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FILIPINO WOMEN in SPAIN and the UNITED STATES by SANDRA

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FILIPINO WOMEN in SPAIN and the UNITED STATES by SANDRA THE REGULATION OF THE SOUTH-NORTH TRANSFER OF REPRODUCTIVE LABOR: FILIPINO WOMEN IN SPAIN AND THE UNITED STATES by SANDRA EZQUERRA A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Sociology and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2008 2 “The Regulation of the South-North Transfer of Reproductive Labor: Filipino Women in Spain and the United States,” a dissertation prepared by Sandra Ezquerra in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Sociology. This dissertation has been approved and accepted by: ____________________________________________________________ Dr. Linda Fuller, Chair of the Examining Committee ________________________________________ Date Committee in Charge: Dr. Linda Fuller, Chair Dr. Joan Acker Dr. Lynn Fujiwara Dr. Ellen Scott Dr. Lamia Karim Accepted by: ____________________________________________________________ Dean of the Graduate School 3 © 2008 Sandra Ezquerra 4 An Abstract of the Dissertation of Sandra Ezquerra for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Sociology to be taken September 2008 Title: THE REGULATION OF THE SOUTH-NORTH TRANSFER OF REPRODUCTIVE LABOR: FILIPINO WOMEN IN SPAIN AND THE UNITED STATES Approved: _______________________________________________ Dr. Linda Fuller This dissertation examines the experiences of Filipina migrant domestic and care workers and how the state shapes these experiences in the context of a Global South- Global North transfer of reproductive labor. On the one hand, Western countries currently face a “care void” resulting from women’s entry in the workforce, aging populations, and limited state support, among other factors. On the other hand, countries in the Global South have gone through decades of economic restructuring. This has resulted in the perpetuation of economic crisis, high unemployment rates, and massive outmigration. In the past two decades, these migration flows have become increasingly feminized. Women from the South move to semi-industrialized and industrialized countries and take jobs as domestic and care workers. Given this scenario, the overall question that guides my analysis is, how do states regulate the South-North transfer of reproductive labor? Particularly, how do the 5 Philippine, Spanish, and U.S. governments shape this transfer through their migration and labor laws? How do Spain and the United States regulate the immigration and reproductive labor of Filipino women? And how do these two receiving countries of reproductive labor, resemble or differ from each other in all these tasks? My goal is to contribute to a growing scholarship that studies government regulation of female migration. I do this by examining Filipinas’ out-migration, their arrival in the United States and Spain, and their labor as care givers and domestic workers in the San Francisco Bay Area and Barcelona. Although work on the intersection of gender and the state is growing, there is a need to further analyze the gender factors, components, and consequences the regulation of migrant labor in the Philippines, the United States and Spain. The methods I use in this study include in-depth interviews with Filipino women, government employees and officials, and representatives from migrant workers’ organizations, among other subjects, in the three countries. I also conduct participant observation in the three research sites and the analysis of multiple documents such as legislation, newspaper articles, and migrant workers’ organizations newsletters. 6 CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Sandra Ezquerra PLACE OF BIRTH: Barcelona, Spain DATE OF BIRTH: August 1, 1976 GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon University of Barcelona DEGREES AWARDED: Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology 2008, University of Oregon Master of Science in Sociology 2003, University of Oregon Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology 2001, University of Barcelona Bachelor of Arts in History, 2000, University of Barcelona AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Immigration Gender/Race/Class Political Economy PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Teaching Assistant (Graduate Teaching Fellow), University of Oregon, 2003- 2008 Research Assistant (Graduate Teaching Fellow), University of Oregon, 2005- 2006 Instructor (Graduate Teaching Fellow), University of Oregon, 2003-2005 7 GRANTS, AWARDS AND HONORS: Sociology Graduate Student Publication Award, University of Oregon, 2008 Dissertation Writing Fellowship, Fundació Jaume Bofill, Barcelona, Spain, 2007- 2008 OUS-SYLFF Fellow Mobility Program Grant for Doctoral Research at Ateneo de Manila University, the Philippines. Nippon Foundation, Tokyo, 2007 Benton Johnson Sociology Dissertation Award, University of Oregon, 2007 South East Asian Studies Grant, University of Oregon, 2006 OUS-SYLFF Graduate Fellowship for International Research, Nippon Foundation, Tokyo. 