DOCSLIB.ORG

CHEMISTRY MODULE No.31 : Magnetic Properties of Transition

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CHEMISTRY MODULE No.31 : Magnetic Properties of Transition Web links http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetism http://wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm/courses/magnetism.html https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/transition- metals-22/bonding-in-coordination-compounds-crystal-field-theory-160/magnetic-properties- 616-6882/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Inorganic_Chemistry/Crystal_Field_Theory/Crystal_Field_Theo ry/Magnetic_Properties_of_Coordination_Complexes Suggested Readings Miessler, G. L.; Tarr, D. A. (2003). Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-035471-6 Drago, R. S.Physical Methods In Chemistry. W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0721631843 (ISBN13: 9780721631844) Huheey, J. E.; Keiter, E.A. ; Keiter, R. L. ; Medhi O. K. Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and Reactivity.Pearson Education India, 2006 - Chemistry, Inorganic CHEMISTRY PAPER No.: 7; Inorganic Chemistry-II (Metal-Ligand Bonding, Electronic Spectra and Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Complexes) MODULE No.31 : Magnetic properties of transition metal ions Carlin, R. L. Magnetochemistry. SPRINGER VERLAG GMBH. ISBN 10: 3642707351 / ISBN 13: 9783642707353 SELWOOD, P. W. MAGNETOCHEMISIRY. Swinburne Press. ISBN 1443724890. Earnshaw, A. Introduction to Magnetochemistry Academic Press. ISBN 10: 1483255239 / ISBN 13: 9781483255231 Lacheisserie É, D. T. De; Gignoux, D., Schlenker, M. Magnetism Time-Lines Timeline Image Description s 1600 Dr. William Gilbert published the first systematic experiments on magnetism in "De Magnete". Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gilbert_(astronomer) CHEMISTRY PAPER No.: 7; Inorganic Chemistry-II (Metal-Ligand Bonding, Electronic Spectra and Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Complexes) MODULE No.31 : Magnetic properties of transition metal ions 1777 Charles-Augustin de Coulomb showed that the magnetic repulsion or attraction between magnetic poles varies inversely with the square of the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb distance r. 1819 Hans Christian Ørsted accidentally made the connection between magnetism and electricity discovering that a current carrying http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted wire deflected a compass needle. 1820 André-Marie Ampère discovered that the magnetic field circulating in a closed-path was related to the current flowing through the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re perimeter of the path. CHEMISTRY PAPER No.: 7; Inorganic Chemistry-II (Metal-Ligand Bonding, Electronic Spectra and Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Complexes) MODULE No.31 : Magnetic properties of transition metal ions 1820 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss Carl Friedrich Gauss; Jean- Baptiste Biot and Félix Savart, came up with the Biot– Savart law giving an equation for the magnetic field from a current- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Biot carrying wire. http://www.appl-lachaise.net/appl/article.php3?id_article=682 1825 William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sturgeon CHEMISTRY PAPER No.: 7; Inorganic Chemistry-II (Metal-Ligand Bonding, Electronic Spectra and Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Complexes) MODULE No.31 : Magnetic properties of transition metal ions 1831 Michael Faraday, found that a time- varying magnetic flux through a loop of wire induced a voltage, and others finding further links between http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M_Faraday_Th_Phillips_oil_1842.j magnetism and pg electricity. 1831 Joseph Henry discovered electromagnetic induction independently of and at about the same time as Michael Faraday. In physics, and electronics, the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henry henry (symbol H) is the SI derived unit of inductance. It is named after Joseph Henry. 1861 James Clerk Maxwell, a Scottish mathematical physicist, proposed a set of mathematical equations describing physical explanation of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell electricity and magnetism. 1880 E. Warburg produced the first hysteresis loop for iron. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Warburg CHEMISTRY PAPER No.: 7; Inorganic Chemistry-II (Metal-Ligand Bonding, Electronic Spectra and Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Complexes) MODULE No.31 : Magnetic properties of transition metal ions 1885 Oliver Heaviside coined the term Magnetic permeability. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside 1895 Pierre Curie proposed Curie law. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie 1905 Paul Langevin explained the theory of diamagnetism and paramagnetism. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Langevin 1906 Pierre-Ernest Weiss proposed ferromagnetic theory. http://theor.jinr.ru/~kuzemsky/pwbio.html CHEMISTRY PAPER No.: 7; Inorganic Chemistry-II (Metal-Ligand Bonding, Electronic Spectra and Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Complexes) MODULE No.31 : Magnetic properties of transition metal ions 1920's John Hasbrouck Van Vleck developed the physics of magnetism with theories involving electron spins and exchange interactions; the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck beginnings of quantum mechanics. In 1932, He wrote a book on “Theory of Electric and Magnetic Susceptibilities”. 1932 Louis Eugène Félix Néel suggested a new form of magnetic behavior called antiferromagnetism . In 1947, Néel discovered ferrimagnetism in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el some materials. Did You Know? 1. Ferromanganese is a ferroalloy with high percentage of manganese. Ferromanganese is made by heating a mixture of the oxides MnO2 and Fe2O3, with carbon, usually as coal and coke, in either a blast furnace or a submerged arc furnace. The oxides undergo carbothermal reduction in the furnaces, producing the ferromanganese. Ferromanganese is used as a deoxidizer for steel. Henry Bessemer invented the use of ferromanganese as a method of introducing manganese in controlled proportions during the production of steel. Spiegeleisen is a ferromanganese alloy containing approximately 15% manganese and small quantities of carbon and silicon. 2. Permanent magnets CHEMISTRY PAPER No.: 7; Inorganic Chemistry-II (Metal-Ligand Bonding, Electronic Spectra and Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Complexes) MODULE No.31 : Magnetic properties of transition metal ions Permanent magnets are hard ferromagnetic materials. These are usually ferroalloys such as alnico and ferrite. These materials are subjected to special processing in a powerful magnetic field during manufacture, to align their internal microcrystalline structure, making them very hard to demagnetize. Some examples of ferromagnets are, 1. Alnico is a iron alloy with some percentage of aluminium (Al), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co). Hence it is called al-ni-co. Alnico can also contain copper, and sometimes titanium. Alnico alloys are ferromagnetic, with a high coercivity and are used to make permanent magnets. Before 1970s, when there were no rare earth magnets, Alnico were the strongest type of magnet. The composition of alnico alloys is typically 6–12% Al, 13–26% Ni, 0–42% Co, up to 6% Cu, up to 9% Ti, and the balance is Fe. In 1956, Alnico magnets led to a generation of compact permanent magnet motors and loudspeakers. Alnico magnets are also used in a magnetron tube in an early microwave oven. 2. Samarium–cobalt (SmCo) magnet, is an alloy of samarium and cobalt. Samarium–cobalt (SmCo) magnets are strong permanent magnet with a high coercivity. It is developed in the early 1970s. They are available in two "series", namely Series 1:5 and Series 2:17. Samarium Cobalt was used in Guitars and Basses as Noiseless Pickups. Samarium Cobalt were also used in some headphones as "Super Magnet" transducers. SmCo is also used in high-end electric motors used for competitive classes in slotcar racing, turbomachinery, traveling-wave tube field magnets etc. CHEMISTRY PAPER No.: 7; Inorganic Chemistry-II (Metal-Ligand Bonding, Electronic Spectra and Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Complexes) MODULE No.31 : Magnetic properties of transition metal ions .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Magnetism, Magnetic Properties, Magnetochemistry
    Magnetism, Magnetic Properties, Magnetochemistry 1 Magnetism All matter is electronic Positive/negative charges - bound by Coulombic forces Result of electric field E between charges, electric dipole Electric and magnetic fields = the electromagnetic interaction (Oersted, Maxwell) Electric field = electric +/ charges, electric dipole Magnetic field ??No source?? No magnetic charges, N-S No magnetic monopole Magnetic field = motion of electric charges (electric current, atomic motions) Magnetic dipole – magnetic moment = i A [A m2] 2 Electromagnetic Fields 3 Magnetism Magnetic field = motion of electric charges • Macro - electric current • Micro - spin + orbital momentum Ampère 1822 Poisson model Magnetic dipole – magnetic (dipole) moment [A m2] i A 4 Ampere model Magnetism Microscopic explanation of source of magnetism = Fundamental quantum magnets Unpaired electrons = spins (Bohr 1913) Atomic building blocks (protons, neutrons and electrons = fermions) possess an intrinsic magnetic moment Relativistic quantum theory (P. Dirac 1928) SPIN (quantum property ~ rotation of charged particles) Spin (½ for all fermions) gives rise to a magnetic moment 5 Atomic Motions of Electric Charges The origins for the magnetic moment of a free atom Motions of Electric Charges: 1) The spins of the electrons S. Unpaired spins give a paramagnetic contribution. Paired spins give a diamagnetic contribution. 2) The orbital angular momentum L of the electrons about the nucleus, degenerate orbitals, paramagnetic contribution. The change in the orbital moment
