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Toward an Information Framework TOWARD AN INFORMATION FRAMEWORK FOR WATER QUALITY PLANNING: THE FRASER RIVER MAIN STEM CASE STUDY by JACK MICHAEL NICKEL B.Sc. (Honours), The University of British Columbia, 1972 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES THE SCHOOL OF COMMUNITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA © Jack Michael Nickel, 1980 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. The School of Community and Regional Planning The University of British Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, British Columbia Canada V6T IV5 Date - ii - TOWARD AN INFORMATION FRAMEWORK FOR WATER QUALITY PLANNING: . THE FRASER RIVER MAIN STEM CASE STUDY ABSTRACT This study examines the existing practice and legislative base for water quality management at both federal and provincial levels in British Columbia and shows that the movement toward preventative- management presently underway will lead to increasing demands for systems oriented data and methods of interpreting this data for planning purposes. An information framework is developed for stream-quality assessment of flowing surface waters based on a one- dimensional representation of the water system, a finite segment approach to data organization, and a combination dilution model/ materials balance approach to system simulation and analysis. The approach is designed to use available data and the framework is computerized. The analysis framework is applied to the main stem of the Fraser River above Hope. Although a large amount of data has been collected in this watershed, diverse agency objectives and lack of co-ordination in data collection programs limits the analysis to ten river segments and nine water quality parameters; flow, pH, temperature, specific conductance, dissolved sodium, suspended solids, total iron, total managanese, and total copper. Using the best data presently available, data gaps, in-stream behavior, assimilative capacity estimates based on standards and quality changes induced by development are discussed for several of these parameters as an illustration of the framework's use as a research and planning tool. - iii - Water quality data collected during 1976 for regulatory and system surveillance purposes were assemhled and used to simulate the behavior of conservative materials or to quantify the ohserved deviation from conservative behavior. These deviations identify and assist analysis of the aggregate quality influences of non-specific source inputs and/or in-stream transformation processes. They also allow limited prediction of the water quality changes associated with water and related resource developments. The study shows that very little data has been collected in the upper reaches of the Fraser main stem, that unaccounted dilution can have as great an effect on water quality as accounted material inputs, that grab samples are not adequate representations of mean monthly quality, that quality degradation from industrial discharge below Prince George is largely offset "by the dilution influence of the Nechako River, and that a scouring followed by downstream deposition phenomenon can he observed through a materials balance analysis. Also, it is shown that new waste loads and dams can have a significant effect on quality. It is recommended that the approach developed here be adopted as an aid to water quality managementsurveillance.network design and data interpretation. A joint federal/provincial committee should be established under the Canada Water Act to co-ordinate management effort. The provincial government should establish a water resource planning component in the Environment and Land Use Committee Secretariat' to develop planning procedures and integrate these procedures with land use planning. A pilot water resource management study should begin in each resource management region of the province. Future work should concentrate on the development of water quality standards and mechanisms of public input to water resource planning studies. - iv - TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ii LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS viii INTRODUCTION Purpose of the Thesis 1 Definitions 2 Methods 3 CHAPTER 1 - APPROACHES TO WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT 1. General Objectives of Water Quality Management 5 2. Alternative Goals/Approaches to Water Quality Management 6 - Maximize Economic Efficiency 6 - Maximize Environmental Integrity 8 - Maximize Social Utility 9 3. Water Quality Management in British