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A Survey of Invasive Exotic Ants Found on Hawaiian Islands: Spatial Distributions and Patterns of Association

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A Survey of Invasive Exotic Ants Found on Hawaiian Islands: Spatial Distributions and Patterns of Association Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2012-12-07 A Survey of Invasive Exotic Ants Found on Hawaiian Islands: Spatial Distributions and Patterns of Association Camie Frandsen Martin Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Animal Sciences Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Martin, Camie Frandsen, "A Survey of Invasive Exotic Ants Found on Hawaiian Islands: Spatial Distributions and Patterns of Association" (2012). Theses and Dissertations. 3854. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3854 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. A Survey of Invasive Ants Found on the Hawaiian Islands: Spatial Distributions and Patterns of Association Camie Frandsen Martin A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University n partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of i Master of Science Hal L. Black, Chair Janene Auger C. Riley Nelson Steven L. Petersen Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences Brigham Young University December 2012 Copyright © 2012 Camie Frandsen Martin All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT A Survey of Invasive Ants Found on the Hawaiian Islands: Spatial Distributions and Patterns of Association Camie Frandsen Martin Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, BYU Master of Science An intensive sampling of all ant species encountered on 6 Hawaiian Islands: Big Island, Maui, Oahu, Kauai, Molokai, and Lanai took place between 1988 and 1996. Species presence and absence was recorded at each site. Using remote sensing, variables were added insitu and used throughout my analysis. Species accumulation curves suggest that sampling was comprehensive. There is a significant trend between island area and species richness which validates the Theory of Island Biogeography for invasive species. Islands were found to be significantly nested by area, order, and tourism. Cluster analysis shows a link between elevation, land-use and island, and species presence. Predictive models can be built to predict spread of particular ant species as they continue toward equilibrium. Keywords: biological invasions, Formicidae, invasive species, species accumulation, species richness, island biogeography, remote sensing, predictive modeling, hyperniche, nestedness ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee for reviewing my thesis and for their continual support through my long distance writing process. All of the field work was accomplished by many BYU undergrads and species pictures were taken by April Noble. Also, thanks to my brother, Paul, and, sister, Valerie for limitless pep talks and their constant encouragement. I would not have finished without all of my family’s support. Thanks also to Mykita’s many babysitters throughout this long process especially Liz, Christine, my mom, Mindy, and Ali. My husband Cody was also instrumental in the completion of this work. Finally, I want to thank my daughter, Mykita, and her friends for helping me to rediscover my sense of wonder and reminding me often how fascinating ants really are. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 1 METHODS ........................................................................................................................................................... 3 Area of Study ..........................................................................................................................3 Collection of Ants ...................................................................................................................3 Manipulation of Mapped Data ..............................................................................................4 Patterns and Distribution .....................................................................................................5 SPECIES ACCUMULATION CURVES ....................................................................................................................... 5 SAMPLE DIVERSITY ........................................................................................................................................... 8 LINEAR REGRESSION OR SPECIES-AREA CURVE ..................................................................................................... 9 SPECIES ABUNDANCE ...................................................................................................................................... 10 NESTEDNESS ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................... 11 DENDROGRAMS .............................................................................................................................................. 13 PREDICTIVE MODELING ................................................................................................................................... 14 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................................... 18 Patterns and Distribution ................................................................................................... 18 SPECIES ACCUMULATION CURVES ..................................................................................................................... 19 SAMPLE DIVERSITY ......................................................................................................................................... 22 iv NESTEDNESS ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................... 23 DENDROGRAMS .............................................................................................................................................. 24 Predictive Modeling ............................................................................................................. 26 DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................................................... 27 Patterns and Distribution ................................................................................................... 27 SPECIES RICHNESS .......................................................................................................................................... 27 SAMPLE DIVERSITY ......................................................................................................................................... 30 NESTEDNESS ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................... 30 CLUSTER ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................................................... 32 Maps ..................................................................................................................................... 33 PROPORTIONAL SYMBOLS ................................................................................................................................ 33 PREDICTIVE MODELING ................................................................................................................................... 33 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................... 35 LITERATURE CITED ....................................................................................................................................... 36 LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................................................. 46 LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................ 57 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................................................... 89 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Island Information ................................................................................................................................................ 46 Table 2: Species Present on the Hawaiian Islands ..................................................................................................... 47 Table 3: Estimate S Output .................................................................................................................................................. 48 Table 4: Logarithmic Trendline Output ......................................................................................................................... 49 Table 5: Hawaiian Island Power Curve Output ........................................................................................................... 50 Table 6: Diversity Indices .................................................................................................................................................... 51 Table 7: Ant species incidences........................................................................................................................................
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