    [Show full text]
  • Faculty of Science Internal Bylaw of Graduate Studies "Program Curricula and Course Contents" 2016
    . Faculty of Science Internal Bylaw of Graduate Studies "Program Curricula and Course Contents" 2016 Table of Contents Page 1-Mathematics Department Mathematics Programs 1 Diplomas Professional Diploma in Applied Statistics 2 Professional Diploma in Bioinformatics 3 M.Sc. Degree M.Sc. Degree in Pure Mathematics 4 M.Sc. Degree in Applied Mathematics 5 M.Sc. Degree in Mathematical Statistics 6 M.Sc. Degree in Computer Science 7 M.Sc. Degree in Scientific Computing 8 Ph.D. Degree Ph. D. Degree in Pure Mathematics 9 Ph. D Degree in Applied Mathematics 10 Ph. D. Degree in Mathematical Statistics 11 Ph. D Degree in Computer Science 12 Ph. D Degree in Scientific Computing 13 2- Physics Department Physics Programs 14 Diplomas Diploma in Medical Physics 15 M.Sc. Degree M.Sc. Degree in Solid State Physics 16 M.Sc. Degree in Nanomaterials 17 M.Sc. Degree in Nuclear Physics 18 M.Sc. Degree in Radiation Physics 19 M.Sc. Degree in Plasma Physics 20 M.Sc. Degree in Laser Physics 21 M.Sc. Degree in Theoretical Physics 22 M.Sc. Degree in Medical Physics 23 Ph.D. Degree Ph.D. Degree in Solid State Physics 24 Ph.D. Degree in Nanomaterials 25 Ph.D. Degree in Nuclear Physics 26 Ph.D. Degree in Radiation Physics 27 Ph.D. Degree in Plasma Physics 28 Ph.D. Degree in Laser Physics 29 Ph.D. Degree in Theoretical Physics 30 3- Chemistry Department Chemistry Programs 31 Diplomas Professional Diploma in Biochemistry 32 Professional Diploma in Quality Control 33 Professional Diploma in Applied Forensic Chemistry 34 Professional Diploma in Applied Organic Chemistry 35 Environmental Analytical Chemistry Diploma 36 M.Sc.
    [Show full text]
  • Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science
    M.Phil./Ph.D. Syllabus DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY FACULTY OF SCIENCE THE UNIVERSITY OF RAJSHAHI Syllabus for The Degree of Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.)/ Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Chemistry Session: 2017-2018 Department of Chemistry, University of Rajshahi January, 2018 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY Syllabus for M. Phil / Ph.D. Courses The following courses each of 100 marks are designed for M..Phil / Ph.D. students as per ordinance passed by the Academic Council held on 17-18/10-98 (decision no. 37 of 196th Academic Council) and approved by the Syndicate at its 351st meeting held on 22/10/98. Course Number Course Title Chem 611 Physical Chemistry - X Chem 612 Physical Chemistry - XI Chem 613 Physical Chemistry - XII Chem 621 Organic Chemistry - VIII Chem 622 Organic Chemistry - IX Chem 623 Industrial Chemistry - II Chem 631 Inorganic Chemistry - IX Chem 632 Inorganic Chemistry - X Chem 633 Analytical Chemistry – II Chem 634 Bioinorganic Chemistry * Marks Distribution: (a) Close Book Examination : 75 (b) Class Assessment : 25 A student must complete two courses out of the above ten courses. The courses will be assigned to a research fellow on the recommendation of supervisor(s) and approved by the departmental Chairman / Academic Committee. 1 Course : Chem 611 Physical Chemistry-X Examination : 4 hours Full marks : 100 1. Physical Properties of Gases: Kinetic molecular theory, equation of states and transport phenomena of gases. 2. Chemical Thermodynamics: Thermochemistry, statistical thermodynamics, non-equilibrium or reversible thermodynamics. 3. Chemical Equilibria, Phase Rule and Distribution law. 4. Electrochemistry:Electrolytic conductance, electrolytic transference and Ionic equilibria. 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Dysprosium Single-Molecule Magnets Involving 1,10-Phenantroline-5,6
    Dysprosium Single-Molecule Magnets Involving 1,10-Phenantroline-5,6-dione Ligand Olivier Galangau, J González, Vincent Montigaud, Vincent Dorcet, Boris Le Guennic, Olivier Cador, Fabrice Pointillart To cite this version: Olivier Galangau, J González, Vincent Montigaud, Vincent Dorcet, Boris Le Guennic, et al.. Dys- prosium Single-Molecule Magnets Involving 1,10-Phenantroline-5,6-dione Ligand. Magnetochemistry, MDPI, 2020, 6 (2), pp.19. 10.3390/magnetochemistry6020019. hal-02957777 HAL Id: hal-02957777 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02957777 Submitted on 5 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License magnetochemistry Article Dysprosium Single-Molecule Magnets Involving 1,10-Phenantroline-5,6-dione Ligand Olivier Galangau , Jessica Flores Gonzalez, Vincent Montigaud, Vincent Dorcet, Boris le Guennic , Olivier Cador and Fabrice Pointillart * Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France; [email protected]
