature and relative humidity, it was detected that insect trap catches noted inside a certain range of temperature that varies from 18-35°C in case of White Stem Borer and 17-34°C for Yellow stem borer of rice. Extreme catches were documented in April and September inside a temperature range of 26-32°C considering it ideal series of temperature for insect light trap catches and activity of yellow and white stem borer. However, in case of pink stem borer above 32°C no catch was observed.
Keywords: Paddy; stem borers; population dynamics; environmental relation.
1. INTRODUCTION like all other species are thus to fluctuate according to the dynamic circumstances of its Rice is the 2nd important cash crop of Pakistan. It location [10,11]. Therefore the relation of is infected by many insect that include Yellow important mortality dynamics, both biotic and Stem Borer, White Stem Borer and Pink Stem abiotic could be used to predict the pest Borer. The insect pest population is influenced by populations. Moreover, figures of the periodic the meteorological parameters such as richness and population tendency are vital to temperature and relative humidity Stem borers warrant timely caution to defy future pest are one of the key pests in subtropical to tropical problems and avoid crop losses [12]. Asia containing Pakistan. S. incertulus and S. innotata are monophagus, while S. inferens is Light traps reap a huge number of species polyphagus. Dead hearts at vegetative stage and [13,14] especially nocturnal insect pests [15] and white heads appear at reproductive stage attack being inexpensive provides a number of gains in case of borers attack [1]. Stem borers attack over other substitute methods. This paper exploit rice nursery and transplanted crop throughout the pest population records collected through the season but their activity had been observed light traps during the years 2017-2018 which was at top in the month of September [2,3] and are documented at Rice Research Institute Kala reasons of severe damages to the crop [4]. The Shah Kaku. The light trap data records were range of rice produce harms due to S. incertulus evaluated to meteorological factors has been projected to 20–70% [5]. essentially with temperature and relative humidity to draw relation among them for the years 2017- Insect pest population dynamics are measured to 2018. be subjective by both biotic and abiotic elements [6]. Ecological features such as temperature, 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS shower, and relative humidity and rainfall considerably influence the surge of the insect The current research was carried out to find out population [7,8,9]. Populations of stem borers the relation among light trap catches of rice stem
Temperature Avg and Relative Humidity Avg 2017
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd March April May June July August September October November
(a)
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Hussain et al.; AJRCS, 2(4): 1-10, 2018; Article no.AJRCS.47225
Temperature Avg and Relative Humidity Avg 2018 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd March April May June July August September October November
(b)
Fig. 1. Weekly percentage average relative humidity and average temperature for the years, 2017 (a) and 2018 (b) from March to November borers and environmental factors for the year active between 22-32°C and no flight was 2017-2018 Kala Shah Kaku, Lahore, Pakistan. observed below 17°C and above 35°C. As The rice nursery was planted in the 1st week of shown in the Fig. 3a, it is clear that polynomial June and transplanted after one month. All the trend line shows no activity below 16°C customary endorsements for plant production temperature and zero activity above 34°C for the and plant safety were implemented in agreement year 2017, statistically. For the year 2018 (Fig. with the suggested timetable. The light trap fixed 3b), the upper temperature limit increased one for collection had four parts i.e. gathering bottle, degree i.e. 35°C while it has fallen to 16°C in funnel molded lid, a bulb of 100W as light source case of lower temperature limit. and a top lid to cover it from unexpected rainfall. Potassium cyanide was used to kill the insect Activity of S. innotata (Fig. 3a-b) started in the pests trapped in the collection chamber. Killing third week of March in 2017 when temperature bottles were substituted manually and trapped rose to 20°C as compared to 23.5°C average moths were identified and calculated. The temperature of 21st week of April while in 2018 meteorological data was collected by the Pest the light trap catches were observed in the month Warning and Quality control of Pesticides of March when temperature was again 18°C till Department Lahore, Pakistan. end of March as compared to 2nd week of March 18°C in 2017. Light trap catches were increased 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION in April when average temperature range was recorded between 27°C till end of April for both The population of paddy stem borers varied the years 2017 and 2018. Catches were dropped according to change in climatic and temporal in May for both the years and no catch was th phase. White stem borer (WSB) (S. innotata) of observed after 4 week of May in 2017 when nd rice population was more in March and April temperature reached to 34°C and 2 week of while highest September. Yellow stem borer YSB June in 2018 when temperature as recorded st (S. incertulus) showed the same population 35°C. No flight was observed from 1 week of st nd dynamics highest in September then lower in June to 1 week of August in 2017 while from 2 nd March and April while zero activity from mid-May week of June to 2 week of August for the year to mid-July. S. inferens showed no activity from 2018. The early flights in 2018 may be because mid-May to early September however, it of low temperature as compared to 2017. The remained active for the rest of year. maximum flights and catches have been observed between 23-32°C for the both years By matching the insect light trap catches (Fig. 2017-2018 that range could be defined optimum 2a) it is evident that the white stem borer is very range for S. innotata (Fig. 3a, b).
