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Copyright Undertaking Copyright Undertaking This thesis is protected by copyright, with all rights reserved. By reading and using the thesis, the reader understands and agrees to the following terms: 1. The reader will abide by the rules and legal ordinances governing copyright regarding the use of the thesis. 2. The reader will use the thesis for the purpose of research or private study only and not for distribution or further reproduction or any other purpose. 3. The reader agrees to indemnify and hold the University harmless from and against any loss, damage, cost, liability or expenses arising from copyright infringement or unauthorized usage. IMPORTANT If you have reasons to believe that any materials in this thesis are deemed not suitable to be distributed in this form, or a copyright owner having difficulty with the material being included in our database, please contact [email protected] providing details. The Library will look into your claim and consider taking remedial action upon receipt of the written requests. Pao Yue-kong Library, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong http://www.lib.polyu.edu.hk ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF SHEN CONGWEN’S STORIES MINHUI XU DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY 2011 THE HONG KONG POLYTECHINIC UNIVERSITY Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies English Translations of Shen Congwen’s Stories by Minhui XU A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy June, 2010 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it produces no material previously published or written, nor material that has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text. ABSTRACT Shen Congwen is one of the most acclaimed writers in modern Chinese literature. His works have been translated into more than ten languages. The English translations cover his stories, essays, poems, and dramas. Of the stories alone, of the 44 that have been translated, there have been 70 translations. Given that these translations have come out at different times, through different channels and by different translators, the following questions present themselves: what differences exist among the translations, what has caused these differences, and what different effects do they produce? Despite the number of translations, studies of these translations are very limited. There are sporadic papers and a few MA theses on Gladys Yang’s translation of ‘Biancheng”. Few studies of the translations of Shen’s other stories have been found. The present project is a comprehensive study of the translations based on a survey of all the English translations of Shen’s stories. Adopting a case study method, I have selected those stories with three or more translations, resulting in fifteen TTs from four STs. Shen has long been acclaimed a stylist and his unique style has gained him world-renown, but it has also created translation problematics. This study focuses on his narrative style – his narrative commentaries and his lyrical narrative mode – to see how his style is represented in translation. Also, as this project is a study of translation problematics, the translators’ overt narrative intrusions – their added notes i – constitute another aspect of the study focus – the paratexts in narration of the translations. The present study has discovered that the biggest difference in translations is that between translations by the scholar and the non-scholar translators, rather than between the L1 and the L2 translators, or between the translators of the 1930s and 40s and those of the 1980s onwards. The scholar translators exert visible efforts to produce more adequate translations. These include keeping the original commentary functions, retaining the original lyrical narrative mode, and adding notes to explicate or supplement what is implied in the original texts. The non-scholar L1 translators are inclined to render translations that are more acceptable to the target readers’ tastes. The L2 translators closely follow original narrative structures. Finally, the earlier translators more often resort to deletion or radical changes. It is believed that the significance of a translation in the literary field is determined by the positions of the SL/TL, of the original author, and of the translator. When the first two factors are the same, the position of the translator becomes decisive. Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus, trajectory, capital, and field prove to have explanatory power. The various tendencies and choices betray the translators’ dispositions, which are products of their structured habituses, and that these latter contribute to their translation strategies in a subconscious way. ii PUBLICATION ARISING FROM THE DISSERTATION Xu, Minhui. 2010. A survey of the English translations of Shen Congwen’s novella and short stories. Foreign Language Teaching and Research 《外语教学与研究( 》) 42 (3): 220-225. iii iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For this dissertation, I owe much to many who have helped and supported me. I am truly grateful to all those who have offered their help and support throughout the three years of my PhD studies. I am most grateful to Prof Chu Chi Yu, my supervisor, for the training he has given me. His insight and resourcefulness have made my project less daunting; his instruction and advice have kept my work always on the right route; his wisdom, his humor, and his care have turned my laborious intellectual pursuit into a pleasant experience. I have benefited infinitely from both his intellectual vision and his personality capacity. I am grateful to all the teachers in the Translation Centre, especially to Dr Li Kexing, Dr Li Dechao, Dr Lee Tong King, Dr Cheung Kay Fan, and Ms Jiang Hong, and I am also grateful to our visiting professors, especially to Prof Wang Kefei and Prof Zhang Xu. Through classes I have taken with them or through discussions with them about my writings, they all have made imprints, not only on this dissertation, but also on my intellectual growth. I am also grateful to Dr John Thorne, for his English editing of my manuscript. I am grateful to all the staff members in the Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, especially to Prof Chan Shui-duen, Prof Huang Chu-ren, Prof Shi Dingxu, v and Dr Tang Sze Wing, for the excellent research conditions they have helped provide for us research students. These conditions have greatly facilitated the accomplishment of my project. I am grateful to the staff members in the General Office, in the Research Office, in the Library, etc., for being always ready to help and for their unconditional support. I am grateful to the Student Halls of Residence of PolyU for providing me with an excellent community for living and learning. And I am certainly grateful to The Hong Kong Polytechnic University for granting me stipends to do my work. Without the help and support, this dissertation would not have been completed. I am grateful to all my friends and fellow students, especially to those in the Translation Centre and in CBS, for their kindness and help, for their contribution to the creation of friendly and cooperative circumstances, without which my three years of PhD studies would not have left me with so many good memories. I am especially grateful to my family. No words can express my gratitude for their understanding, their support, and their love. I am grateful to my parents for their constant trust and support; I am grateful to my son Li Yide for his excellent performance both at school and at home, which has freed me from worry; and I am grateful to my husband Li Yanqi, who has taken up the responsibilities not only of a father but also of a mother when I was away from home. I can never thank them too much, and my only wish is that what I have accomplished is worthy of their devotion. vi Table of Contents ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... i PUBLICATION ARISING FROM THE DISSERTATION ................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................... v CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1 1.1 Preliminaries .......................................................................................... 1 1.2 A Brief Introduction to Shen Congwen’s Life and Works ....................... 2 1.2.1 His life .............................................................................................. 2 1.2.2 His literary works .............................................................................. 5 1.3 A Brief Introduction to This Dissertation ..................................................... 11 CHAPTER TWO SCOPE AND APPROACH OF THIS STUDY ............................ 15 2.1 Existing English Translations of Shen Congwen’s Stories..................... 15 2.2 Three Major Channels of Publication ......................................................... 18 2.2.1 English translation anthologies, and the monograph ........................ 18 2.2.2 Journals ........................................................................................... 25 2.2.3 General Chinese literature anthologies with Shen Congwen’s stories 26 2.3 The Four Stories Selected and Brief Introductions to Their Translations ..... 30 2.3.1 “Baizi” and its three translations ....................................................
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