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Movement, Knowledge, Emotion: Gay Activism and HIV/AIDS in Australia

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Movement, Knowledge, Emotion: Gay Activism and HIV/AIDS in Australia Movement, Knowledge, Emotion Gay activism and HIV/AIDS in Australia Movement, Knowledge, Emotion Gay activism and HIV/AIDS in Australia Jennifer Power THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY E PRESS E PRESS Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at: http://epress.anu.edu.au/ National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Author: Power, Jennifer. Title: Movement, knowledge, emotion : gay activism and HIV/AIDS in Australia / Jennifer Power. ISBN: 9781921862380 (pbk.) 9781921862397 (ebook) Notes: Includes bibliographical references and index. Subjects: Gay liberation movement--Australia AIDS (Disease)--Australia--Political aspects. HIV infections--Government policy--Australia. Homosexuality--Australia--Political aspects. Gay activists--Australia. AIDS activists--Australia. Australia--Social conditions--1976- Dewey Number: 306.7660994 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU E Press Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2011 ANU E Press Contents Acknowledgements . vii Introduction . 1 Part One: Fear and Morality 1 . The ‘Homosexual Cancer’: AIDS = gay . 31 2 . Innocent Identities . 59 Part Two: (Mis)trust and Medicine 3 . Public Health and AIDS Activism . 83 4 . Treatment Action . 111 Part Three: Grief and Activism 5 . Rites of Belonging: The AIDS Memorial Quilt . 145 Epilogue: Bug Chasers and Criminals . 159 Bibliography . 167 Biographies of Interviewees . 197 Index . 201 v Acknowledgements There are a number of people who assisted me through the process of writing this book and who deserve thanks. Firstly I would like to thank Dr Kevin White who supervised my research for this text along with Dr John Ballard and Professor Frank Lewins. I am grateful to the staff at the Noel Butlin Library and the National Library of Australia, Petherik Reading Room, for their assistance in gaining access to archival material and interview transcripts for my research. Gary Janes and Graham Carbery from the Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives also offered wonderful and enthusiastic (volunteer) assistance with this. Thankyou to my friends and family for ongoing support, particularly Prue Power and Rachel Power who assisted me with editing. Publication of this manuscript was made possible through the support of a publishing prize offered by the ANU College of Arts and Social Sciences. I am very grateful for this opportunity and would like to thank all involved. Thankyou also to Jan Borrie for her editing expertise. Finally, I would like to extend my greatest thanks to those who so generously offered their time to talk to me about their experiences with HIV/AIDS politics. In particular, Ian Rankin and Phil Carswell spent many hours telling me their stories and discussing ideas for this work. Thankyou also to Ken Davis, Bill Whittaker, Bill Bowtell, Robert Griew, Levinia Crooks, David Lowe, David Plummer, Dennis Altman, Don Baxter, Peter Baume, Steve Mark, Terry Thorley and Jennifer Ross. Phil Carswell and Ken Davis also reread drafts of this manuscript, for which I am very grateful. vii Introduction Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) entered the public arena as a ‘mystery disease’ for which there was no known cause and no cure. Concerns that this unknown killer would sweep rapidly across whole populations provided it with media and political attention few medical conditions receive. But more significantly, AIDS achieved rapid infamy through its association with a set of social and sexual practices considered by many to be deviant and highly immoral: homosexuality, illicit drug use and prostitution. In May 1983, doctors from St Vincent’s Hospital in Sydney announced that the first known case of AIDS in Australia had been diagnosed the previous October in a gay man who had been visiting Sydney from New York.1 Hindsight would prove that there were almost certainly many more undiagnosed cases of both Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and AIDS in the community at this time, but the official identification of that first case was enough to prompt acknowledgment that this mystery disease from the United States had found its way to Australia. From this first diagnosis in 1982 until the end of 2009, there had been 29 395 reported diagnoses of HIV2 in Australia. Of these, 10 446 people had been diagnosed with AIDS and 6776 AIDS-related deaths had been recorded. It is estimated that 20 171 Australians were living with diagnosed HIV at the end of 2009.3 The virus spread most rapidly through the Australian community in the early years of the 1980s, with the incidence of new HIV diagnoses peaking in 1984. But despite predictions that there would be a significant resurgence of the virus (the so-called ‘second wave’), the rate of new HIV infections in Australia remained relatively steady until the early 2000s, when there were indications that rates of new HIV infections were increasing in Australia for the first time in more than a decade.4 1 Editorial, ‘Twenty Years’, Positive Living, November–December 2002, <http://www.afao.com.au>; Menadue, David 2003, Positive, Allen & Unwin, Sydney. 