An Evaluation of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Malta

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

An Evaluation of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Malta An Evaluation of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Malta 2015 Page 3 An Evaluation of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Malta Contents: • National Strategy for Cultural Heritage; • Craft Villages; • Traditional Maltese Crafts; • Religious Heritage. This brief report aims to provide a general overview of Maltese intangible cultural heritage with particular focus on lace making, filigree and Easter Week celebrations. The information has also been included in The Summary Report about Intangible Cultural Heritage which was developed as a product of The Living Heritage project and includes reports about aspects of intangible cultural heritage in partner countries, namely Latvia, Italy, The Netherlands, Poland, Greece, and Malta. Sources: http://www.visitmalta.com/en/holy-week-and-easter http://www.maltainsideout.com/16784/easter-in-malta-quick-guide-to-holy-week-2014/ https://sites.google.com/site/maltesetraditions/maltese-easter-traditions https://sites.google.com/site/maltesetraditions/traditional-lenten-celebrations https://sites.google.com/site/maltesetraditions/lenten-sweets---quaresimal Page 5 National Strategy for Cultural Heritage The Maltese Cultural Heritage Intangible cultural values provide social-economic developments. Act 2002 introduces the concept the spirit and soul of heritage, Other conspicuous elements of of intangible cultural heritage into which would otherwise become the intangible heritage are seen in the national legal framework. In inanimate physical relics of our Malta’s ancient landscape and the many ways, culture and cultural past. The range of Malta’s intangible Baroque skylines that characterize heritage carry with them intangible cultural heritage is varied. The this landscape. The aesthetic elements. The value of heritage is more attractive elements are qualities of these elements provide in itself only partly monetary. The visible in traditions, customs, iconographic identity to the non-physical gains of heritage are narratives and the various skills archipelago. certainly broader than such values. and crafts that have molded earlier Craft Villages In 2012 the Ministry for Tourism, Ta’Qali, Malta : Located in a Culture and the Environment former RAF wartime air-field, this published a document specifying is a popular tourist attraction objectives of the governmental where sculptures, stones, ceramics, policy on the macro and local furniture and famous Maltese lace level regarding invaluable Maltese made by local artists are gathered heritage. The need for long- term together. It is the best place to actions was finally noticed and watched skilled craftspeople at raised in the document. Not only work. socio-political frameworks of the Cultural heritage were highlighted Ghajnsielem, Gozo: There is but also the economic aspect. The other craft village in Gozo and two national strategy claims that the main centers, the Crafts Centre in key to managing Maltese heritage the Citadel of Rabat and Ta’ Dbiegi is “Diversity through broadened famous for the designated Crafts. stakeholder participation”. The These are places where foreigner Government emphasized the can see the local traditions at its uniqueness of Malta and Gozo best. among other Mediterranean islands which brings thousands of tourists every year to experience interesting traditions and visit beautiful places marked by history. Page 4 Page 7 Traditional Maltese Crafts Lace-making lace making art alive in a way that The Lace Making Programme short courses to Summer School The Maltese lace competition can be enjoyed by a wide audience. and Gozo Lace Day for international lace makers. This is held annually at Casa Rocca There are some places where Since the practice of lace-making will ensure that this important Piccola in Valletta. This event brings it’s still possible to watch this dying is no longer widely practiced Maltese craft does not cease to together lace-makers, collectors art though, aside from the streets across the Maltese Islands, it is exist. Every year the University and other enthusiasts to celebrate in Gozo. The best options are the increasingly important that the of Malta (Gozo campus) holds the talent, originality and skill craft villages on each island. history and skill requirements of the ‘Gozo lace day’. The event has been organised for 17 years of Maltese lace-makers. The The practice continues to some this craft and are not only well- competition includes a Children’s document but continue to be and it usually takes place in April. extent on Gozo to this day and The schedule includes exhibitions Category for participants under one might well be lucky to catch taught extensively. An important the age of 16. The competition initiative in this context is the Lace of lacework and textile crafts. a glimpse of this historic tradition Another result of the Lace Making is a place where those who are while strolling through some of