Universidad de Puerto Rico Recinto de Rio Píedras Facultad de Humanidades Departamento de Inglés Programa Graduado Doctoral

English 8080: Caribbean Literatures and Languages in a Global Context Academic Year: 2012/2013: Fieldwork Course in Ghana during the Spring to Summer Break Professors Nicholas Faraclas and Dannabang Kuwabong

B. INGL 8080: Caribbean Literatures and Languages in a Global Context: Fieldwork on Literature, Language and Culture in Ghana (Cupo 15) C. Code: Ingl/English.8080 D. Credit Hours: 45 hours/3 credits E. Course Description: (Open to all Students, Counts as a regular 3 Credit Linguistics 8000 level class). As a fieldwork course, this course is grounded on global and postcolonial perspectives and aims to supplement and validate the theoretical assumptions made about the West African roots of Caribbean languages, (Creoles), cultures, beliefs, social structures, which all influence Caribbean literatures. Opportunities for fieldwork abound, extending beyond traditional linguistic, literary, cultural, and historical research into the areas of comparative Caribbean and African literatures, languages, cultures and histories. The goal of this course is to prepare students for fieldwork in all of these areas. This fieldwork course to Ghana will provide an international, cross-cultural, intellectually stimulating, life-transforming educational experience, grounded in study of Caribbean Literatures and Languages in a Global Context. It is also valuable to students enrolled in programs across arts, sciences, humanities, education, and social sciences etc. This course comprises three distinctive components: a cross-multidisciplinary investigation of West African and Caribbean cultures (literature, anthropology, sociology, history, religious studies, or other disciplines); a practical introduction to West African and Caribbean English Lexifier Creoles, Ghanaian Linguistic plurality, oral literary traditions; and an introduction to West African and Caribbean linguistics and sociolinguistics using examples from Ghanaian languages and society.

F. Prerequisites: None Required

1 | Page

G. Course Objectives: By the end of the course students will: 1. develop comprehensive fieldwork skills to enable them carry out independent research on the important roles West Africa plays in the evolution and development of the languages, cultures, literatures, and histories of the Caribbean and the Black Atlantic world

2. gain a better understanding of African Caribbean Cultural, Literary, and Linguistic relations as depicted in Caribbean literary, cultural and linguistic studies

3. understand how historical contexts, cultural values, and sites of difference between West Africa and the Caribbean intersect to influence scholarly perceptions and interpretations of the Caribbean

4. develop techniques of fieldwork research, reading and writing evaluative essays on fieldwork especially in relation to the connections between West Africa and the Caribbean, and also on intra-Caribbean linguistic, literary. Cultural, and historical relations

5. develop interview skills through interviews of Ghanaian writers, cultural performers, linguists, historians, and traditional sources of knowledge such as Okyeames and Griots of traditional courts and councils of elders all over Ghana

6. become skillful in archival research through visits to the numerous archives, museums, cultural centers, slave castles and forts: Kwame Nkrumah Institute of African Studies, William E. B. Dubois Memorial Center for Pan African Culture, George Padmore Memorial Library, Department of Linguistics and Ghanaian Languages, Pan-African Writers Association Library, the various slave castles and forts along the coastline of Ghana, The National Cultural Center, Kumasi, Tamale Institute of Cross-Cultural Studies, Tamale etc.,

7. understand through cultural immersion the linguistic and cultural pluralism of West African populations that have immensely influenced the practice of linguistic and cultural pluralism in the Caribbean

8. gain a better sense of current trends of research and fieldwork techniques in the fields of colonial, plantation, and postcolonial Caribbean literatures, languages, and cultures in a global postcolonial in general and in relation to West Africa in particular

9. strengthen students’ abilities in individual academic research, seminar presentation, and graduate level critical essay writing in the field of Caribbean literary, linguistic and cultural studies

2 | Page

10. design and undertake independent research projects: interviews, archival research, participation at cultural/literary performances, etc.; on aspects of material culture, folklore, language, social, and religious behavior, the arts in general, and interactions between people of different ethnicities and in both the urban and rural communities