2 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the virus that leads to a breakdown of the immune system causing the collection of illnesses and infections that is known as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV is not the same as AIDS and the acronyms should not be used interchangeably. A person living with HIV is not necessarily a person who has AIDS. An HIV-positive diagnosis is different to a diagnosis of AIDS. When I use the term AIDS, rather than HIV/AIDS or HIV, I am referring either to the physiological condition of AIDS or to the period, before 1985, when HIV had not yet been discovered. 3 National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research 2010, HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexually transmissible Infections in Australia Annual Surveillance Report 2010, National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney. 4 Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations 2003, HIV on the Rise in Three States: Australia’s National AIDS Strategy Must Be Revitalised, Press release, 29 May 2003, viewed 2 June 2003, <http://www.afao.org. au>; Wilkinson, David and Dore, Greg 2000, ‘An Unbridgeable Gap? Comparing the HIV/AIDS Epidemics in Australia and Sub Saharan Africa’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 24(3), pp. 276–80. 1 Movement, Knowledge, Emotion: Gay activism and HIV/AIDS in Australia Gay men have been affected by HIV/AIDS more than any other population group in Australia. While the rate of HIV transmission among heterosexuals— particularly those in marginalised groups such as Indigenous Australians—has increased slightly in recent years, the majority of HIV infections (more than 80 per cent of all infections between 1982 and 2009) have occurred through male-to-male sexual transmission.5 This pattern differs from that seen in other Western countries, including France, the United States and Germany, where HIV has moved much more widely into the heterosexual population. In the United States, for example, heterosexual sex accounted for 33 per cent of all newly diagnosed HIV cases in 2004, with 47 per cent attributed to men who have sex with men.6 In comparison, in Australia, 85.4 per cent of new diagnoses of HIV in 2005 were attributed to male-to-male sex—a similar proportion to earlier years.7 Alongside this, the rate of HIV among intravenous drug users and women in these countries is much higher than in Australia. Public perceptions of HIV/AIDS in Australia have shifted and changed over the years to the point where HIV/AIDS is increasingly viewed in a global context as a disease of poverty and underdevelopment. When AIDS first emerged in the early 1980s, however, many people suspected that it was a disease exclusive to gay men. Before HIV was identified as the virus causing AIDS—even before the term AIDS was established—the syndrome was being called Gay Related Immune Deficiency (GRID), the ‘homosexual cancer’ or the more derogatory ‘gay plague’. Early theories regarding the cause of AIDS pointed to factors such as excessive semen in the bloodstream from anal intercourse or the ‘fast-paced’ lifestyle of many gay men.8 Although it was not long into the 1980s when the first cases of AIDS among heterosexual people began to appear in Australia, the belief that there was an inherent association between AIDS and the lifestyle and sexual choices of gay men seemed to be entrenched in Australian public consciousness. There were indications, and fears, that the contagious nature of the illness would provide licence for a formal crackdown on the recently won social freedoms of gay men, such as the decriminalisation of homosexual sex in some States and 5 National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research 2006, Australian HIV Surveillance Report, 22(2), National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, pp. 1–16; World Health Organisation 2002, ‘Australia 2002 Update’, Epidemiological Fact Sheets on HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections, viewed 2 June 2003, <http://www.unAIDS.org>; National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, 2010. 6 Wilkinson and Dore, 2000; Centers for Disease Control 1985, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Weekly Surveillance Report—December 30, US AIDS Activity Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga; Centers for Disease Control 2005, HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report 2004, US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga, viewed 21 November 2005, <http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/2004report/> 7 National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, 2006.
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