Notes Introduction 1. See, for example, Bonnie Smith, The Gender of History: Men, Women, and Historical Practice (Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 1998); Mary O’Dowd, “From Morgan to MacCurtain: Women Historians in Ireland From the 1790s to the 1990s,” in Maryann Gialanella Valiulis and Mary O’Dowd, eds, Women & Irish History: Essays in Honour of Margaret MacCurtain (Dublin: Wolfhound Press, 1997), 35–58; Ilaria Porciani and Mary O’Dowd, “History Women,” Storia della Storiografia 46 (2004), 3–34; Rosemary Ann Mitchell, “ ‘The Busy Daughters of Clio’: Women Writers of History From 1820 to 1880,” Women’s History Review, 7, 1 (1998), 107–34; Joan Thirsk, “The History Women,” in Mary O’Dowd and Sabine Wichert, eds, Chattel, Servant, or Citizen: Women’s Status in Church, State, and Society (Belfast, 1995), 1–11; Julie Des Jardins, Women and the Historical Enterprise in America: Gender, Race, and the Politics of Memory, 1880–1945 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2003); Maxine Berg, “The First Economic Women Historians,” Economic History Review, 45 (1992); Berg, A Woman in History: Eileen Power, 1889–1940 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Mary Spongberg, Writing Women’s History Since the Renaissance (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002). For the recovery of women in disciplines related to history, see, for example, Margarita Diaz-Andreu and Marie Louise Stig Sorenson, eds, Excavating Women: A History of Women in Archaeology (London and New York: Routledge, 1998). 2. Smith, The Gender of History, 1, 3, 7–8, 11. 3. O’Dowd, “From Morgan to MacCurtain,” 56; Anne Colman, “Far From Silent: Nineteeth-Century Irish Women Writers,” in Margaret Kelleher and James H. Murphy, eds, Gender Perspectives in Nineteenth-Century Ireland (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1997), 203–11. 4. Mitchell, “The Busy Daughters of Clio,” 108. 5. Thirsk, “The History Women,” 1–11. 6. See articles in Storia della Storiagrafia/History of Historiography, vol. 46 (2004). 7. See Ciaran Brady, “ ‘Constructive and Instrumental’: The Dilemma of Ireland’s First ‘New Historians,’ ” in Ciaran Brady, ed, Interpreting Irish History: The Debate on Historical Revisionism (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1994), 3–31; and, most recently, Evi Gzotzaridis, Trials of Irish History: Genesis and Evolution of a Reappraisal, 1938–2000 (London and New York: Routledge, 2006). See also Brendan Bradshaw, “Nationalism and Historical Scholarship in Modern Ireland,” IHS, 26 (November 1989), 329–51. 163 164 Notes 8. This section is informed by the analysis of gender, emotion, and history in Bonnie Smith’s The Gender of History. 9. Of the twenty Irish women historians whose careers I consider, 13, or 65 percent, were single. They included Mary Agnes Hickson, Emily Lawless, Eleanor Hull, Margaret Cusack, Mary Hayden, Constantia Maxwell, Jocelyn Otway-Ruthven, Olive Armstrong, Sile Ni Chinneide, Pauline Henley, Rosamond Jacob, Dorothy Macardle, and Isabel Grubb. Mary Ferguson, Alice Stopford Green, Mary Donovan O’Sullivan, Helena Concannon, Ada Longfield Leask, and Maureen Wall married but had no children. Grace Lawless Lee was the only one who married and had children. 10. Lecky advised and gave books to Mary Agnes Hickson, Emily Lawless, Margaret Cusack, and Alice Stopford Green. Bigger corresponded with Alice Stopford Green, Eleanor Hull, and Helena Concannon, and helped them with their books. 11. Only seven, or 35 percent, were raised as Catholics. They included Mary Hayden, Mary Donovan O’Sullivan, Sile ni Chinneide, Pauline Henley, Helena Concannon, Dorothy Macardle, and Maureen Wall. The agnostic Macardle left the Catholic Church as a young adult. Cusack wrote history as a nun and as a Catholic nationalist, but had been raised as a Protestant and returned to Protestantism after leaving the convent. Most of the Protestant women belonged to the Church of Ireland, though Jacob and Grubb were Quakers. 1 Unionist Women Historians, 1868–1922 1. Cited in Philippa Levine, The Amateur and the Professional: Antiquarians, Historians, and Archaeologists in Victorian England, 1838–1886 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 37. Gladstone served as Prime Minister from 1868 to 1874, 1880–85, 1886, and 1892–94. 2. Ilaria Porciani and Mary O’Dowd, “History Women,” Storia della Storiografia, 46 (2004), 5–28. 3. K. Theodore Hoppen, Ireland Since 1800: Conflict and Conformity (London: Longman, 1989), 117–25. 4. Alan O’Day, Irish Home Rule, 1867–1921 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), 111–17. 5. O’Day, Irish Home Rule, 166–73. 6. Hoppen, Ireland Since 1800, 133; O’Day, Irish Home Rule, 258–62. 