    [Show full text]
  • Magneto-Luminescence Correlation in the Textbook Dysprosium(III) Nitrate Single-Ion Magnet Ekaterina Mamontova, Jérôme Long, Rute A
    Magneto-Luminescence Correlation in the Textbook Dysprosium(III) Nitrate Single-Ion Magnet Ekaterina Mamontova, Jérôme Long, Rute A. S. Ferreira, Alexandre Botas, Dominique Luneau, Yannick Guari, Luis D. Carlos, Joulia Larionova To cite this version: Ekaterina Mamontova, Jérôme Long, Rute A. S. Ferreira, Alexandre Botas, Dominique Luneau, et al.. Magneto-Luminescence Correlation in the Textbook Dysprosium(III) Nitrate Single-Ion Magnet. Magnetochemistry, MDPI, 2016, 2 (4), pp.41. 10.3390/magnetochemistry2040041. hal-01399122 HAL Id: hal-01399122 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01399122 Submitted on 13 Apr 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. magnetochemistry Article Magneto-Luminescence Correlation in the Textbook Dysprosium(III) Nitrate Single-Ion Magnet Ekaterina Mamontova 1, Jérôme Long 1,*, Rute A. S. Ferreira 2, Alexandre M. P. Botas 2,3, Dominique Luneau 4, Yannick Guari 1, Luis D. Carlos 2 and Joulia Larionova 1 1 Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Nano-Objects, Université de Montpellier,
    [Show full text]
  • Magnetochemistry
    Magnetochemistry (12.7.06) H.J. Deiseroth, SS 2006 Magnetochemistry The magnetic moment of a single atom (µ) (µ is a vector !) μ µ μ = i F [Am2], circular current i, aerea F F -27 2 μB = eh/4πme = 0,9274 10 Am (h: Planck constant, me: electron mass) μB: „Bohr magneton“ (smallest quantity of a magnetic moment) → for one unpaired electron in an atom („spin only“): s μ = 1,73 μB Magnetochemistry → The magnetic moment of an atom has two components a spin component („spin moment“) and an orbital component („orbital moment“). →Frequently the orbital moment is supressed („spin-only- magnetism“, e.g. coordination compounds of 3d elements) Magnetisation M and susceptibility χ M = (∑ μ)/V ∑ μ: sum of all magnetic moments μ in a given volume V, dimension: [Am2/m3 = A/m] The actual magnetization of a given sample is composed of the „intrinsic“ magnetization (susceptibility χ) and an external field H: M = H χ (χ: suszeptibility) Magnetochemistry There are three types of susceptibilities: χV: dimensionless (volume susceptibility) 3 χg:[cm/g] (gramm susceptibility) 3 χm: [cm /mol] (molar susceptibility) !!!!! χm is used normally in chemistry !!!! Frequently: χ = f(H) → complications !! Magnetochemistry Diamagnetism - external field is weakened - atoms/ions/molecules with closed shells -4 -2 3 -10 < χm < -10 cm /mol (negative sign) Paramagnetism (van Vleck) - external field is strengthened - atoms/ions/molecules with open shells/unpaired electrons -4 -1 3 +10 < χm < 10 cm /mol → diamagnetism (core electrons) + paramagnetism (valence electrons) Magnetism
    [Show full text]
  • Magnetic Properties and the Superatom Character of 13-Atom Platinum Nanoclusters
    Magnetochemistry 2015, 1, 28-44; doi:10.3390/magnetochemistry1010028 OPEN ACCESS magnetochemistry ISSN 2312-7481 www.mdpi.com/journal/magnetochemistry Article Magnetic Properties and the Superatom Character of 13-Atom Platinum Nanoclusters Emil Roduner 1,2,* and Christopher Jensen 1,† 1 Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Chemistry Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa † Present address: ThyssenKrupp Industrial Solutions AG, Business Unit Process Technologies, Neubeckumer Straße 127, D-59320 Ennigerloh, Germany. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +0041-44-422-34-28. Academic Editor: Carlos J. Gómez García Received: 25 October 2015 / Accepted: 18 November 2015 / Published: 26 November 2015 Abstract: 13-atom platinum nanoclusters have been synthesized quantitatively in the pores of the zeolites NaY and KL. They reveal highly interesting magnetic properties like high-spin states, a blocking temperature, and super-diamagnetism, depending heavily on the loading of chemisorbed hydrogen. Additionally, EPR active states are observed. All of these magnetic properties are understood best if one considers the near-spherical clusters as analogs of transition metal atoms with low-spin and high-spin states, and with delocalized molecular orbitals which have a structure similar to that of atomic orbitals. These clusters are, therefore, called superatoms, and it is their analogy with normal atoms which is in the focus of the present work, but further phenomena, like the observation of a magnetic blocking temperature and the possibility of superconductivity, are discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • A Themed Issue of Functional Molecule-Based Magnets
