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Thomisidae: Thomisinae: Tmarini) PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOCIÊNCIAS - ZOOLOGIA ANÁLISE CLADÍSTICA DE Titidius SIMON, 1895 (THOMISIDAE: THOMISINAE: TMARINI) Renato Augusto Teixeira Orientador: Dr. Arno Antonio Lise DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO PORTO ALEGRE - RS - BRASIL 2010 1 SUMÁRIO EPÍGRAFE ........................................................................................................................................ iii DEDICATÓRIA .................................................................................................................................iv AGRADECIMENTOS ....................................................................................................................... v ADVERTÊNCIA! ..............................................................................................................................vi RESUMO .......................................................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... viii APRESENTAÇÃO ............................................................................................................................ 9 ARTIGO: Revisão e análise cladística de Titidius Simon, 1895 (Araneae, Thomisidae) e descrição de dois novos gêneros ....................................................................................................................... 10 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ 10 Introdução ..................................................................................................................................... 11 Material e métodos ....................................................................................................................... 14 Abreviações .............................................................................................................................. 14 Procedimentos laboratoriais ..................................................................................................... 15 Seleção dos taxa e análise filogenética ..................................................................................... 15 Resultados .................................................................................................................................... 18 Análise cladística ...................................................................................................................... 18 Caracteres ................................................................................................................................. 22 Discussão ...................................................................................................................................... 37 Relações filogenéticas dentro de Tmarini ................................................................................ 37 Considerações sobre a morfologia ............................................................................................ 40 Biogeografia ............................................................................................................................. 40 Taxonomia ................................................................................................................................ 41 Bibliografia ................................................................................................................................... 99 Apêndice 1 .................................................................................................................................. 103 REFERENCIAS DA APRESENTAÇÃO ...................................................................................... 106 ii EPÍGRAFE "Sit down before a fact as a little child; be prepared to give up every preconceived idea; follow humbly wherever and to whatever abyss Nature leads, or you shall learn nothing." Thomas Henry Huxley iii DEDICATÓRIA À minha esposa por seu amor, carinho e companhia; à meus pais e irmã pelo apoio e confiança; aos meus amigos por ouvir; e à todos eles simplesmente por existirem. iv AGRADECIMENTOS Injusto é o conceito físico de espaço, pois não me permite incluir mais de uma pessoa na primeira frase destes agradecimentos. Justas, porém, são as intenções e sentimentos em vê-los tendo igual importância nestes dois últimos anos de minha vida. Cada qual ao seu modo, mas todos colaboraram para meu amadurecimento como ser humano e cientista. Agradeço a meus pais, Geraldo e Rita, e a minha irmã Karoliny, por estarem presentes, mesmo na distância, e pelo apoio e coragem que me deram. “Pai... Mãe... Obrigado por acreditarem em mim!”