fall/winter ’20

pg. 14 pg. 15

KREKEL & KRIBBEN–

DIVERGING VIEWS | | ON THE FUTURE OF SLAVERY

by steve ehlmann

In 1848, Arnold Krekel and Christian Kribben were young, free-thinking lawyers and aspiring Democratic politicians, whose families had emigrated from Prussia to St. Charles County, Missouri, in the 1830s. Like most German-Americans, both initially opposed the spread of slavery into the territories, but neither was an abolitionist. In 1854 they began moving in opposite directions.

Engraving from William Still’s 1872 book The Underground Railroad Records, with modern watercolor enhancement. (Image: Shutterstock) fall/winter ’20

pg. 16 pg. 17

By July 1863, in the midst of a Both men joined the Democratic resolutions to ensure slaveholders’ Civil War that would determine Party to oppose anti-immigrant right to take their slaves into the slavery question, William and anti-Catholic Nativists in the new territories. Senator Tausig, Presiding Judge of St. the Whig Party. While both came Thomas Hart Benton opposed Louis County, reported to the from Catholic families, each him, insisting the future of the Neue Zeit that President Abraham became free-thinking anti-clerics. country depended on free soil Lincoln had asked him, “Why Political opponents would use and free labor and warning that don’t the Germans of Missouri their German origin and support the slavery issue could destroy stand still?” Krekel had not stood for “Red Republican doctrines the Union. In 1848 Claiborne still and now favored emancipation of Europe” against them as the Fox Jackson passed the Jackson in Missouri, while the Neue Zeit debate over slavery intensified.3 Resolutions in the Missouri General described Kribben as someone Assembly, opposing Benton and who had stood still but explained After a rally for Democratic asserting Congress had no power he had not “receded more than presidential candidate James K. to limit or prohibit slavery in the times have advanced,” but Polk in 1844, the pro-Democrat the territories.7 “no longer understood the times; Missouri Republican reported that was all.” 1 that Kribben spoke “in a brief, That year, while both shared but spirited and eloquent manner, Benton’s concerns, Kribben went showing the importance of the a step further than Krekel. After present contest and the magnitude the New York State Democrat- of the Texas question.”4 ic Party refused to endorse the Missouri’s U.S. Senator Thomas Wilmot Proviso, a faction known Hart Benton, who had opposed as Barnburners opposed the the Texas Annexation Treaty, Democratic nominee Lewis Cass was forced to work hard to win and joined with others to form re-election that year. Kribben the Free Soil Party, nominating as was nominated for St. Louis city their candidate former President attorney in 1846, but the Whigs Martin Van Buren. Kribben nearly swept the municipal signed a Barnburner Call insisting, elections that year and elected “He was an enemy of slavery and, the first nativist mayor of St. if he were able to drive it out of Louis.5 The following year, Krekel Missouri with a wave of his hand was elected St. Charles County or a nod of his head, he would Arnold Krekel (1815-1888) emigrated from surveyor as a Democrat, receiving do so in a second. He drank his Germany in 1832 at age 17 and moved to St. Charles, Missouri. His lengthy career 65 percent in the three townships hatred for slavery from his included editing a newspaper, working as with highest percentages of mother’s breast and inherited it an attorney and a surveyor, serving 6 8 in the Union Army, presiding over the German voters. from his forefathers!” 1865 Missouri Constitutional Convention, and as a U.S. District judge. Kribben enlisted as a lieutenant Even though Benton opposed (Image: St. Charles County Archives) in an all-German artillery unit it, passage of the Compromise under the command of General of 1850 defused somewhat the Arnold Krekel, born in 1815, Alexander Donovan after the slavery issue. That year, Kribben was six years older than Christian outbreak of the Mexican War in was in Europe and Krekel was an Kribben. Each received schooling 1846. During the war, the United unsuccessful candidate for the in Germany before immigrating States House of Representatives State Senate. The following year to Missouri with their families at passed the Wilmot Proviso, which Krekel was elected city attorney age seventeen. Both eventually Christian Kribben studied law under Thomas Cunningham, attorney and mayor of St. Charles, would have excluded slavery from for St. Charles, but the legislature who published this notice of slave sale in 1844. (Image: State Historical Society of Missouri) studied the law in St. Charles, any new territories gained in the denied Benton re-election to the where Kribben began his practice war. When the matter reached Senate. A month later, Krekel in 1843, as did Krekel in 1844, the the United States Senate, began publishing the year Kribben moved to St. Louis.2 St. Charles Senator John C. Calhoun offered Demokrat, the first German fall/winter ’20

pg. 18 pg. 19

Forecasting political death for the Democratic Party, this cartoon imagines a funeral of its standard-bearers with Senators (left to right) Sam Houston, Thomas Hart Benton, carrying a slip of paper with the words, “Last of the Family Reign,” and John Calhoun, carrying a manacle labeled “Slavery,” serving as pall bearers for the bodies of Martin Van Buren and Lewis Cass. (Image: Library of Congress)