2005-2006 Center on Diversity and Community Graduate Summer Research Award, University of Oregon, 2005 Pressman Family International Student Scholarship, University of Oregon, 2005 International Research Grant, Tokyo Foundation, 2002 Laurel Award, University of Oregon, 2002 Doctoral Studies Fellowship, Fundación Caja Madrid, Spain, 2001-2002 PUBLICATIONS: Ezquerra, Sandra. 2008. "Hacia un análisis interseccional de la regulación de las migraciones: la convergencia de género, raza y clase social." in Los retos epistemológicos de las migraciones transnacionales , edited by E. Santamaría. Barcelona: Anthropos. Ezquerra, Sandra. 2007. "Gender, Migration, and the State: Filipino Women and Reproductive Labor in the United States " Kasarilan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies 22. 8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank all the women who shared with me their stories of love, pain, and struggle during the past two years. They touched and changed me in beautiful ways. Many thanks as well to all the activists, attorneys, government employees and officials, and other people who made time to meet with me and patiently answered my questions and shared with me their stories and points of view. Special thanks to Terry Valen and other kasamas at the Filipino Community Center in San Francisco and Sister Pau and the many women at the Centro Filipino in Barcelona. I am also thankful to the staff and volunteers at Migrante International and Kanlungan in the Philippines. They all welcomed me into their respective organizations and supported me and my research in any way they could. Maraming salamat po to you all! I encountered many people during my research who believed in me and my project. I cannot mention all of them here, but thank you so much to Rose, Maria, Valerie, Robyn Rodriguez, and Ate Remi. Special thanks to Jeng and Ron, who guided me through the streets of Manila and taught me so much over beer and wonderful food and music! I am particularly grateful to Emily Roque, the best research assistant I could ever have hoped for. She worked hard, listened carefully, provided great ideas, took care of me when I got sick, and put up with my crankiness and stress. I could have never managed such an intense fieldwork in the Philippines without you, Emily. I will never forget the support and nurturance I enjoyed from my sisters at the Social Science Feminist Network at the University of Oregon. The SSFN was an incredible space in which I grew a lot as a feminist sociologist. It was beautiful to share 9 thoughts, meals, articles, and dreams with all its members. All of them were amazing! My time at the University of Oregon was also full of great colleagues who turned out to be even better friends. Special thanks to Lara, LT, Lora, Barbara, Maria, Hava, Khaya, Mara, Sarah, and Shannon. Many thanks to Lauren for reminding me there is a world outside academia and to Jason for having had and showed so much faith in me and my project. Thanks a lot to Lisa and Tibor for their love and for keeping a home for me in Eugene, and to Mary, Chris, and Shelley for all their help, patience, and sense of humor. I wish to express sincere appreciation to my advisor and dissertation chair, Dr. Linda Fuller. She has taught me a lot during these years and I will never forget her intellectual guidance and moral support. Special thanks also to Dr. Joan Acker for her thought-provoking comments and encouragement and to Dr. Lynn Fujiwara, Dr. Ellen Scott, and Dr. Lamia Karim for their great challenging questions and valuable feedback. The nurturing presence of some important people in my life was crucial to make it to the end of this “marathon.” My friends Noe, Jesús Mª, Blanca, Raquel, Jaume, Rosa, Mónica, Sandra, Leo Bejarano, and Albert Terrones at times read my work and patiently listened to me thinking out-loud and expressing endless insecurities. Jose provided precious support and care. Thank you for travelling half the world to be my side at the end. I am so glad you all are in my life! I want to end by thanking my family, particularly my grandparents Carmen and Valero and my aunt Mª Jesús, for their love. My most special thanks go to my parents and my brother. Thank you so much for your enormous 10 faith in me, your unconditional support, and your beautiful love. Thank you also for letting me fly and, patiently, waiting and embracing my return. 11 A mis abuelos Ángeles y José. Os llevo siempre conmigo. 12 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................
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