the Making Programme taught since not familiar with lacework can 1996 at the University of Malta, Programme was the formation villages on the island. The women of the lace co-operative, called watch displays, compare various here sit in the shade near their Gozo Centre. techniques, materials, types of “Koperattiva Għawdxija tal-Bizzilla front door and charm tourists with The program is quite successful u Artiġjanat.” The co-operative clothing and other artefacts. These their nimble finger work. and its goal is to provide lace- types of initiatives help to keep was launch in 1996 to keep up the making knowledge at high name and high standard of Maltese academic level. There are a variety lace. It specializes in made to order of options in the program including projects. Page 6 Page 9 The Malta Lace Competition other artefacts. These types of Silverware and Filigree jeweller this delicate and fascinating The Maltese lace competition initiatives help to keep lace making The creation of unique Maltese process is worth watching. is held annually at Casa Rocca art alive in a way that can be silverware and filigree dates back Piccola in Valletta. This event brings enjoyed by a wide audience. to the times of the Knights of St. together lace-makers, collectors There are some places where Johns of Jerusalem which used and other enthusiasts to celebrate it’s still possible to watch this dying silverware extensively in the newly- the talent, originality and skill of art though, aside from the streets built baroque churches and palaces. Maltese lace-makers. in Gozo. The best options are the Nowadays, the distinctive creation The competition includes craft villages on each island. of Maltese Silverware and Filigree a Children’s Category for continues in small workshops participants under the age of 16. across the Islands. However, it is The competition is a place where important that these workshops those who are not familiar with are provided with the necessary lacework can watch displays, incentives that will make silverware compare various techniques, and filigree economically profitable materials, types of clothing and or else this traditional craft will seize to be produced. While filigree can be purchased at most jewellery shops around Malta and Gozo, the experience of watching the jewellery being made there and then is not one to be missed. Whether at the Ta’ Qali Crafts Village, or at any obliging Page 8 Page 11 Ganutell You can see the old arrangements according to the sizes of the petals The craft of Ganutell, which is in churches around the Island twisted. The petals can be made of enjoying a revival in Malta but is of Malta, especially during the different patterns. Besides, sequins, little known in other countries, parish feasts when the churches beads and small pearls could also consists of making decorative are decorated up to the hilt with be inserted within each petal to flowers using silk thread, beads, precious art collected over the offer a richer looking flower. and metal wires. years. The word ganutell is derived Ganutell is an old and unique from the Italian cannotiglio and Maltese Art which has just recently in fact this craft, which can also been revived. be considered to be an art, was Ganutell flower making consists “imported” to Malta during the of first and foremost twisting silver eighteenth century from mainland or gold plated thin wire with thread. Europe.Typical ganutell wires Thin thread of various colours is made of different wires and spun used to produce different colour together to form a rope, which is schemes. Soon after assembling then used to make artificial flowers the wire and thread, this is twisted and embroidery. over a slightly thicker silver/gold It was originally used to plated wire to produce petals. decorate churches and statues and After creating a number of petals, nowadays is also used in wedding these are assembled around a bead bouquets, tiaras and other fashion or pearl so that a flower is shaped. accessories. Different sizes are produced Page 10 Page 13 Religious Heritage Religion is an important ashes on the head of the faithful, as churches. And some churches are Another sweet which was feature in the Maltese culture. a sign of penance and repentance. In also draped in black damask. permitted during lent and which The main religion in Malta is Maltese the word ‘head’ is used to A traditional sweet eaten during is still made today is one made Roman Catholicism, in fact, most signify the beginning of something lent is ‘Kwarezimal’ which is an from carob syrup, known locally as Maltese claim to be Catholic and very important. This day is marked almond and honey cake. The word ‘karamelli tal-harrub’. Traditionally participate in Catholic religious by fasting, penance and usually kwarezimal refers to quaresima, this sweet is sold on Good Friday, services. The Constitution of Malta penitential pilgrimages with the literally the quadragesima, the during the afternoon processions. also establishes Catholicism as the statue of Christ the redeemer i.e. forty days of Lent. state religion, however freedom Christ carrying the cross.