11. document their projects for the archives of UPR and University of Ghana

H. Course Outline: The program will primarily be based at the University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, but facilities and/or faculty from other universities (University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast; Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi; University of Development Studies, Tamale and Wa Campuses, Tamale Institute of Cross Cultural Studies, Tamale) in Ghana may be drawn into the equation, depending on the geographical locations students may choose to focus on for individual projects during the trip. The course involves the participation of the student in actual fieldwork over a two- week period. The student will learn and practice various methods and techniques, which ethnographers, Creolists, literary scholars, folklorists, among others employ to gather primary data. Practical work will be combined with seminars. The seminars will introduce the student to the discourse on fieldwork and research methodologies and challenges in other cultures. Students will then design and undertake independent research projects: interviews, archival research, participation at cultural/literary performances, etc.; on aspects of material culture, folklore, language, religious behavior, literature and the arts in general, and interactions between people of different ethnicities and in both the urban and rural communities will be encouraged on the field trip to Ghana. Documentation of the projects will take the form of written reports.

ProgramTime Frame: 45 hours/15 weeks (13 weeks/15 contact hours in Puerto Rico, University of Puerto Rico, English Department, and 2 weeks/ 30 contact hours in Ghana): Tentative Program January - June, 2013: Univ. of Puerto Rico/Univ. of Ghana Week 1: January 2013: Introduction to the History of European contacts with West Africa (Portuguese, Danish, Dutch, English, German, French, Swiss, and Belgians) and the rise of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade and its impact on the Caribbean. Hall, Stuart. Portraits of the Caribbean, Series 1, 2 &4 Weeks: 2-3: Readings and discussions on Fieldwork research Weeks 4-7: February, 2013: Caribbean Linguistics: Theories of evolution and development of Atlantic Pidgins and Creoles: The West African connection and influence Weeks 8-10: March 2013: African literature: from anticolonial to post-independence literature (Sankofa, Things Fall Apart; Two Thousand Seasons, Dilemma of a Ghost; Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali) Weeks 11: March 2013: Health Counseling with Víctor Quiroz Naranjo MD Especialista en Salud Pública Miembro, International Society of Travel Medicine, UPRRP Medical Services. In preparation for both group and individual counseling sessions, students must visit the site below: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/ghana.htm . Read and prepare for the health counseling sessions.

3 | Page

Weeks 12-14: April 2013: Caribbean Literature: Representation of Africa in Caribbean Literature: Dream on Monkey Mountain, Portraits of the Caribbean 1, 2 & 4, Documentaries on Carnival Performance, or any texts, documentaries or movies the professor may find useful.

Program Dates: May 26-June 12, 2013: Univ. of Puerto Rico/Univ. of Ghana Thursday 22 May 2013: Arrival of Prof. Kuwabong. He will finalize logistic arrangements for accommodation, food, and transportation Monday May 27, 2013: Arrival of Professor Faraclas and students in Accra. Tuesday May 28, 2013: Day of rest and orientation. Meeting with faculty and students of English, Linguistics, Modern Languages, History, Performance Arts departments and Institute of African Studies Wednesday May 29, 2013: 9:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m.: Class on Ghanaian Pidgin English, given by Prof. Kari Darko (UG), in English Department, Faculty of Humanities, UG. Afternoon: 1:30 p.m.-5:30pm: Day trip to historic sites in Accra and Makola market. Thursday May 30, 2013: 9:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. Class on Caribbean Creoles given by Prof. Faraclas (UPRRP), in English Department, Faculty of Humanities at the UG, Legon. Trip to Medina market for linguistic and cultural interaction Friday May 31, 2013: 9:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. Class on African/Ghanaian Literature given by Prof. Helen Yitah, (UG), in the English Department, Faculty of Humanities at the UG, Legon Saturday June 1, 2013: 7:30 am-6:30 pm: Day trip to historical slave forts and castles: Elmina (Edina) Castle, Cape Coast Castle, Fort St. George, Kromantse. Sunday June 2, 2013: Rest and recuperation, personal tours of Accra and suburbs. Monday June 3, 2013: 9:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. Class on Caribbean Literature given by Prof. Kuwabong (UPRRP) in the English Department, Faculty of Humanities at the UG, Legon. Afternoon: Independent Interviews with Ghanaian writers, research visit to archives in Legon. Tuesday, June 4, 2013: 9:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. Class on Caribbean Creoles: West African Languages influences on Caribbean creoles, given by Prof. Faraclas (UPRRP) in the English Department, Faculty of Humanities at the UG, Legon. Afternoon: Independent interaction and interviews with students on the languages, cultures (festivals), and literature (0ral and scribal) of Ghana. Wednesday June 5, 2013: 9:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m.: Class on Nigerian and Ghanaian languages and their influence on the use of English and pidgin by Prof. Jemima Anderson (UG) the English Department, Faculty of Humanities at the UG. Afternoon: Independent research. Thursday June 6, 2013: 6:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m.: Day trip to National Cultural Centre, Manhyia Palace in Kumasi. Students give reports on Independent research activities so far while on the trip. Friday June 7, 2013: 10:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. Seminar on Ghanaian Oral Literature, given by Prof. Edward Nanbingne at Kwame Nkrumah Institute of African Studies. Saturday June 8, 2013: Daytime: Visit the Kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum, WEB Dubois Center for Pan African Research, Pan African Writers Association Headquarters. Evening: Attend drama performance at School of Performing or National Theater.

