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Technological Analysis - chances and risks erials - Industrial application of nanomaterials -- chances and risks With the support of the European Commission Future Technologies Volume 54 Industrial application of nanomat Industrial application of nanomaterials - chances and risks Technology analysis Wolfgang Luther (ed.) Published by: Future Technologies Division of VDI Technologiezentrum GmbH Graf-Recke-Str. 84 40239 Düsseldorf Germany This technological analysis arose in connection with the project “Risk Assessment in Production and Use of Nanoparticles with Development of Preventive Measures and Practice Codes“ (”Nanosafe”). The Project was funded by the European Community under the “Competitive and Sustainable Growth” Programme (Contract-No. G1MA- CT-2002-00020, project coordinator Dr. Rüdiger Nass). The publication of the report was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the project “Innovation accompanying measures nanotechnology”, (FKZ BM1, project director Dr. Dr. Axel Zweck). The following experts contributed to the report as authors, informants or advisers: Dr. Rüdiger Nass, Mr. Robert Campbell, Ms. Ulrike Dellwo (Nanogate Technologies GmbH, Germany), Mr. Frédéric Schuster, Mr. François Tenegal (Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA, France) Ms. Marke Kallio, Dr. Pertti Lintunen, (VTT Processes Advanced Materials, Finland) Dr. Oleg Salata (University of Oxford, United Kingdom) Dr. Maja Remškar, Dr. Marko Zumer (Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia) Prof. Peter Hoet (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium) Dr. Irene Brüske-Hohlfeld (GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, GmbH, GSF, Germany) Dr. Sarah Lipscomb (Oxonica Ltd., United Kingdom) Dr. Wolfgang Luther, Dr. Norbert Malanowski, Dr. Dr. Axel Zweck (Future Technologies Division, VDI-Technologiezentrum GmbH, Germany) Contact: Dr. Wolfgang Luther ([email protected]) Future Technologies No. 54 Düsseldorf, August 2004 ISSN 1436-5928 The authors are responsible for the content. All rights reserved except those agreed by contract. No part of this publication may be translated or reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the authors. Front Page: left above: microelectronic clean room facility, left below: flourescent cadmium telluride nanoparticles (source: University of Hamburg), right above: TEM image of agglomerated silicon carbide nanoparticles (source : CEA), right below: macrophage intaking ultrafine particles (source: GSF) Future Technologies Division of VDI Technologiezentrum GmbH Graf-Recke-Straße 84 40239 Düsseldorf, Germany The VDI Technologiezentrum GmbH is an associated company of the Association of Engineers (VDI) under contract to and with the support of The Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). Foreword Nanotechnology is seen as one of the most relevant technologies for the 21st century. This opinion on nanotechnology is derived from its economic potential on new or optimised products as well as on the expected contributions for minimising ecological stress and consumption of resources. Nanotechnology does not only mean to make technology one step smaller, from micro- to nanotechnology. Nanotechnology rather prepares the way for handling and using quantum effects. Showing complete new characteristics and behaviours, nanomaterials are opening new product innovations e.g. for protection against sun, biochip makers or copy protection. On the other hand there is an upcoming discussion about the potential risks of nanotechnology. Like in every early state of discussion on risks, fears, arguments and speculations are merging. Visionary aspects such as nanobots or grey-goo and questions about health and environmental implications of nanomaterials are named with the same breath like well known existing problems of nanoparticulate carbon emissions by car diesel engines. This discussion has given rise to a demand for a moratorium on nanotechnology by some NGOs. Nevertheless we have to expect a large diffusion of nanotechnology based or nanotechnology related products and production processes in the coming years. The European Commission intend to support the gathering of scientific data in order to analyse chances and risks of nanotechnology as basis for matter-of-fact oriented public discussion. The intended result is seen in a reliable database and extensive safety for decision making in the sense of protection and regulation to a minimum extend. The objectives of this report are to assemble available information from public and private sources on chances but also possible hazards involving industrial nanoparticle production, to evaluate the risks for workers, consumers and the environment, and to give recommendations for setting up regulatory measures and codes of good practice. Dr. Dr. Axel Zweck Head of