Founded in 1852, the Demokrat was published by Krekel for four years, after which it was edited by his political allies. (Image: Steve Ehlmann)

votes, becoming the first German Nebraska and guarantee “popular Benton,” causing the pro-Benton immigrant elected to the Missouri sovereignty,” whereby the people Neue Zeit to editorialize: General Assembly and an opponent of each territory would decide of the Jackson Resolutions. While whether to allow slavery. Shortly When a German tramples the legislature had passed a thereafter, Representative Krekel under foot all the traditions statute requiring observance of attended a meeting allegedly of his native land, all the achievements of philosophy, the Puritan Sunday practiced by “composed of the confidential of enlightenment and humanity, English-speaking Protestants, friends and mouth-pieces of which he has brought with closing theaters, concerts, beer Benton,” opposing what became him from his old home—when halls, and wine gardens—all known as the Kansas-Nebraska a German obtrudes himself to be the advocate and significant to Germans, who Act. The abrogation of the representative of slavery and observed the “Continental Missouri Compromise provoked all its consequences—when Sunday,” during which even a strong reaction from he degrades himself to a religious Germans enjoyed beer, opponents of slavery.17 Thompson German, and wine, music, and the theater on becomes the servile hod-carrier Anti-slavery Germans were of slavocrats, then there is an Sunday—Krekel did not attack end to all mercy, and such the Sunday, or any other existing further alarmed when Congressmen an exemplary exception of a law, “regarded with sacredness from slaveholding states, including German must be placed 10 12 language newspaper in St. Charles personalities out of the game.” campaign.” But Kribben, having by the American people.” 15 Senator John B. Thompson, a before public opinion in his County, and praised Benton Neither did, and to oppose changed his mind while in Europe, Whig from Kentucky, attempted entire nudity, to serve as a horrid example to others.19 for his opposition to Calhoun’s the Whig candidate for state parted ways with Benton and Kribben married Edith Delafield to amend the Homestead Bill by resolutions, which “contained all representative, St. Charles Krekel on the slavery issue, and in St. Louis in February 1854. confining benefits to “heads of About the same time, a of the principles and tenets that County Democrats were forced supported Bogy.13 Heinrich Edith, a non-German, had been families” and to “citizens of the Krekel critic, citing the German the Missouri legislature later to choose between Maj. George Boernstein, editor of the born in Ohio, and the Kribbens United States.” Many German Progressive Party’s support for passed in the infamous Jackson W. Huston, “a bitter Anti-Benton pro-Benton , decried did not own slaves. Krekel and his men, who had left their families Anzeiger several “Red Republican doctrines resolutions.” His primary concern man,” and Krekel, “a Bentonian,” the pro-Whig for wife, Ida, also a German immigrant, in Germany until they could pay Republican of Europe,” as well as opposition was that they “were intended to causing one observer to state supporting Bogy, suggesting it owned two slaves. They, like most their passage, would not have to the extension of slavery and prepare the split of the union.” 9 sarcastically, “This is the kind “has a particular inclination and Missouri Germans, had reached the right to homestead prior to support for the Homestead Bill, of ‘union and harmony’ that tenderness for the most regular an accommodation with slavery naturalization.18 charged him with “anti-American Missouri Democrats reconciled prevails all over the state.” 11 [Democrat] Christian Kribben where it existed, but they feared sentiments” and “exciting the in 1852, running an anti-Benton and for the more than regular its spread could lead to disunion. Benton announced his Germans against American candidate for governor, while That same month, after Krekel ‘ .’” Indeed, They were reassured that the candidacy for the Senate seat to Democratic Press institutions,” whether it involved pro-Benton men were nominated had seen the new Demokratische Boernstein charged, “Mr. Missouri Compromise, which be filled by the legislature after Sunday or slavery. Krekel, who for down-ticket offices. When Presse edited by Kribben, he Kribben is opposed to Benton,” prohibited slavery in territories the election. The Anzeiger’s pages had repudiated the party, alleged Benton ran for Congress against again called for reconciliation, and “Bogy is the representative north of Missouri’s southern bristled with editorials assailing “deliberate villainy” and accused Democrat Lewis Bogy and a Whig commenting, “We hope that Mr. of the Southern nullifiers— border, would stop the spread of Douglas, with whom Kribben his critic of attempting “to candidate, Krekel editorialized, Kribben, a good advocate/lawyer the ultra-slave-holders—the slavery into new territories.16 clearly had cast his lot. Kribben excite the religious feeling of “We hope this split within the who grew up in this area, will faction that would destroy spoke in favor of Senator Douglas party will be completely mended not use his talents for personal 14 However, in early 1854, Senator and the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Catholics by charging that I am this glorious Union. . . .” 20 once the outstanding men of both squabbling, but to vigorously and Stephen Douglas of Illinois, urging Germans not to go like opposed to them.” branches, who are partly responsible jointly represent the interests of On Election Day, Benton was hoping to ease sectional tensions, a “herd of sheep to vote for While Krekel was mentioned for the split, will finally, decide to the Democracy, particularly in elected to Congress and Krekel proposed legislation to establish as a possible pro-Benton candidate make the small sacrifice of leaving view of the upcoming election was elected to the House by six the territories of Kansas and for Congress that year, after fall/winter ’20