Columbia 11 - Historical Perspective 11 - Overview and Prospects 18 - Summary 21 CHAPTER 2 - DEVELOPMENT OF THE INFORMATION FRAMEWORK 1. The Institutional Basis 22 2. Scope and Information Requirements of Planning and Research Activities 25 3. Data Constraints 28 - Federal 28 - Provincial 29 4. Framework Concepts and Process 32 - System Delineation 35 - Component Interrelationships 37 - Model Process 40 - Prediction 41 5. Water Quality Parameter Selection 42 6. Computerization 4? - V - CHAPTER 3 - THE FRASER RIVER CASE STUDY 1. Introduction to the Case Study 50 2. Preliminary Site and Data Source Inventory 56 - Receiving Water Monitoring Sites 56 - Waste Discharge Permit Inventory 62 - Water License Inventory 62 3. Preparation for Analysis 68 - Segment Boundaries 68 - Parameter Selection 70 - Temporal Considerations 73 - Data Retrieval, Assumptions and Inventory 7^ - Summary 80 4. Model Outputs and Observations 81 - Site Specific 81 - Segment Summary Output 83 - Output of System Summary 88 - Prediction Output 102 5. Discussion and Summary 107 - Advantages of Use 107 - Data Limitations 115 - Summary 117 CHAPTER 4 - CONCLUSIONS 1. Technical/ Methodological Conclusions 119 2. Institutional/Policy-Related Conclusions 121 REFERENCES 128 APPENDIX I - The MATBAL Program 135 APPENDIX II - Conversion Factors 144 - vi - LIST OF TABLES Table page 1. Water Quality Parameter Behavior Classification 44 2. Fraser River and Tributary Receiving Water Station Inventory 57-61 3. Fraser River Main Stem Effluent Permit Inventory ... 63-65 4. Fraser River Main Stem Water License Inventory 66-67 5. Fraser River Main Stem Segments 69 6. Data Base for February 1976 76 7. Data Base for April 1976 77 8. Data Base for July 1976 78 9. Example of Site Specific Output Generated for Three Sequential Inputs to Segment 4 During February 1976 ... 82 10. Example of Segment Level Concentration Summary Output 84 11. Example of Segment Level Load Summary Output 86 12. System Concentration Difference Summary for Three Months of 1976 • 89 13. System Load Difference Summary for Three Months of 1976 93 14. Normalized Load Difference Summaries 95 15. System Mean Available Capacity Summary for Three Months of 1976 98 16. System Calibration Values Showing the Net Flow and Concentration of Unaccounted Influences 101 17. Fraser Main Stem Water Quality Before and After New Development 103 - vii - LIST OF FIGURES Figure page I. Proposed Structure of the Ministry of the Environment ... 20 2..Structure of the Environmental Quality Information System (EQUIS) ." 30 3. One-Dimensional Representation of Surface Water Influences 36 4. Flowchart of the MATBAL Program 49 5. The Fraser Watershed and Major Sub-Basins 51 6. Influence Schematic of Segment 10, Lytton to Hope ...... 75 7. Fraser Main Stem Unaccounted Flow Inputs 90 8. Normalized Total Iron Load Difference Showing Net Unaccounted Input or Deposition Within Each Segment 96 9. Total Manganese Mean Available Load Capacities by River Segment for Three Months of 1976 99 10. Predicted Effect of New Development on Dissolved Sodium Concentrations 104 II. Predicted Effect of New Development on Specific Conductance 105 viii - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my appreciation to Professor William Rees for his constant encouragement and guidance.- I am indebted to Professor Irving Fox and Dr. Ken Hall for their assistance and suggestions. Special thanks to Dr. Malcom Clark of the Pollution Control Branch for his help in numerous data retrievals from the EQUTS system. The case study would not have been possible without his freely given assistance. Thanks also to Jim Taylor and Paul Whitfield of the Water (Quality Branch for providing essential NAQUADAT information. I would also like to thank the many local staff of the Water Rights Branch, the Pollution Control Branch, and the Water Survey of Canada for their co-operation and time in discussion. A Youth Employment Grant from the Province of British Columbia during the summer of 1979 made it possible to devote full attention to the completion of this work. - 1 - INTRODUCTION Purpose of the Thesis The purpose of this thesis is to develop a method of structuring and analyzing water quality data to yield information which may assist in the prevention of unforseen impact through better understanding of stream materials behavior under changing conditions. More specific objectives are to: (1) characterize the existing water quality management activities in the province of British Columbia; (2) identify new information demands associated
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