Recommended publications
  • Bibliography
    Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/41440 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Said-Zammit, G.A. Title: The development of domestic space in the Maltese Islands from the Late Middle Ages to the second half of the Twentieth Century Issue Date: 2016-06-30 BIBLIOGRAPHY Aalen F.H.A. 1984, ‘Vernacular Buildings in Cephalonia, Ionian Islands’, Journal of Cultural Geography 4/2, 56-72. Abela G.F. 1647, Della descrittione di Malta. Malta, Paolo Bonacota. Abela J. 1997, Marsaxlokk a hundred Years Ago: On the Occasion of the Erection of Marsaxlokk as an Independent Parish. Malta, Kumitat Festi Ċentinarji. Abela J. 1999, Marsaskala, Wied il-Għajn. Malta, Marsascala Local Council. Abela J. 2006, The Parish of Żejtun Through the Ages. Malta, Wirt iż-Żejtun. Abhijit P. 2011, ‘Axial Analysis: A Syntactic Approach to Movement Network Modeling’, Institute of Town Planners India Journal 8/1, 29-40. Abler R., Adams J. and Gould P. 1971, Spatial Organization. New Jersey, Prentice- Hall. Abrams P. and Wrigley E.A. (eds.) 1978, Towns in Societies: Essays in Economic History and Historical Sociology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Abulafia D. 1981, ‘Southern Italy and the Florentine Economy, 1265-1370’, The Economic History Review 34/3, 377-88. Abulafia D. 1983, ‘The Crown and the Economy under Roger II and His Successors’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 37, 1-14. Abulafia D. 1986, ‘The Merchants of Messina: Levant Trade and Domestic Economy’, Papers of the British School at Rome 54, 196-212. Abulafia D. 2007, ‘The Last Muslims in Italy’, Annual Report of the Dante Society 125, 271-87.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction – Grand Harbour Marina
    introduction – grand harbour marina Grand Harbour Marina offers a stunning base in historic Vittoriosa, Today, the harbour is just as sought-after by some of the finest yachts Malta, at the very heart of the Mediterranean. The marina lies on in the world. Superbly serviced, well sheltered and with spectacular the east coast of Malta within one of the largest natural harbours in views of the historic three cities and the capital, Grand Harbour is the world. It is favourably sheltered with deep water and immediate a perfect location in the middle of the Mediterranean. access to the waterfront, restaurants, bars and casino. With berths for yachts up to 100m (325ft) in length, the marina offers The site of the marina has an illustrious past. It was originally used all the world-class facilities you would expect from a company with by the Knights of St John, who arrived in Malta in 1530 after being the maritime heritage of Camper & Nicholsons. exiled by the Ottomans from their home in Rhodes. The Galley’s The waters around the island are perfect for a wide range of activities, Creek, as it was then known, was used by the Knights as a safe including yacht cruising and racing, water-skiing, scuba diving and haven for their fleet of galleons. sports-fishing. Ashore, amid an environment of outstanding natural In the 1800s this same harbour was re-named Dockyard Creek by the beauty, Malta offers a cosmopolitan selection of first-class hotels, British Colonial Government and was subsequently used as the home restaurants, bars and spas, as well as sports pursuits such as port of the British Mediterranean Fleet.
    [Show full text]
  • Muslims in Malta: Avoiding Discrimination
    MUSLIMS IN MALTA: AVOIDING DISCRIMINATION CAROL GATT (WORLD ISLAMIC CALL SOCIETY) Introduction Equality is crucial to the European Union’s survival. It is a very ambitious project to try joining all the existing mentalities and ‘mainstreams’ of Europe but this will not hold if the Union does not promote true justice, for the weak and for the strong. The people need to feel proud of belonging to the Union. This will only take place if and when the European Union really causes justice to dominate, and teaches all to love it and respect it at the same time. Equality is not a bureaucratic concept in the minds of the people. The members of a civilised society demand it in many practical ways and it is the government’s obligation that it be afforded to all. Equality for the weaker in society will, in the end, make all people feel safer, for ‘majorities’ will not be afraid of minorities and those who are not mainstream, knowing that all will have justice meted out to them and that all must be respected. Knowing that equality is available for the weaker and the most vulnerable of society will let the majority population perceive that as individuals they also can be guaranteed their slice of justice if ever they need it. Equality has to be the backbone of the European Union. It is what will keep the Union together in the end- the surety that justice and as a result, true equality, will rule in the end be it between the large countries and the smaller ones, between the richer countries and the poorer, between the fairer and the darker people of the European Union, between the Christians, the Muslims, the Jews and all other people of good will.