4 | Page

Sunday June 9, 2013: Day Trip to Akosombo and Shai Game Reserve Monday June 10, 2013: 9: 30 a.m. to 11: 30 a.m. Rest and Review of Course Tuesday June 11, 2013: Departure Prof. Kuwabong stays behind to round up any unfinished business.

I. Required Resources: In Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico, Lewis Richardson Seminar Room, access to all UPR library facilities, electronic search and on-line access, and internet access. When necessary, TV/VCR/DVD will be used for some sessions. In Ghana: University of Ghana, Legon. Departments: English, Linguistics and African Languages, History, Modern Languages, Language Center, Padmore Memorial Library and WEB Du Bois Memorial Centre for Pan African Research, Archives at the Forts and Castles in Ghana. Professors and research fellows in African literatures, languages, oral literature and performance will also be consulted and will participate in the seminars offered in Ghana. Documentaries and contemporary African made movies/videos that deal with cultural issues are also invaluable resources.

J. Methods of Evaluation: Evaluation procedures will be adjusted for students with special needs. Subject to change: Class /Online Discussion / Participation 20% 4 Response Papers 20% 1 Fully-described pilot project proposal or conference abstract 10% Oral Report 20% 1 Project/Final Report 30%

TOTAL 100% K. Grading System: A=90-100%; B=80-89%; C=70-79%; D=60-69%; F=0-59% Alternative evaluation systems are available for students with special needs.

L. Teaching Strategies: As much as possible a participatory, student-centered pedagogy will be used in this class, with students actively engaged in learning processes whereby they can use their existing knowledge to shed light on areas of understanding about language which they may not have previously explored, through the use of such methods as discussion, Socratic questioning, group work, fieldwork, active research, lectures, textual analysis, critical analysis of linguistic and cultural analyses, etc.

Students with access to Vocational Rehabilitation Services will be asked to contact the professor at the beginning of the semester in order to plan any special arrangements and equipment necessary in accordance with the recommendations of the Office of Challenged Students’ Affairs (OAPI) in the office of the Dean of Students. In addition, any students with special needs or who require any type of assistance or special arrangements will be encouraged to contact the professor.

5 | Page

M. Required Texts: Language, Literature, and Culture Newman, Paul and Ratliff, Martha (eds.). 2001. Linguistic Fieldwork. New York: Cambridge University Press. Griffin, Gabriele, Ed. 2006. Research Methods for English Studies. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. Ruth, Finnegan, H. 1991. Oral Traditions and the Verbal Arts: A Guide to Research Practices (The African Studies Association Research Methods.) New York London: Routledge. Health Counseling site: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/ghana.htm .

Bibliography: Primary Text: Newman, Paul and Ratliff, Martha (eds.). 2001. Linguistic Fieldwork. New York: Cambridge University Press. Griffin, Gabriele, Ed. 2006. Research Methods for English Studies. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. Ruth, Finnegan, H. 1991. Oral Traditions and the Verbal Arts: A Guide to Research Practices (The African Studies Association Research Methods.) New York London: Routledge.