. Quero agradecer, em especial, a minha esposa Renata Fernandes Macarini Teixeira, que tem sido companheira, amiga e meu grande amor. “Rê, minha vida ganhou mais sentido agora que estamos juntos. Te Amo!”. A meu amigo e orientador, Arno Antonio Lise, por seus inestimáveis conselhos e ensinamentos. “Professor, graças a você descobri minha meta como pesquisador: contribuir para a sistemática e taxonomia de Thomisidae”. Aos meus amigos e colegas de laboratório (Adolpho, Ana Carla, Carlos Eduardo, Nicole, Estevam, Rafael e Rosana), agradeço pela ajuda em diferentes momentos da execução deste trabalho. À Janine Arruda pelos conselhos e conversas que me incentivaram a buscar mais que o básico para esta pesquisa. Aos professores da PUCRS que sugeriram a realização da análise filogenética. Aos amigos de caminhada Filipe Michels e Thereza Garbelotto. Vocês sempre estarão nos agradecimentos, pois sem uma das pernas este ‘tripé’ cai. À pessoa que me ensinou o que é ser cientista, meu amigo Luiz Alexandre Campos. Aos curadores e instituições que forneceram o material para este estudo. Aos pesquisadores que aceitaram avaliar este estudo em pleno verão. E, a CAPES pelo suporte financeiro, sem o qual não poderia estar em Porto Alegre e, consequentemente, não teria realizado este trabalho. “In memorian a Maria Angelo Guessi Teixeira (Avó), matriarca da família Teixeira, e a Domingos Macarini, avô de coração”. v ADVERTÊNCIA! Esta dissertação não é uma publicação conforme descrito no Código de Nomenclatura Zoológica. Portanto, nomes novos e mudanças taxonômicas aqui propostos não tem validade para fins de nomenclatura ou prioridade até a data da publicação, em periódico científico, do artigo oriundo desta dissertação. WARNING! This dissertation is not a publication in terms of the concept of the International code of Zoological Nomenclature so, new names and taxonomic changes, here proposed, are not valid for nomenclatural or priority purposes until the publication date, in a scientific journal, of the article prossiding from this dissertation. vi RESUMO A monofilia de Titidius Simon, 1895, que atualmente possui 21 espécies descritas, foi testada através de uma análise cladística. A matrix de dados foi composta de 31 táxons e 73 caracteres, que resultaram em seis árvores igualmente parcimoniosas de 134 passos (IC = 65; IR= 85; ICR=55). A árvore de consenso foi utilizada para discutir a relação de Titidius e dos outros gêneros de Tmarini, assim como para propor dois gêneros novos: Lystrarachne gen. nov. e Somatochromus gen. nov. Titidius rubrosignatus (Keyserling), T. galbanatus (Keyserling), T. quinquenotatus Mello-Leitão, T. rubescens Caporiacco, T.caninde Esmério & Lise, , T. guripi Esmério & Lise e Titidius urucu Esmério & Lise são mantidas em Titidius . A fêmea de T. galbanatus (Keyserling) é descrita pela primeira vez neste trabalho. Duas espécies são transferidas de Titidius para Lystrarachne gen. nov. : L. curvilineata (Mello-Leitão) comb. nov. e L. multifasciata (Mello-Leitão) comb. nov. Outras duas espécies são descritas para este novo gênero: Lystrarachne minima sp. nov. , do sudeste e sul do Brasil, e L. similaris sp. nov. , de São Paulo, Brasil. Oito espécies são transferidas de Titidius para Somatochromus gen. nov. : S. albifrons (Mello-Leitão) comb. nov. , S. difficilis (Mello-Leitão) comb. nov. , S. dubius (Mello-Leitão) comb. nov. , S. marmoratus (Mello-Leitão) comb. nov. , S. uncatus (Mello-Leitão) comb. nov. , S. albiscriptus (Mello-Leitão) comb. nov. , S. haemorrhous (Mello-Leitão) comb. nov. e S. pauper (Mello-Leitão) comb. nov. Uma espécie nova é descrita para Somatochromus gen. nov. : S. unciferus sp. nov. , do sudeste e sul do Brasil. A espécie Titidius brasiliensis Mello-Leitão é considerada um lapsus calami , referindo-se à Titiotus brasiliensis (Tengeliidae). As espécies Titidius ignestii Caporiacco e T. longicaudatus Mello-Leitão são foram incluídas na análise por serem jovens e, portanto, permanecem em incertae sedis . Titidius dubitatus Soares & Soares, 1947 é considerada incertae sedis, pois não está monofileticamente relacionada à Titidius . Esta espécie constituiu um clado com duas espécies neotropicais de Tmarus , T. elongatus e T. polyandrus . O cladograma sugere que Tmarus seja polifilético, pois a espécie-tipo do gênero Tmarus , T. piger , apresentou-se como espécie basal de todos os Tmarini, não estando monofileticamente relacionada ao clado dos Tmarus neotropicais. Lystrarachne e Somatochromus aparecem como gêneros irmãos e derivados em relação à Acentroscelus , o qual é basal aos dois gêneros novos. Titidius é irmão deste clado que relaciona Acentroscelus + ( Lystrarachne + Somatochromus ). vii
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