7. W.E.H. Lecky (1838–1903): The Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland (London: Longman’s Green, 1861; reprinted 1871, 1903); A History of England in the Eighteenth Century, 8 vols. (London: Longman’s Green, 1878–90); A History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, 5 vols. (London: Longman’s Green, 1892). Lecky’s A History of England contained sections on Ireland, which comprised the five volumes of the 1892 cabinet edition of A History of Ireland. The 1892 cabinet edition of A History of England con- tained seven volumes. See Donal McCartney, W.E.H. Lecky, Historian and Politician, 1838–1903 (Dublin: Lilliput Press, 1994), 92–3. Notes 165 8. J.A. Froude (1818–94): The English in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, 3 vols. (London: Longman’s Green, 1872–4). 9. Thomas Dunbar Ingram (1826–1901): A History of the Legislative Union of Great Britain and Ireland (London: Macmillan, 1887); Two Chapters of Irish History (London: Macmillan, 1888). See McCartney, W.E.H. Lecky, Historian and Politician, 148–50, 245. 10. Richard Bagwell (1840–1918): Ireland Under the Tudors, 3 vols. (London: Holland Press, 1885); Ireland Under the Stuarts and During the Interregnum, 3 vols. (London: Holland Press, 1909–16). 11. Goddard Orpen (1852–1932), Ireland Under the Normans, 1169–1333, 4 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1911–20). See also Sean Duffy, “Historical Revisit: Goddard Henry Orpen, Ireland Under the Normans, 1169–1333 (1911–20),” Irish Historical Studies, 32, 126 (November 2000), 246–59. 12. For other unionist historians of Ireland who wrote during this period, such as C.L. Falkiner and F.E. Ball, see Alvin Jackson, “Unionist History,” in Ciaran Brady, ed., Interpreting Irish History: the Debate on Historical Revisionism (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1994), 256–7. Falkiner and Ball were active in unionist politics and stood as candidates in elections. See also McCartney, W.E.H. Lecky, 149–50, 245. 13. McCartney, W.E.H. Lecky, 65. 14. Ibid., 96–7. 15. Ibid., 77–9, 137–43, 187–93; R.F. Foster, “History and the Irish Question,” in Brady, ed., Interpreting Irish History, 131–3. 16. McCartney, W.E.H. Lecky, 148–9, 245. A reviewer in the English Historical Review commented on Ingram’s partisanship, asserting that his book rep- resented “a contribution to the history of Ireland as trustworthy and instructive as would be … a speech on the blessings of slavery by a Virginia planter.” Airy, 377–8. Osmund Airy, review of Two Chapters of Irish History by T. Dunbar Ingram, E.H.R., vol. 4 (April 1889), 377–8. 17. McCartney, W.E.H. Lecky, 122. 18. Duffy, “Historical Revisit,” 246–54. While the preconceptions typical of elite Irish unionists partially informed Orpen’s disenchanted view of Gaelic Ireland, Duffy notes that Orpen was sometimes critical of English interference in Norman Ireland. Duffy, “Historical Revisit,” 258. 19. See Orpen’s reviews in the EHR during these years, such as those of William O’Connor Morris’s Ireland 1494–1868, vol. 12 (1897), 162–3; Lecky’s Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland (3rd edn),vol. 18 (1903), 590; and James Hogan’s Ireland in the European System, vol. 37 (1922), 142. For more on Orpen’s political outlook, see his correspondence with Patrick Lyons and R.K. Wilson, Goddard Orpen Papers, N.L.I. MS 17,785; and with Edmund Curtis, Edmund Curtis Papers, TCD MS 2452(10). 20. The surveys of Irish history by Sullivan, Mitchel, and McCarthy were sin- gled out by J.Pope-Hennessy as especially popular with readers in a Cork parish in the 1880s. See Pope-Hennessy, “What Do the Irish Read?” Nineteenth Century, 15 (January–June 1885), 920. Cited in R.F. Foster, “History and the Irish Question,” in Brady, ed., Interpreting Irish History, 135. 166 Notes 21. A.M. Sullivan (1830–84), The Story of Ireland, a Narrative of Irish History from the Earliest Ages to the Present Time (Dublin: T.D. Sullivan, 1867); Patrick Callan, “Irish History in Irish National Schools, 1900–1908” (UCD, MA Thesis, 1975), 70. 22. A.S. Mac Shamhrain, “Ideological Conflict and Historical Interpretation: the Problem of History in Primary Education c. 1900–1930,” Irish Educational Studies, 10, 1 (1991), 236–7. See also R.F. Foster, The Irish Story: Telling Tales and Making It Up in Ireland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 6–10, for a more recent critical view of Sullivan’s contribution to Irish historiography. 23. Luke Gibbons, Transformations in Irish Culture (Cork: Cork University Press, 1996), 15. 24. John Mitchel (1815–75): The History of Ireland: From the Treaty of Limerick to the Present Time (New York: Sadleir, 1868). This book, which went through several reprints, was a continuation of the Abbe MacGeoghegan’s History of Ireland from the Earliest Times to the Treaty of Limerick. Mitchel’s other popular nationalist works include his Jail Journal (New York, 1854) and The Last Conquest of Ireland (Perhaps) (Dublin, 1861). 25. James S. Donnelly, Jr., “Mass Eviction and the Great Famine: the Clearances Revisited,” in Cathal Porteir, ed., The Great Irish Famine (Dublin: RTE/Mercier Press, 1995), 173. 26. Patrick Kavanagh, A Popular History of the Insurrection of 1798 (Dublin, 1870). The book was reprinted nine times, attesting to its wide appeal.