WEST AFRICA BIBLIOGRAPHY Aceto, M. 2003. What are Creole languages? An alternative approach to the Anglophone Atlantic World with special emphasis on Barbudan Creole English. In M. Aceto and J.P. Williams ed. Contact Englishes of the Eastern Caribbean (pp. 121-140). Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Alleyne, M.C. 1971. The cultural matrix of creolization. In D. Hymes ed. Pidginization and creolization of languages (pp. 169-186). New York: Cambridge University Press. Alleyne, M.C. 1980. Comparative Afro-American. Ann Arbor: Karoma Press. Alleyne, M.C. 1996. Syntaxe historique créole. Paris: Karthala. Allsopp, R. 1976. “The case for Afrogenesis.” Paper presented at the Society for Caribbean Linguistics conference, University of Guyana August 11-14. Álvarez Nazario, M. 1974. El elemento afronegroide en el español de Puerto Rico. San Juan PR: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. Arends, J. ed. 1995. The Early Stages of Creolization. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Bakhtin, M. 1934. “Unitary language.” In C. Emerson and M. Holquist. 1981. eds. The Dialogic Imagination. Austin: University of Texas Press, 269-295. Batie, R. 1976. “Why sugar? Economic cycles and the changing of staples in the English and French Antilles 1624-1654.” In V. Shepherd and Hilary Beckles. eds. Caribbean Slavery and the Atlantic World. Kingston: Ian Randle, 207-225. Bennholdt-Thomsen, V. and M. Mies. 1999. The Subsistence Perspective: Beyond the Globalized Economy. London: Zed Books. Bickerton, D. 1981. Roots of Language. Ann Arbor: Karoma Press. Bickerton, D. 2004. “Reconsidering Creole exceptionalism.” Language 80 (4), 828-833. Bourdieu, P. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

6 | Page

Briggs, C. 1993. Metadiscursive practices and scholarly authority in folkloristics. Butel, P. 2000. France, the Antilles, and European the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: Renewals of foreign trade. In V. Shepherd and Hilary Beckles. eds. Caribbean Slavery and the Atlantic World. Kingston: Ian Randle. 194-206. Cameron, D. 1997. Demythologizing sociolinguistics. In N. Coupland and T. A. Jaworski eds. Sociolinguistics. London: Macmillan Press. 55-67. Carney, J. A. 2001. Black Rice, The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chaudenson, R. 2001. Creolization of Language and Culture. London: Routledge. Chinea, J. L. 2002. “Fissures in El Primer Piso: Racial politics in Spanish colonial Puerto Rico during its pre-plantation era, c. 1700-1800.” Caribbean Studies 30, 1 168-204. Craton, M. 1997. Empire, Enslavement, and Freedom in the Caribbean. Kingston: Ian Randle. Crouse, N. 1940. French Pioneers in The West Indies 1624-1664. New York: Columbia University Press. DeGraff, M. 2001. “On the origins of Creoles: A Cartesian critique of neo-Darwinian linguistics.” Linguistic Typology, 5, (2), 213-310. DeGraff, M. 2004. “Against Creole exceptionalism (redux).” Language, 80 (4), 834-839. DeGraff, M. 2005. “Linguists’ Most Dangerous Myth: The fallacy of Creole exceptionalism.” Language in Society 34, 533-591. Faraclas, N. 1995. T”hey came before the Egyptians: The linguistic prehistory of the Afro- Asiatic languages.” In S. Federici, ed. Enduring Western Civilisation. London; Praeger: 175-96. Faraclas, N. 1990. “From Old Guinea to Papua New Guinea: A comparative study of Nigerian Pidgin and Tok Pisin.” In J. Verhaar. ed. Melanesian Pidgin and Tok Pisin. Studies in Language 20. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 91-169. Faraclas, N., L. Gonzalez, M. Medina, and W. Villanueva Reyes. 2005. “Ritualized Insults and the African Diaspora: ‘Sounding’ in African American Vernacular English and ‘Wording’ in Nigerian Pidgin.” In S. Mühleisen and B. Migge. eds. Politeness, Face, and the Social Construction of Personhood in Caribbean Creoles. Amsterdam: Benjamins: 45-70. Faraclas, N., M. Alleyne, D. Walicek, W. Geígel, and L. Ortiz. forthcoming. “The ‘missing Spanish creoles’ and the role of political economy in creole genesis.” Accepted for publication in Ansaldo, U. and S. Matthews. eds. Deconstructing Creole: New Horizons in Language Creation. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Goslinga, C. 1971. The Dutch in the Caribbean and on the Wild Coast 1580-1680. Gainsville: University of Florida Press. Goveia, E. 2000. “The West Indian slave laws of the Eighteenth century. “ In V. Shepherd and Hilary Beckles. eds. Caribbean Slavery and the Atlantic World. Kingston: Ian Randle., 580-596. Habla Afro-Hispánica: www.cambridge.org/0521822653 Havisser, J. ms. Cognitive issues related to interpreting the African Caribbean. Higman, B.W. 1995. Slave Populations of the British Caribbean, 1807-1834. Kingston: University of the West Indies. Lefebvre, C. 2000. “What do Creole Studies have to offer mainstream linguistics?” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 15 (1), 127-153. Lenguas Criollas: www.creolist.org