    [Show full text]
  • Malta & Cyprus
    13 DAY CULTURAL TOUR MALTA & CYPRUS $ PER PERSON 3199 TWIN SHARE TYPICALLY $5399 KYRENIA • VALLETTA • BIRGU • KARPAZ PENINSULA THE OFFER 13 DAY MALTA & CYPRUS Ancient temples steeped in myth and legend, azure seas and sun-kissed beaches, colourful cities with hidden laneways and marketplaces to explore… there’s a $3199 reason Malta and Cyprus are tipped as two of the Mediterranean’s rising stars. Experience them both on this incredible 13 day cultural tour. Discover into the rich history and architecture of UNESCO World Heritage listed Valletta; enjoy a guided tour of beautiful Birgu, one of Malta’s ancient fortified ‘Three Cities’; take a jeep safari through the colourful cities and villages of Malta’s sister island Gozo, which is long associated with Homer’s Odyssey; and enjoy two days at leisure to soak up the relaxed island lifestyle of Malta. Stay in the ancient city of Kyrenia in Cyprus, known for its horseshoe-shaped harbour and cobblestone laneways; travel to St. Hilarion Castle high located in the Kyrenian Mountains; journey along the isolated yet beautiful Karpaz Peninsula, known for its wild donkeys; visit the famous Apostolos Andreas Monastery; relax with two days at leisure in Cyprus and more! With return international flights, an additional flight between Malta and Cyprus, 10 nights waterfront accommodation, return airport transfers and more, this island getaway will surprise you in ways you didn’t know possible. *Please note: all information provided in this brochure is subject to both change and availability. Prior to purchase please check the current live deal at tripadeal.com.au or contact our customer service team on 135 777 for the most up-to-date information.
    [Show full text]
  • The Three Cities
    18 – The Three Cities The Three Cities are Vittoriosa/Birgu, Cospicua/Bormla and Senglea/L’Isla. Most of the Three Cities was badly bombed, much of its three parts destroyed, during the Second World War. Some inkling of what the area went through is contained in Chapter 15. Much earlier, it had been bombarded during the Great Siege of 1565, as described in Chapter 5, which also tells how Birgu grew from a village to the vibrant city of the Order of the Knights of St John following their arrival in 1530. You cannot travel to the other side of the Grand Harbour without bearing those events in mind. And yet, almost miraculously, the Three Cities have been given a new lease of life, partly due to European Union funding. You would really be missing out not to go. Most of the sites concerning women are in Vittoriosa/Birgu. From the Upper Barracca Gardens of Valletta you get a marvellous view of the Three Cities, and I think the nicest way to get there is to take the lift down from the corner of the gardens to the waterfront and cross the road to the old Customs House behind which is the landing place for the regular passenger ferry which carries you across the Grand Harbour. Ferries go at a quarter to and a quarter past the hour, and return on the hour and the half hour. That is the way we went. Guide books suggest how you make the journey by car or bus. If you are taking the south tour on the Hop-On Hop-Off bus, you could hop off at the Vittoriosa waterfront (and then hop on a later one).
    [Show full text]
  • Measuring and Modelling Demographic Trends in Malta: Implications for Ageing Policy
    International Journal on Ageing in Developing Countries, 2019, 4 (2): 78-90 Measuring and Modelling Demographic Trends in Malta: Implications for Ageing Policy Marvin Formosa1 Abstract. Malta’s population experienced a sharp ageing transition due to increasing and decreasing levels of life expectancy and fertility rates respectively. This article reviews demographic changes relating to population ageing that took place in Malta, and future population projections which anticipate even higher numbers and percentages of older persons. At end of 2017, 18.8% of the total population, or 89,517 persons, were aged 65-plus. The largest share is made up of women, with 53.4% of the total. The sex ratios for cohorts aged 65-plus and 80-plus in 2013 numbered 83 and 60 respectively. Population projections indicate clearly that Malta will be one of the fastest ageing countries in the European Union. the (Maltese) percentage of children (0-14) of the total population is projected to increase slightly from 14.5% to 15.4% (+0.9%), whilst the working-age population (15-64) will experience dramatic decrease, from 68 to 56.1% (-11.9%). On the other hand, the older population segment will incur extraordinary increases. The 65-plus/80-plus population will reach 28.5%/10.5% of the total population in 2060, from 17.5%/3.8% in 2013 (+11.0/6.7%). The ageing-related challenges that the Maltese government that is currently facing traverse three key overlapping areas of policy boundaries and include the labour market, health care, and long-term care. There will also be policy issues which, if not immediate, will certainly need to be addressed in the foreseeable future.