    A Themed Issue of Functional Molecule-Based Magnets A Themed Issue of Functional • Keiichi Katoh • Keiichi Molecule-Based Magnets Dedicated to Professor Masahiro Yamashita on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday Edited by Keiichi Katoh Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Magnetochemistry www.mdpi.com/journal/magnetochemistry A Themed Issue of Functional Molecule-Based Magnets A Themed Issue of Functional Molecule-Based Magnets Dedicated to Professor Masahiro Yamashita on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday Special Issue Editor Keiichi Katoh MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Special Issue Editor Keiichi Katoh Tohoku University Japan Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Magnetochemistry (ISSN 2312-7481) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ magnetochemistry/special issues/Molecule based Magnets). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03928-901-1 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03928-902-8 (PDF) c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnetite (Fe3o4) Nanoparticles in Biomedical Application: from Synthesis to Surface Functionalisation
    magnetochemistry Review Magnetite (Fe3O4) Nanoparticles in Biomedical Application: From Synthesis to Surface Functionalisation Lokesh Srinath Ganapathe 1, Mohd Ambri Mohamed 1 , Rozan Mohamad Yunus 2 and Dilla Duryha Berhanuddin 1,* 1 Institut Kejuruteraan Mikro dan Nanoelektronik (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; [email protected] (L.S.G.); [email protected] (M.A.M.) 2 Fuel Cell Institute, Level 4, Research Complex, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +60-38911-8544 Received: 28 October 2020; Accepted: 20 November 2020; Published: 3 December 2020 Abstract: Nanotechnology has gained much attention for its potential application in medical science. Iron oxide nanoparticles have demonstrated a promising effect in various biomedical applications. In particular, magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles are widely applied due to their biocompatibility, high magnetic susceptibility, chemical stability, innocuousness, high saturation magnetisation, and inexpensiveness. Magnetite (Fe3O4) exhibits superparamagnetism as its size shrinks in the single-domain region to around 20 nm, which is an essential property for use in biomedical applications. In this review, the application of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) in the biomedical field based on different synthesis approaches and various surface functionalisation materials was discussed. Firstly, a brief introduction on the MNP properties, such as physical, thermal, magnetic, and optical properties, is provided. Considering that the surface chemistry of MNPs plays an important role in the practical implementation of in vitro and in vivo applications, this review then focuses on several predominant synthesis methods and variations in the synthesis parameters of MNPs. The encapsulation of MNPs with organic and inorganic materials is also discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Emergence of On-Surface Magnetochemistry § ‡ ‡ † ‡ Nirmalya Ballav,*, Christian Wackerlin,̈ Dorota Siewert, Peter M
    Perspective pubs.acs.org/JPCL Emergence of On-Surface Magnetochemistry § ‡ ‡ † ‡ Nirmalya Ballav,*, Christian Wackerlin,̈ Dorota Siewert, Peter M. Oppeneer, and Thomas A. Jung*, § Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pashan, Pune 411 008, India ‡ Laboratory for Micro and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland † Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden ABSTRACT: The control of exchange coupling across the molecule−substrate interface is a key feature in molecular spintronics. This Perspective reviews the emerging field of on-surface magnetochemistry, where coordination chemistry is applied to surface-supported metal porphyrins and metal phthalocyanines to control their magnetic properties. The particularities of the surface as a multiatomic ligand or “surface ligand” are introduced. The asymmetry involved in the action of a chemical ligand and a surface ligand on the same planar complexes modifies the well-established “trans effect” to the notion of the “surface-trans effect”. As ad-complexes on ferromagnetic substrates are usually exchange-coupled, the magnetochemical implications of the surface-trans effect are of particular interest. The combined action of the different ligands allows for the reproducible control of spin states in on-surface supramolecular architectures and opens up new ways toward building and operating spin systems at interfaces. Notably, spin-switching has been demonstrated to be controlled collectively via the interaction with a ligand (chemical selectivity) and individually via local addressing at the interface. century ago, Alfred Werner laid the foundation of modern Emerging evidence shows that A coordination chemistry, an achievement for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1913.