7 | Page

Le Page, R. and A. Tabouret-Keller. 1985. Acts of identity. Creole-based Approaches to Language and Ethnicity. New York: Cambridge University Press. Lipski, J. 2005. A History of Afro-Hispanic Language; Five Centuries and Five Continents. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Maurer, P. 1987. « La Comparison des morphèmes temporels du papiamento et du palenquero: arguments contre la théorie monogénétique de la genèse des langues créoles. » In P. Maurer and T. Stolz (Eds.) Varia creolica. Bochum: Brockmeyer, 27-70. Mazrui, Ali and Alamin Mazrui. 1998. The Power of Babel: Language in the African Experience. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. McWhorter, J. H. 2000. The Missing Spanish Creoles. Recovering the Birth of Contact languages. Berkeley: University of California Press. Mintz, S. W. 1961. “Review” of Elkins’ Slavery in American Anthropologist, 63. Mintz, S. W. 1971. “The socio-historical background to pidginization and creolization.” In D. Hymes (Ed.), Pidginization and creolization of languages (pp.481-496). New York: Cambridge University Press. Mörner, M. 1967. Race Mixture in the History of Latin America. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co. Moitt, B. 2000. “Women, work, and resistance in the French Caribbean during slavery, 1700- 1848.” In V. Shepherd and H. Beckles. eds. Caribbean Slavery and the Atlantic World. Kingston: Ian Randle, 1017-1029. Mufwene, S. 1994. “Restructuring, feature selection, and markedness: from Kimanyanga to Kituba.” In Historical Issues in African Linguistics, ed. by K. Moore, D. Peterson, and C. Wentum, 67-90. Berkeley Linguistics Society. Mufwene, S. S. 2001. The Ecology of Language Evolution. New York: Cambridge University Press. Muysken, P. 1988. “Are creoles a special type of language?” In F.J. Newmeyer ed. Linguistic Theory: Extensions and Implications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 285-301. Oliver, R. and A. Atmore. 2001. Medieval Africa, 1250-1800. New York: Cambridge University Press. Otheguy, R. 1974. “The Spanish Caribbean: A Creole perspective.” In C. Bailey and R. Shuy. eds. New Ways of Analysing Variation in English. Washington DC: Gerogetown UP; 323-339. Parkvall, M. 2000. Out of Africa. London: Battlebridge. Roberts, P. A. ms. Language, race and ecology: The Shaping of Identity in the Caribbean. Roberts, W. A. 1942. The French in the West Indies. Indianapolis NY: Bobbs Merrill. Shepherd, V. ed. 2002. Working Slavery, Pricing Freedom. Kingston: Ian Randle. Stewart, J. 1989. Kwa. In J. Bendor-Samuel. ed. The Niger-Congo Languages. New York: University Press of America; 217-246. Stinchcombe, A.L. 1995. Sugar island slavery in the age of enlightenment, the political economy of the Caribbean world. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Tomich, D. 2000. “The other face of slave labor: Provision grounds and internal marketing in Martinique.” In V. Shepherd and Hilary Beckles. eds. Caribbean Slavery and the Atlantic World. Kingston: Ian Randle. 194-206. Williams, E. 1944. Capitalism and Slavery. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press. Williamson, K. 1989. “Niger-Congo Overview.” In J. Bendor-Samuel. ed. The Niger-Congo Languages. New York: University Press of America; 3-46.