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Hussain et al.; AJRCS, 2(4): 1-10, 2018; Article no.AJRCS.47225
120 2018 y = -0.0709x2 + 3.5753x - 10.544
s 100 e R² = 0.1706 h 2017 c 80 t 2
a y = 0.0039x - 0.6912x + 21.986 c
60
p R² = 0.1117
a 40 r t
t 20 h g i
L 0 -20 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd March April May June July AugustSeptembeOr ctobeNr ovember Weeks
WSB 2017 WSB 2018 Poly. (WSB 2017) Poly. (WSB 2018)
(a)
40 2018 2 s 35 y = -0.0088x + 0.4774x - 1.9069 e
h 30 2017 R² = 0.1232 c t 25 2
a y = -0.0057x + 0.2039x + 4.4165 c 20 R² = 0.004 p
a 15 r t
10 t
h 5 g i 0 L -5 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd March April May June July AugustSeptembeOr ctoberNovember Weeks
YSB 2017 YSB 2018 Poly. (YSB 2017) Poly. (YSB 2018)
(b)
2017 60 2018 y = 0.1223x2 - 3.9594x + 29.186 50 y = 0.1152x2 - 4.3308x + 38.715 R² = 0.7742 s
e 40 R² = 0.7754 h c t a
c 30
p a r
t 20
t h g
i 10 L 0 -10 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd 1st 3rd March April May June July AugustSeptembeOr ctobeNr ovember Weeks
PSB 2017 PSB 2018 Poly. (PSB 2017) Poly. (PSB 2018)
(c)
Fig. 2. Temporal distribution of Scirpophaga innotata (2a), Scirpophaga incertulus (2b), and Sesamia inferens (2c) during 2017 and 2018 shown in (2a, b, c) respectively
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Hussain et al.; AJRCS, 2(4): 1-10, 2018; Article no.AJRCS.47225
30 y = -0.2263x2 + 11.779x - 137.84 25 R² = 0.5037
s 20 e h c t a 15 c p a r t
10 t h g i
L 5
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 -5 Weekly average temperature °C
(a)
120
100 y = -0.4498x2 + 22.998x - 256.1 R² = 0.3094 80 s e h c
t 60 a c
p 40 a r t t 20 h g i L 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 -20
-40 Weekly average temperature °C
(b)
40 35 y = -0.2143x2 + 11.257x - 133.75 30 R² = 0.4434 s
e 25 h c
t 20 a c
p 15 a r t
t 10 h g i
L 5 0 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 -10 Weekly average temperature °C
(c)
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Hussain et al.; AJRCS, 2(4): 1-10, 2018; Article no.AJRCS.47225
40 y = -0.1554x2 + 7.875x - 86.398 35 R² = 0.2576 30 s
e 25 h c t 20 a c
p 15 a r t 10 t h g
i 5 L 0 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 -10 Weekly average temperature °C
(d)
60 y = 0.1371x2 - 9.2555x + 155.84 50 R² = 0.6596 s
e 40 h c t
a 30 c
p a r
t 20
t h g i 10 L
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 -10 Weekly average temperature °C
(e)
50 y = 0.0416x2 - 3.7437x + 78.28 40 R² = 0.6399 s e
h 30 c t a c
p 20 a r t
t
h 10 g i L 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 -10 Weekly average temperature °C
(f)
Fig. 3. Polynomial graph showing interaction between weekly total light trap catches of Scirpophaga innotata (3a, 3b), Scirpophaga incertulus (3c, 3d) and Sesamia inferens (3e, 3f) and weekly Average Temperatures for the years, 2017 and 2018, respectively
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Hussain et al.; AJRCS, 2(4): 1-10, 2018; Article no.AJRCS.47225
The activity of S. incertulus started in 3rd week of temperature limit was recorded 31°C and 33°C March and lasted till 3rd week of May for the year for the years 2017 and 2018 respectively (Figs. 2017 and 2nd week of May for year 2018. It has 3e-f). the lower temperature limit of 18°C and 16°C for 2017 and 2018 respectively while 34°C upper Activity of S. inferens continues in the winter temperature limit for the years 2017 and 2018. season being a polyphagus insect pest upon end th nd From 4 week of May to 2 week of August no of Kharif season. Therefore lower threshold flight and light trap catches were observed for temperature limit could not be seen in the Fig. st 2017 while the flight activity started in after 1 3e, 3f. More studies are required to figure out the week of August in 2017. Maximum catches for lower threshold limit for S. inferens. early season in 2017 were observed between 24°C to 32°C for the year 2017. In the year 2018, In case of relative humidity, it cast a significant rd the activity was observed in 3 week of March in positive impact on S. innotata (0.409299) and S. the early season while for the late season incertulus (0.40485735) of rice. In case