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval Mdina 2014.Pdf
    I Fanciulli e la Corte di Olnano This group was formed in 2002 in the Republic of San Marino. The original name was I Fanciulli di Olnano meaning the young children of Olnano, as the aim of the group was to explain history visually to children. Since then the group has developed Dolceria Appettitosa into a historical re-enactment group with adults Main Street and children, including various thematic sections Rabat within its ranks specializing in Dance, Singing, Tel: (00356) 21 451042 Embroidery, Medieval kitchen and other artisan skills. Detailed armour of some of the members of the group highlights the military aspects of Medieval times. Anakron Living History This group of enthusiasts dedicate their time to the re-enactment of the Medieval way of life by authentically emulating the daily aspects of the period such as socialising, combat practice and playing of Medieval instruments. The Medieval Tavern was the main centre of recreational, entertainment, gambling and where hearty home cooked meal was always to be found. Fabio Zaganelli The show is called “Lost in the Middle Ages”. Here Fabio acts as Fabius the Court Jester and beloved fool of the people. A playful saltimbanco and histrionic character, he creates fun and involves onlookers of all ages, Fabio never fails to amaze his audiences with high level circus skills and comedy acts, improvised dialogue plays and rhymes, poetry and rigmaroles. Fabio is an able juggler, acrobat, fakir and the way he plays with fi re makes him a real showman. BIBITA Bibita the Maltese minstrel band made their public Cafe’ Bistro Wine Bar debut at last year’s Medieval Festival.
    [Show full text]
  • The Last Supper Seen Six Ways by Louis Inturrisi the New York Times, March 23, 1997
    1 Andrea del Castagno’s Last Supper, in a former convent refectory that is now a museum. The Last Supper Seen Six Ways By Louis Inturrisi The New York Times, March 23, 1997 When I was 9 years old, I painted the Last Supper. I did it on the dining room table at our home in Connecticut on Saturday afternoon while my mother ironed clothes and hummed along with the Texaco. Metropolitan Operative radio broadcast. It took me three months to paint the Last Supper, but when I finished and hung it on my mother's bedroom wall, she assured me .it looked just like Leonardo da Vinci's painting. It was supposed to. You can't go very wrong with a paint-by-numbers picture, and even though I didn't always stay within the lines and sometimes got the colors wrong, the experience left me with a profound respect for Leonardo's achievement and a lingering attachment to the genre. So last year, when the Florence Tourist Bureau published a list of frescoes of the Last Supper that are open to the public, I was immediately on their track. I had seen several of them, but never in sequence. During the Middle Ages the ultima cena—the final supper Christ shared with His disciples before His arrest and crucifixion—was part of any fresco cycle that told His life story. But in the 15th century the Last Supper began to appear independently, especially in the refectories, or dining halls, of the convents and monasteries of the religious orders founded during the Middle Ages.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origin of the Name of Gozo.Pdf
    The Origin of the Name of Gozo Horatio CAESAR ROGER VELLA The Name of Gozo paper will show, Gozo is an ancient variant of Gaudos from which it is derived, as much as Għawdex is. “Do you come from Għawdex?” is a question that The irony is that Gozo, Għawdex and Gaudos did sounds as discordant as the other one, “Intom minn not originally belong to us, as I explained in other Gozo?”. To one not conversant with the Greek origin publications of mine.1 of the names of Gozo, such questions sound like being uttered by Maltese trying to speak English, and Gaudos is the Greek name of a small island on the mix Maltese with English or, the other way round, south-western side of Crete, with its smaller sister like knowledgeable tourists trying to speak Maltese island of Gaudapula. Cretan Gaudos is half the size and, to our mind, mix it with “English”. This paper of our island of Gozo, roughly at 24˚ longitude and will show that none is the case. 35˚ latitude (1˚ southern than our Gozo), and less than 30 miles from Crete. We, in fact, can use “Għawdex” liberally when speaking in English; likewise, we can use the name The pronunciation of Cretan Gaudos from Byzantine of “Gozo” when speaking in Maltese, for, as this times has been not Gaudos, but Gavdos, for since those times, the Greeks developed the pronunciation of the diphthong au as “av”, as in thauma, pronounced as “thavma”, meaning “miracle”. Similarly, eu is pronounced as “ev” as in Zeus pronounced as “Zevs”, the chief god of the Greek pantheon.