8 | Page

FIELDWORK BIBLIOGRAPHY Bouquiaux, Luc, and Jacqueline M.C. Thomas, trans. by James Roberts. 1992. Studying and Describing Unwritten Languages. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Bryan, Beverly and Burnette, Rosalind. 2003. “Language Variation and Language Use Among Teachers in Dominica.” In Contact Englishes of the Eastern Caribbean, eds. M. Aceto, M. and J.P. Williams, pp. 141-154. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Chelliah, Shobhana L. 2001. “The Role of Text Collection and Elicitation in Linguistic Fieldwork.” In Linguistic Fieldwork, eds. P. Newman and M. Ratliff, pp. 152-165. New York: Cambridge University Press. Cockcroft, Leah, Mary Diamond, and Robin Sabino. 2003. “Language Variety in the Virgin Islands.” In Contact Englishes of the Eastern Caribbean, eds. M. Aceto, M. and J.P. Williams, pp. 81-94. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Cojti Cuxil, Demetrio. 1990. “Lingüística e idiomas Mayas en Guatemala.” In Lecturas sobre la lingüística Maya, ed. N.C. England and S. R. Elliot, 1-25. Guatemala City: Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamerica. Craig, Colette Grinevald. 1997. “On Fieldwork Methodology for Work on Endangered Languages.” In The Handbook of Sociolinguistics, ed. F. Coulmas. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. DeGraff, M. 2003. “Against Creole Exceptionalism.” Language 79, 2, 391-410. Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 2001. “Places and People: Field Sites and Informants.” In Linguistic Fieldwork, eds. P. Newman and M. Ratliff, pp. 55-75. New York: Cambridge University Press. Dixon, R.M.W. 1992. “Naïve Linguistic Explanation.” Language in Society 21: 83-91. Duranti, Alessandro. 1994. From Grammar to Politics: Linguistic Anthropology in a Western Samoan Village. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. England, Nora C. 1992. “Doing Mayan Linguistics in Guatemala.” Language 68 1, 29-35. Everett, Daniel L. 2001. “Monolingual Field Research.” In Linguistic Fieldwork, eds. P. Newman and M. Ratliff, pp. 166-188. New York: Cambridge University Press. Freeman, Derek. 1999. The Fateful Hoaxing of Margaret Mead: A Historical Analysis of Her Samoan Research. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books. Gil, David. 2001. “Escaping Eurocentrism: Fieldwork as a Process of Unlearning.” In Linguistic Fieldwork, eds. P. Newman and M. Ratliff, pp. 102-132. New York: Cambridge University Press. Hale, Ken. 1992. “On Endangered Languages and the Safeguarding of Diversity.” Language 68 1, 1-10. Hale, Ken. 1992. “Language Endangerment and the Human Value of Linguistic Diversity.” Language 68 1, 35-42. Hopkins, Jill D. and Louanna, Furbee. 1991. “Indirectness in the Interview.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 1: 63-77. Hudson, Richard. 1994. “Summary: Linguists versus Normals.” The Linguist List, vol. 5-855 (July 29, 1994). http://www.linguistlist.org Hyman, Larry M. 2001. “Fieldwork as a State of Mind.” In Linguistic Fieldwork, eds. P. Newman and M. Ratliff, pp. 15-33. New York: Cambridge University Press.

9 | Page

Ladefoged, Peter. “Instrumental Techniques for Linguistic Phonetic Fieldwork.” In The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, ed. W.J. Hardcastle and J. Laver, pp.137-66. Oxford: Blackwell. Li, Wen-Chao. 1994. “Summary: Native Speaker Judgments.” The Linguist List, vol. 5-745 (June 27, 1994). http://www.linguistlist.org Longacre, Robert E. 1964. Grammar Discovery Procedures. The Hague: Mouton. McLaughlin, Fiona and Thierno Seydou Sall. 2001. “The Give and Take of Fieldwork: Noun Classes and Other Concerns in Fatick, Senegal.” In Linguistic Fieldwork, eds. P. Newman and M. Ratliff, pp. 189-210. New York: Cambridge University Press. Maddieson, Ian. 2001. “Phonetic Fieldwork.” In Linguistic Fieldwork, eds. P. Newman and M. Ratliff, pp. 211-229. New York: Cambridge University Press. Milroy Lesley. 1987. Observing and Analysing Natural Language. Cambridge MA: Basil Blackwell. Milroy L and Matthew Gordon. 2003. “Data Collection.” In Sociolinguistics Method and Interpretation. Malden MA: Blackwell Publishing. Milroy L and Matthew Gordon. 2003. “Locating and Selecting Subjects.” In Sociolinguistics Method and Interpretation. Malden MA: Blackwell Publishing. Mithun, Marianne. 2001. “Who Shapes the Record: The Speaker and the Linguist.” In Linguistic Fieldwork, eds. P. Newman and M. Ratliff, pp. 34-54. New York: Cambridge University Press. Newman, Paul and Martha Ratliff (eds.). 2001. Linguistic Fieldwork. New York: Cambridge University Press. Postal, Paul. 1966. Review of Grammar Discovery Procedures by Robert E. Longacre. International Journal of American Linguistics 32: 93-98. Said, Edward. 1986. “Intellectuals in the Post-colonial World.” Salmagundi 70/71, 44-64. Watahomigie, Lucille and Akira Yamamoto. 1992. “Local Reactions to Perceived Language Decline.” Language 68, 1 1-10. Winford, Donald. 1996. “The Caribbean.” In Englishes Around the World, Sociolinguistic Perspectives,ed. J. Cheshire pp.565-584. New York: Cambridge University Press. Wolfson, N. 1997/1976. “Speech Events and Natural Speech.” In Sociolinguistics, eds. N. Coupland & T. A. Jaworski , pp. 116-125. London: Macmillan Press.

