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ASPECTOS TAXONÓMICOS Y BIOLÓGICOS DE LAS RAYAS ESPINOSAS DEL GÉNERO Urotrygon EN EL PACÍFICO VALLECAUCANO, COLOMBIA

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ASPECTOS TAXONÓMICOS Y BIOLÓGICOS DE LAS RAYAS ESPINOSAS DEL GÉNERO Urotrygon EN EL PACÍFICO VALLECAUCANO, COLOMBIA ASPECTOS TAXONÓMICOS Y BIOLÓGICOS DE LAS RAYAS ESPINOSAS DEL GÉNERO Urotrygon EN EL PACÍFICO VALLECAUCANO, COLOMBIA BEATRIZ EUGENIA MEJÍA-MERCADO UNIVERSIDAD JORGE TADEO LOZANO FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA MARINA BOGOTÁ 2007 ASPECTOS TAXONÓMICOS Y BIOLÓGICOS DE LAS RAYAS ESPINOSAS DEL GÉNERO Urotrygon EN EL PACÍFICO VALLECAUCANO, COLOMBIA BEATRIZ EUGENIA MEJÍA-MERCADO Proyecto del trabajo de grado para optar el titulo de Biólogo Marino Directora PAOLA ANDREA MEJÍA FALLA Bióloga B Sc Codirector EFRAÍN ALFONSO RUBIO Biólogo Ph D Asesora MARCELA GRIJALBA BENDECK Bióloga Marina B Sc UNIVERSIDAD JORGE TADEO LOZANO FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA MARINA BOGOTÁ 2007 Nota de aceptación _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Presidente del Jurado _____________________________________ Jurado _____________________________________ Jurado Ciudad y fecha (día, mes, año) __________________________ iii DEDICATORIA En la memoria de mi papá, ese ser que hizo de mi vida una completa maravilla… conseguiste que mi ilusión de vivir estuviera acompañada por tu entusiasmo y respaldo y que aún sin tu compañía mi espíritu de conocer y experimentar lo que realmente me gusta siguiera adelante, solo espero que desde allá arriba, puedas seguir viendo mis triunfos y mis ganas de continuar con esto... te quiero… iv Entender que parte de nuestros deseos por querer cambiar este país, llenarlo de cosas positivas y dignas, es tener el deber de indagar por sus atributos y cualidades e imprimirlas en nuestros estándares de muestra hacia nosotros mismos y los que llevan el valor de vivenciarlos, me incita a crear herramientas para aumentar un nivel más en la curiosidad y entusiasmo de conocer lo desconocido y encontrar más oportunidades de fortaleza. v AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero agradecer mis triunfos y aunque son muchas las personas que han participado en mi preparación para ellos, sólo espero que todos se sientan incluidos de una u otra forma en este texto… • A mi papá, el ángel de mi guarda, el haberme enseñado todas aquellas virtudes y cualidades llenas de singularidad de una persona que consigue lo que quiere y que me permitieron grandes oportunidades para tener y ser lo que hasta ahora he alcanzado… mis agradecimientos sobrenaturales llegan tan lejos que son respondidos de forma real y pronta… • A mi familia, mamá y hermanos por colaborarme en todo momento, brindarme parte de su vida para que saliera adelante y cumpliera lo que un día, sin mucho conocimiento, me propuse… es de admirar la confianza que han depositado en mi para creer en mis actos y simplemente darme un respaldo incondicional… • A Santiago Acevedo por darme ánimo en los momentos más duros, en los que pensé desfallecer en mis impulsos de sacar esto adelante… solo quiero que sepa que ha sido gran compañía y apoyo y que las cosas grandes y sinceras se llevan para siempre en el corazón… • A Marcela Grijalba por darme ese empujoncito que necesitaba para alcanzar lo que realmente quería hacer… • A Paola A. Mejía por colaborarme en este trabajo, guiarme y acompañarme durante todo el tiempo de investigación… aunque las dificultades son enormes es más grande nuestra fuerza de superarlas y continuar adelante… vi • A Efraín Rubio por endulzar los momentos de trabajo e irradiar esa tranquilidad que siempre lo acompaña… • A la Fundación SQUALUS por darme la oportunidad de trabajar en el Pacífico, mi tierrita, y aprender cosas realmente importantes para el desarrollo de este proyecto y de muchos más que se irán presentando. • A Pío por brindarme su larga juventud viviendo conmigo la inolvidable experiencia de estar en un paraíso como es mi Valle, haciendo un trabajo de mucho conocimiento y aprendizaje… • A Paúl le agradezco por participar en mi enseñanza de entender que la distancia no es motivo de separación… también quiero que sepa que sus grandes conocimientos me ayudaron artísimo para terminar esta etapa de mi vida… • A los pescadores que me colaboraron con el desarrollo de mi tesis, proporcionándome las muestras y colaborándome con el acogimiento en su casa. • A mi Universidad, Jorge Tadeo Lozano, por haberme permitido vivir tantas experiencias nuevas… las cosas no tienen que ser siempre como uno quiere, es importante recibirlas y aceptar aquello que nos sirve… • A la Universidad del Valle y todas las personas que en ella me colaboraron, porque sin su ayuda no hubiera sido posible el haber terminado este logro que un día me propuse… Aunque hayan grandes vii situaciones que impidan nuestro proceso, siempre habrán recompensas más grandes aún… • A todas las personas que no fueron nombradas explícitamente, por darme un poquito de ustedes y haber creído en mis ganas de llegar lejos y conseguir lo que quiero… a todas ellas mis deseos de que permanezcan siempre a mi lado, pues este es solo uno más de los triunfos que quiero compartir con ustedes… • A Dios, por haberme dado la fuerza y la compañía de mis días débiles y ser la persona que en mis alegrías siempre me acompaña… seguridad y tranquilidad fueron la clave que me enseñaste para no desfallecer… viii CONTENIDO INTRODUCCIÓN ..........................................................................................17 2. MARCO TEÓRICO Y ESTADO DEL ARTE ............................................. 