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Gervacia Santusa Marca Morales

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UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRÉS FACULTAD DE HUMANIDADES Y CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN CARRERA DE HISTORIA FOTÓGRAFOS EN LA CIUDAD DE LA PAZ 1840-1899 Tesis de grado presentada para la obtención del Grado de Licenciatura POR: GERVACIA SANTUSA MARCA MORALES TUTORA: DRA. XIMENA MEDINACELLI GONZÁLES LA PAZ-BOLIVIA Mayo 2016 UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRÉS FACULTAD DE HUMANIDADES Y CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN CARRERA DE HISTORIA Tesis de Grado: FOTÓGRAFOS EN LA CIUDAD DE LA PAZ 1840-1899 Presentada por: Univ. Gervacia Santusa Marca Morales Para optar el grado académico de Licenciatura en Historia Nota numeral:………………………………………………………………….. Nota literal:……………………………………………………………………. Ha sido……………….Aprobado con distinción Directora de la Carrera de Historia: Dra. María Luisa Soux de Wayar…………………………………………………………………………… Tutora: Dra. Ximena Medinacelli Gonzáles…………………………………… Tribunal: Dra. Pilar Mendieta Parada………………………………………….. Tribunal: Dr. Fernando Cajias de la Vega……………………………………… ii Dedicatoria A la memoria de mi querido y recordado padre: Gerardo. A mi querida madre Evangelina por su amor y su apoyo. A la familia que me acogió y me hizo parte de ella con amor y me brinda todo su apoyo: Lily, Huayra e Ignancio. A mis queridos hermanos Nancy, Lourdes, Richard, Alfredo y Viviana. iii AGRADECIMIENTOS Un agradecimiento especial a mi tutora Dra. Ximena Medinacelli, quien acompañó esta investigación, por la dedicación, las observaciones, las críticas que realizó en la lectura de los borradores y la última redacción, para el enriquecimiento de la propuesta, labor que le restó tiempo a sus innumerables obligaciones. También un profundo agradecimiento a la Directora de la Carrera de Historia Dra. María Luisa Soux, quien me brindo todo su apoyo en el momento preciso. Igualmente un reconocimiento a los miembros del tribunal elegidos para la lectura y calificación de la presente tesis: Dra. Pilar Mendieta Parada y el Dr. Fernando Cajias de la Vega, por sus valiosas observaciones que se constituyeron en un valioso complemento para este trabajo. Asimismo quiero agradecer al Proyecto ―Relaciones Interétnicas‖ y a cada una de las coordinadoras de equipo de trabajo Dra. Ximena Medinacelli, Dra. María Luisa Soux, Dra. Pilar Mendieta y Dra. Magdalena Cajias de la Vega por habernos permitido ser parte del proyecto; y desarrollarnos en el ámbito de la investigación. De igual forma quiero agradecer a mis compañeros y amigos del Proyecto con quienes compartimos viajes a Sucre, Potosí y Oruro. Igualmente concierne agradecer al personal de la Hemeroteca de la Alcaldía Autónoma Municipal de la ciudad de La Paz. Asimismo a los funcionarios del Archivo y Biblioteca Nacionales de Bolivia (ABNB). A la Fundación Flavio Machicado Viscarra (FFMV) por permitirnos explorar y brindarnos fotografías de su acervo. Un profundo agradecimiento a Fabrizio Cazorla Murillo custodio del Archivo Josermo Murillo Vacareza por habernos permitido acceder a sus fotografías. Y un profundo agradecimiento Al Archivo La Paz (ALP), donde se gestó está tesis. A todos ellos, gracias por permitirnos la reproducción de las fotografías que acompañan este trabajo. Finalmente, a mis amigas de estudio, trabajo y viajes: Lourdes Uchanier, Luisa Cazas, Cristina Machicado e Hilda Callisaya. iv ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................................... 1 Capítulo 1 LO URBANO Y LO MODERNO EN LA CIUDAD DE LA PAZ (SIGLO XIX) ..................... 17 1.1. Contexto boliviano .................................................................................................................... 19 1.2. Situación demográfica de La Paz .............................................................................................. 22 1.2.1. La Paz en la mirada de los censos nacionales ................................................ 24 1.2.2. La ciudad de La Paz a partir de censos locales ............................................... 26 1.3. La conformación urbana de la ciudad de La Paz ...................................................................... 29 1.4. Las modernas edificaciones de la ciudad ................................................................................. 31 1.4.1. La Catedral y la demora en su construcción ....................................................................... 32 1.4.2 El panteón: descanso de los mortales .............................................................. 33 1.4.3 La Biblioteca Municipal Pública y el primer museo paceño .......................... 34 1.4.4 El Teatro Municipal y sus primeras funciones ................................................ 35 1.4.5 . El Palacio de Gobierno y sus varias refacciones .......................................... 