Literature and Culture Bibliograhy

Achebe, Chinua. 1994. Things Fall Apart. New York: Anchor. Adderley, Rosanne Marion. 2006. New Negroes from Africa": Slave Trade Abolition and Free African Settlement in the Nineteenth-Century Caribbean. Bloomington and Indiana: Indiana University Press. Afolabi, Niyi, Marcio Barbosa and Esmeralda Ribeiro (Bilingual). 2007.The Afro-Brazilian Mind Contemporary Afro-Brazilian Literary and Cultural Crirticism. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press. Aidoo, Ama Ata. 1995. Dilemma of a Ghost. London: Longman Armah, Ayi Kwei. 1979. Two Thousand Seasons. London: Heinemann Azodo, Uzoamaka Ada and Maureen Eko, eds. 2007. Gender and Sexuality in African Literature and Film. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press.

10 | Page

Epstein, Edmund L. and Robert Kole, Eds. 1998. The Language of African Literature. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, François, Anne M. 2011. Rewriting the Return to Africa: Voices of Francophone Caribbean Women Writers. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. Hewitt, Julia Cuervo. 2009. Voices Out of Africa in Twentieth-Century Spanish Caribbean Literature. Bucknell University Press. Hertz , Rosanna. 1997. Reflexivity and Voice . Thousand Oaks, California. Ibekwe, Patrick. 1999. Wit & Wisdom of Africa: Proverbs from Africa & the Caribbean. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press. Irele, Abiola. 2010. The Negritude Movement Explorations in Francophone African and Caribbean Literature and Thought. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, Inoromele, Salome and Lisa Day-Lindsey, eds. 2009. Journey Home: An Anthology of Contemporary African Diasporic Experience. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press Japtok, Martin, ed. 2003. Postcolonial Perspectives on Women Writers from Africa, the Caribbean and the US. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, Lewis, Rupert & Maureen Warner Lewis, eds. 1994. Garvey: Africa, Europe, the Americas. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa Research and Publications. Losambe, Lokangaka and Maureen Eke , eds. Literature, the Visual Arts and Globalization in Africa, the Caribbean and its Diaspora. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, Modupe Kolawale, Mary E. 1997. Womanism and African Cosciousness. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press. Mule, Katwiwa. 2007. Women’s Spaces, Women’s Visions Politics, Poetics, and Resistance to African Women’s Drama. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press. Na’Allah, Abdul-Rasheed. 2007. Cultural Globalization and Plurality. Africa and the New World. London New York: Routledge. Niane, D. T. 2005. Revised Edition. Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali. 2005. London: Longman Ogunyimi, Bayo and Abdul-Rasheed Na’Allah, eds. 2005. Introduction to African Oral Literature and Performance. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press. Ojo-Ade, Femi. 2010. Aimé Césaire’s African Theatre of Poets, Prophets and Politicians. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press. Opoku-Agyemang, Nana, Paul E. Lovejoy and David V. Trotman. 2008. Africa and Trans- Atlantic Memories: Literary and Aesthetic Manifestations of Diaspora and History. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press. Ricard, Alain. 2004. The Language and Literature of Africa. London, Jame Currey. Sidikou, Aisata G. 2002. Recreating Words, Reshaping Worlds The Verbal Arts of Women from Niger, Mali, and Senegal. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press. Wodajo, Tsegaye. 2004. Hope in the Midst of Despair. A Novelist’s Cure for Africa. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press.

11 | Page