of S. th maximum activity was recorded in 4 week of inferens, relative humidity induced an September when temperature was 28°C. The insignificant positive effect (0.014953) on light intensity of catches showed that maximum trap catches relative to the S. innotata and S. catches were observed between 24°C to 30°C incertulus (Figs.4a, b, c). It is also evident that and 25°C to 32°C for the years 2017 and 2018, the number of light trap catches of these three rd respectively. After the 3 week of October no insect pests of rice was increased with increase activity was observed in both years and activity in average relative humidity. rd cessation for 2017 broken in 3 week of March 2018 when temperature crosses the 17°C Our findings are very close to study of Light trap achieved (Fig. 3c-d). catches of Yellow Stem Borer revealed by Santiago and Sebastian that S. incertulus In case of S. inferens catches were recorded in remained active from last week of March to third st th 1 week of March last till 4 week of April in 2017 week of May in the early season and from rd while it lasted till the 3 week of May for the year September to October a peak of activity was 2018 (Fig. 2c). This may because the average again observed [16]. The studies of Chen [17] temperature was less in 2018 as compared to also showed that maximum activity of S. rd 2017. Then it again started from 3 week of incertulus and S. innotata was detected above at September in 2017 when temperature dropped to 29°C, while no activity was recorded below 15°C. 27°C. In the year 2018, again activity recorded till Bale [18] also found that the overwintering larvae rd the end of 3 week of May while it resumed in of YSB matures when temperature rise above nd the 2 week of September. The catches range 16℃ in spring season similar to our findings. was 29°C average temperature for 2017 while Maximum catches of S. incertulus recorded were 32°C for the year 2018. The frequency of light in the month of September [19], which was in catches was unanimously divided for the year accordance to our studies. 2017-2018 in case of S. inferens. The upper
120 y = 0.7034x - 31.306
s 100
e R² = 0.1908 h c t 80 a c
p
a 60 r t
t h
g 40 i l
y l
k 20 e e
W 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 -20 Average Relative Humidity %
(a)
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Hussain et al.; AJRCS, 2(4): 1-10, 2018; Article no.AJRCS.47225
45 40 y = 0.1933x - 9.0947 35 R² = 0.1639
s 30 e h
c 25 t a C
20 p a
r 15 T
t 10 h g i
L 5 0 -5 0 20 40 60 80 100 -10 Average Relative Humidity %
(b)
60
50 y = 0.0135x + 9.7848 s
e R² = 0.0002 h
c 40 t a C
p 30 a r T
t
h 20 g i L 10
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Average Relative Humidity %
(c)
Fig. 4. Weekly Total Light Trap catches of Scirpophaga Innotata (Fig. 4a), Scirpophaga incertulus (Fig. 4b) and sesamia inferens(Fig. 4c) and weekly Average Relative Humidity at Kala Shah Kaku for 2017-18
Catling [20] confirmed the bottom temperatures forewarning and monitoring tools are for growth of S. incertulus for adult phase 16°C indispensible for pest management, the S. similar to our findings explaining further that, incertulus prediction model would prove useful in constructed on the records for the last 40 years, forewarning likely occurrence of the pest in the appearance of adults of the first generation is Mandya region, thereby paving way for timely depended on the temperatures. Insects belong to action and prevention of yield losses due to the phylum arthropoda are cold-blooded creatures, pest. temperature plays a pivotal role in their growth and dissemination [21,22], and S. incertulus has 4. CONCLUSION no impunity to this thermal code. Asghar [23] revealed minimum temperature and relative From this study we can conclude that the humidity to be important dynamics that knowledge and information of insect pest catches influenced the S. incertulus outbursts. As reliable in light traps could be used for developing
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Peer-review history: The peer review history for this paper can be accessed here: http://www.sdiarticle3.com/review-history/47225
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