    [Show full text]
  • Explorations of Magnetic Properties of Noble Gases: the Past, Present, and Future
    magnetochemistry Review Explorations of Magnetic Properties of Noble Gases: The Past, Present, and Future Włodzimierz Makulski Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected]; Tel.: +48-22-55-26-346 Received: 23 October 2020; Accepted: 19 November 2020; Published: 23 November 2020 Abstract: In recent years, we have seen spectacular growth in the experimental and theoretical investigations of magnetic properties of small subatomic particles: electrons, positrons, muons, and neutrinos. However, conventional methods for establishing these properties for atomic nuclei are also in progress, due to new, more sophisticated theoretical achievements and experimental results performed using modern spectroscopic devices. In this review, a brief outline of the history of experiments with nuclear magnetic moments in magnetic fields of noble gases is provided. In particular, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and atomic beam magnetic resonance (ABMR) measurements are included in this text. Various aspects of NMR methodology performed in the gas phase are discussed in detail. The basic achievements of this research are reviewed, and the main features of the methods for the noble gas isotopes: 3He, 21Ne, 83Kr, 129Xe, and 131Xe are clarified. A comprehensive description of short lived isotopes of argon (Ar) and radon (Rn) measurements is included. Remarks on the theoretical calculations and future experimental intentions of nuclear magnetic moments of noble gases are also provided. Keywords: nuclear magnetic dipole moment; magnetic shielding constants; noble gases; NMR spectroscopy 1. Introduction The seven chemical elements known as noble (or rare gases) belong to the VIIIa (or 18th) group of the periodic table. These are: helium (2He), neon (10Ne), argon (18Ar), krypton (36Kr), xenon (54Xe), radon (86Rn), and oganesson (118Og).
    [Show full text]
  • Magnetochemistry: from Fundamentals to Applications
    magnetochemistry Editorial Magnetochemistry: From Fundamentals to Applications Carlos J. Gómez-García Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; [email protected] Received: 20 January 2016; Accepted: 21 January 2016; Published: 25 January 2016 It is well knowm that Magnetochemistry is a multidisplinary area that deals with many different materials and properties. The first issue of the new journal Magnetochemistry clearly confirms this fact. Thus, in this first issue we can read five different contributions with very different subjects as the magnetic properties of Pt13 nanoclusters with superatom character, new V4 and V6 complexes with β-diketone ligands presenting novel topologies, a theoretical study of the magnetic coupling of transition metal complexes through functionalized chiral and C60-filled bridging carbon nanotubes, the first spin crossover transition in a Mn(II) chain and a study of the effect of the size and electronic configuration on the magnetic coupling in lantanide-copper complexes. Thus, in the first article [1], Roduner and Jensen show the synthesis of nearly spherical Pt13 nanoclusters in the pores of NaY and KL zeolites presenting high spin states, blocking temperatures and superdiamagnetic properties strongly dependent on the amount of chemisorbed H2. These properties are rationalized assuming that the Pt13 nanoparticles behave as analogues of transition metal atoms (superatoms) with high and low spin states and molecular orbitals delocalized in the cluster. In the second article [2], G. Aromí et al. explore the chemistry of vanadyl ions (VO2+) with bis-β-diketone ligands and pyridine. With this strategy they prepare a novel VIV tetranuclear complex V IV and a mixed valence hexanuclear V 4V 2 complex, both presenting novel topologies thanks to the conformation flexibility of the bis-β-diketone ligands.
    [Show full text]