19 2.1. MARCO TEÓRICO .......................................................................................................... 19 2.2. ESTADO DEL ARTE ....................................................................................................... 21 2.2.1. Taxonomía ................................................................................................................ 22 2.2.2. Crecimiento............................................................................................................... 24 2.2.3. Reproducción............................................................................................................ 24 3. PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACIÓN ..........................................................26 4. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS..................................................................... 27 5. HIPÓTESIS...............................................................................................28 6. METODOLOGÍA .......................................................................................29 6.1. Área de estudio .............................................................................................................. 29 6.2. Fase de Campo............................................................................................................... 32 6.3. Fase de Laboratorio....................................................................................................... 33 6.3.1. Aspectos taxonómicos.............................................................................................. 34 6.3.2. Aspectos de crecimiento........................................................................................... 36 6.3.3. Aspectos reproductivos ............................................................................................ 36 6.4. Fase de Gabinete............................................................................................................ 38 6.4.1. Aspectos taxonómicos.............................................................................................. 38 6.4.1.1. Especies de estudio .......................................................................................... 38 6.4.1.2. Caracteres morfométricos ................................................................................. 39 6.4.1.3. Caracteres morfológicos ................................................................................... 40 6.4.2. Aspectos de crecimiento........................................................................................... 41 6.4.2.1. Tipo de crecimiento ........................................................................................... 41 6.4.2.2. Longitud asintótica............................................................................................. 42 6.4.3. Aspectos reproductivos ............................................................................................ 42 6.4.3.1. Descripción anatómica ...................................................................................... 42 6.4.3.2. Estados de madurez.......................................................................................... 42 6.4.3.3. Madurez sexual ................................................................................................. 42 6.4.3.4. Proporción de sexos.......................................................................................... 43 6.4.3.4. Fecundidad........................................................................................................ 44 7. RESULTADOS .........................................................................................45 7.1. Aspectos Taxonómicos................................................................................................. 45 7.1.1. Especies de estudio.................................................................................................. 45 7.1.2. Caracteres morfométricos ........................................................................................ 46 ix 7.1.3. Caracteres morfológicos........................................................................................... 50 7.1.4. Clave dicotómica......................................................................................................
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