36 1.4.6 . La construcción de la Cárcel Pública de La Paz ............................................ 38 1.5. Calles, paseos, parques, tambos y casas comerciales .............................................................. 40 1.5.1 La Alameda, un paseo para todos .................................................................. 40 1.5.2 El Parque del Montículo................................................................................... 42 1.5.3 La apertura de nuevas calles y avenidas .......................................................... 43 1.5.4 El cuidado de la ciudad .................................................................................... 44 1.5.5 Tambos y casas comerciales ............................................................................ 45 1.6. Los servicios públicos: Agua, alumbrado y transporte público .............................................. 46 1.6.1 El agua y la necesidad de una mejor distribución ............................................ 47 1.6.2 Del mechero a la iluminación eléctrica ........................................................... 48 v 1.6.3 Carreteras y medios de transporte .................................................................... 50 1.7. Fiestas cívicas y patronales ..................................................................................................... 52 1.8. Diversiones y espectáculos públicos ..................................................................................... 55 1.9. Artistas Plásticos: Pintores y dibujantes .................................................................................. 58 Capítulo 2 BREVE RESEÑA HISTÓRICA DE LA FOTOGRAFÍA ............................................................... 58 2.1. Los primeros intentos de fijar la imagen................................................................................... 65 2.2. El daguerrotipo .......................................................................................................................... 70 2.3. El calotipo: El lápiz de la Naturaleza ........................................................................................ 74 2.4. La fotografía estereoscópica ....................................................................................... 79 2.5. La fotografía instantánea: primera cámara automática ............................................................ 81 2.6. El oficio de fotógrafo y los estudios fotográficos ..................................................................... 84 2.7. Los primeros escritos sobre la fotografía en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX ........................... 90 Capítulo 3 DAGUERROTIPISTAS EN LA CIUDAD DE LA PAZ (1846-1856) .......................................... 95 3.1. La incursión del daguerrotipo: de América a Bolivia .............................................................. 96 3.2. Los precursores del daguerrotipo en Bolivia ............................................................................ 98 3.2.1. El primer daguerrotipista boliviano: ¿Rosquellas u Ortega?‖ ......................................... 100 3.3. Daguerrotipistas en la ciudad de La Paz ................................................................................. 102 3.3.1. El daguerrotipista anónimo de la calle de Santo Domingo (1846) ................................... 103 3.3.2. E.M. Newman (1847) ....................................................................................................... 104 3.3.3. Charles V. Ward y Jacob C. Ward (1848) ....................................................................... 105 3.3.4. Robert H. Vance (1849-1850) ......................................................................................... 106 3.3.5. Estanislao Louric (1849) ................................................................................................. 107 3.3.6. Baltazar R. Hervé (1851-1853) ....................................................................................... 108 3.3.7. Arturo Terry (1854) ......................................................................................................... 110 vi 3.3.8. Guillermo S. Gove (1854-1855) ...................................................................................... 112 3.4. La ruta de los Daguerrotipistas ............................................................................................... 113 3.5. Arte y técnica del daguerrotipo ............................................................................................... 116 Capítulo 4 LA TRANSICIÓN DEL DAGUERROTIPO A LA FOTOGRAFÍA (1856) ............................... 118 4.1. Helsby y Cia. y/o Helsby Hermanos: entre el daguerrotipo y la fotografía en papel (1856) 118 4.2. El debate Ugalde – Butrón ....................................................................................................
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