Future Technologies Division, VDI Technologiezentrum GmbH Table of Content 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Objectives of the report 3 1.2 Methods 3 2 CLASSIFICATION AND PROPERTIES 5 2.1 Classification of nanomaterials 5 2.2 Properties of nanomaterials 7 2.3 Characteristics of nanoparticulate materials 9 3 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS AND MARKET POTENTIALS 11 3.1 Nanoparticles 11 3.2 Nanocomposites 14 4 PRODUCTION METHODS 17 4.1 Top-down approaches 17 4.2 Bottom-up approaches 21 4.3 Stabilisation and functionalisation of nanoparticles 26 5 CHARACTERISATION AND DETECTION TECHNIQUES 29 5.1 Atomic structure and chemical composition 29 5.2 Determination of size, shape and surface area 32 5.3 Determination of nanoparticles in aerosols 37 5.4 Determination of nanoparticles in biological tissue 41 6 RISK ASSESSMENT 43 6.1 Potential particle release 44 6.2 Exposure assessment 55 6.3 Toxicological assessment 58 6.4 Toxicological testing 74 6.5 Preliminary scheme for risk assessment 75 7 RISK MANAGEMENT 77 7.1 Preventive measures at the work place 77 7.2 Preventive measures for the environment 81 7.3 Standardisation and regulation activities 83 8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 91 8.1 Key findings of the report 91 8.2 Policy options 93 9 REFERENCES 95 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 111 LIST OF EXPERTS AND INTERNETLINKS 112 1 1 INTRODUCTION Atoms and molecules are the essential building blocks of all things. The manner in which things are “constructed” with these building blocks is vitally important to their properties and how they interact. Nanotechnology refers to the manipulation or selfassembly of individual atoms, molecules, or molecular clusters into structures to create materials and devices with new or vastly different properties. Nanotechnology is Nanotechnology is a developing new ways to manufacture things. Since the late 90`s, key technology for st nanotechnology has shot into the limelight as a new field with the 21 Century tremendous promise. The potential beneficial impact of nanotechnology on society has been compared with that of silicon and plastics. This new, “small” way of manipulating materials has already led to new research areas and the development of new products, which are available commercially. Nanostructured materials play a key role in most of the nanotechnology based innovations. By tailoring the structure of materials at the nanoscale, it is possible to engineer novel materials that have entirely new properties. With only a reduction of size and no change in substance, fundamental characteristics such as electrical conductivity, colour, strength, and melting point – the properties we usually consider constant for a given material – can all change. Therefore nanomaterials show Material properties promising application potentials in a variety of industrial branches such can be tailored at as chemistry, electronics, medicine, automotive, cosmetics or the food the nanoscale sector. Nanotechnology here holds the promise for producing better goods with less input of energy and /or materials, developing specific drug delivery systems and lab-on-a-chip based diagnostics for a minimal invasive medicine, improving information and communication through smaller and more powerful electronic devices, etc. An optimistic view on these developments predicts that a new „industrial revolution“ will take place in the following decades. In recent times however, an increasing number of sceptical voices concerning nanotechnology can be heard in the public. Beside the discussion of risks of visionary developments like “nanobots” and Public discussion on “nanoassemblers” (Drexler 1986 and 1991, Joy 2000) most critics focus potential health on potential health and environmental risks of nanomaterials. This can be and environmental illustrated with several articles in newspapers and top scientific journals risks of nanoparticles (e.g. Service 2003, Malakoff 2003) discussing potential negative effects and risks of nanoparticle applications. Although, not very much has been published concerning specific nanomaterials, the potential health and environmental risks of nanoparticles respective ultrafine particles (UFP) Terminology of with aerodynamic diameters < 100 nm, has gained public attention in the nanoparticles and last years. In this discussion the terms ‘ultrafine particles’ - used in nanomaterials is often ambiguous aerosol and epidemiology terminology - and ‘nanoparticles’ are often used interchangeably. 2 Industrial application of nanomaterials – chances and risks One of the sharpest critics of industrial nanoparticle applications is the Call for a moratorium on Canadian-based non-governmental organisation ETC Group, which commercial called for an immediate moratorium on commercial production
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