    [Show full text]
  • Gozo During the Second World War - a Glimpse
    Gozo During the Second World War - a Glimpse CHARLES BEZZINA Introduction squad was not set up in Gozo during the war and British soldiers, who started to visit Gozo in March The part played by Gozo during the war was 1941, were only stationed in Gozo primary schools somewhat different from that of Malta. Gozo, or other private buildings just for short periods, though subject to the same rules and regulations of to relax and also for their military exercises and wartime Malta, was not a military objective and it parades to boost the local morale. It was only in was only in early 1942 that Gozo became an enemy mid-1943 that, because of the temporary Gozo target. Yet Gozitans feared the enemy especially Airfield, some defence precautions were taken to in 1942 since the island was defenceless and had guard against any air attacks. nothing to fight with. Therefore certain exigencies that were introduced in Malta from the outbreak of From the outbreak of the war with Italy in June 1940 the hostilities with Italy, became in force in Gozo up to mid-December 1941, Italian and German only after the Luftwaffe intensified the attacks on the planes just passed over Gozo and occasionally island in 1942. Thus in Gozo public shelter digging dropped bombs only to lighten their load and turn and construction did not start before March 1941, back as fast as they could. Thus Gozo as a small the Demolition and Clearance was not established and defenceless island never endured the harsh until February 1942 and the Home Guard only came bombing that took place incessantly on Malta.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexual Morality and Religious Belief Among LGBT and Cohabiting Catholics in Malta and Sicily
    Between faith and love? Sexual morality and religious belief among LGBT and cohabiting Catholics in Malta and Sicily University of Malta Library – Electronic Thesis & Dissertations (ETD) Repository The copyright of this thesis/dissertation belongs to the author. The author’s rights in respect of this work are as defined by the Copyright Act (Chapter 415) of the Laws of Malta or as modified by any successive legislation. Users may access this full-text thesis/dissertation and can make use of the information contained in accordance with the Copyright Act provided that the author must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the prior permission of the copyright holder. Between faith and love? Sexual morality and religious belief among LGBT and cohabiting Catholics in Malta and Sicily A thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Malta Angele Deguara 2018 ii To the beautiful people of the LGBT community and to those who dare be themselves iii ABSTRACT My ethnographic study explores the role of religion in relation to intimate relationships in contemporary Maltese society and to a lesser extent in Palermo, Sicily. The study examines the intersection between faith and sexuality in a secularising society. It seeks to answer two main research questions: (i) whether and to what extent the Catholic Church and its teaching influence the lifestyles, decisions, beliefs and behaviours of individuals in intimate relationships; (ii) how Catholics who are in sexual relationships which do not conform to the moral guidelines of the Catholic Church, more specifically lesbian, gay, bisexual or trans (LGBT) and divorced or separated and cohabiting or remarried men and women experience conflict arising from the incongruence between their beliefs and their sexual desires or lifestyle choices.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    Malta SHORT Pierre Sammut ARTICLEST he Influence of the - Knights of the Order THINK of St. John on Malta CULTURE Due to its geographical position at the cross- roads of the Mediterranean, Malta has wit- nessed many different influences. In Ancient times, it attracted the Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginian and the Romans, then other con- querors including the Arabs, Normans, Ara- gonese and the Crusaders, the French and the British. But one of the most fascinating pe- riods of Maltese history remains to this very day the period governed by the Knights Hos- pitaller, better known as the Order of St. John, who governed the islands from 1530 to the end of the 18th century, when the French un- der Commander Napoleon Bonaparte took over Malta. Prehistoric Temples and Majestic Palaces from different periods are unique landmarks. The Knights in particular left their marks on vario- us aspects of Maltese culture, in particular the language, buildings and literature. Their period is often referred to as Malta's Golden Age, as a result of the architectural and artistic embel- lishment and as a result of advances in the overall health, education and prosperity of the local population. Music, literature, theatre as well as visual arts all flourished in this period, which also saw the foundation and develop- ment of many of the Renaissance and Baro- que towns and villages, palaces and gardens, tomy and Surgery was established by Grand the most notable being the capital city, Valletta, Master Fra Nicolau Cotoner I d'Olesa at the one of several built and fortified by the Sacra Infermeria in Valletta, in 1676.
    [Show full text]