pg. 20 pg. 21 We would much rather give our vote to a true democrat.

stating, “We would much rather Missouri, Benton supporters, election in August 1857. After give our vote to a true Democrat,” now called Free Democrats, National Democrat Robert he endorsed the Whig candidate continued to work for free soil. In Stewart, a native of New York because he opposed the Kansas- 1857 State Representative Gratz State, announced his candidacy to Nebraska Act.21 Regarding Brown, editor of the Missouri be elected governor on the same Benton, Krekel assured readers Democrat, called for the gradual day, the Glasgow Weekly Times of the Demokrat, “We are warm emancipation of the slaves, explained, “Black Republicans To promote a friends of the old hero, and do not citing economic rather than prefer Northern men. They know northern route for the transcontinental railroad feel ourselves at liberty to strike humanitarian reasons. When their love of slavery is lip-love, that would benefit his him down, either for his vote on declining health forced Benton to whereas a southerner stands by Illinois constituents Senator Stephen A. the Nebraska or Texas question.” retire from public life, many of his the cause of the south, upon principle. Douglas wanted to As to Benton’s detractors, Krekel supporters joined Francis P. Blair, Kayser and Kribben know what organize the territory of Nebraska, which would pointed out that Benton had who had been elected to Congress they are about. . . . They are all have become a free passed the Homestead bill in and announced a plan in 1858 to against slavery, and they know state under the Missouri Compromise. Douglas the House of Representatives emancipate the slaves and remove if Stewart is elected, they will proposed creating Kansas and asked, “Is it for this you them from the country. After have an approachable person ‘at and Nebraska to gain Southern support, leaving 27 bloodhounds howl upon his track, Free Democrats joined other court.’” The same paper later it up to the settlers and and seek to dabble your thirsty anti-slavery factions in opposition complained about “Van Burenites providing an opportunity for Kansas to be the jaws in the old man’s gore, and to the National Democrats, like Kribben—that supports such complimentary slave riot on the carcass of him under they could not agree on a name abolition papers as the state, thus preserving the German balance in the Senate. whose fostering care the and became known simply as Chronicle, which supports the (Image: Library of Democracy have acquired all “The Opposition.” 25 New York Yankee for governor, Congress) their glory and renown.” 22 because ‘he was not a slaveholder’ Meanwhile, another split was and would be the ‘first to lend his Benton was not sent back to developing between those who hand’ toward its abolishment.” 28 the Senate, and his forces were wanted the Democratic Party not even seated at the 1856 to remain a national party Proponents of slavery reminded Democratic National Convention. and those who wanted it to protect German audiences that many When Benton ran for governor the sectional interest of the abolitionists were also nativists. that year, Krekel ran as the South. The issue was especially When a jury quickly acquitted pro-Benton candidate for intense in Missouri, given its Kribben after a Grand Jury indicted attorney general, opposing those proximity to “bleeding Kansas,” him for “false pretense,” even who became known as “National where the pro-slavery Lecompton though the supposed victim stated Democrats.” After Kribben spoke Constitution was approved at an he had no complaint against him, in German, the Republican noted, election boycotted by anti slavery the Republican called it “Failure of “the Germans of Quincy still voters. The Columbia Democrat the Free-soil Know-Nothings to maintained their proud position asked, “Are our Pro-Slavery, and Reduce a Political Opponent to upon the old national Democratic as they claim, National ‘Americans,’ their Own Level.” 29 In St. Louis platform.” 23 However, when he prepared to cooperate with on Election Day, Stewart lost by spoke in English across the river Blair, Brown, Boernstein, Krekel 1,500 votes and Kribben, whom in Hannibal, a nativist identified and company, in their efforts to one newspaper described as “Bob Kribben as a “Red-Republican ‘demonstrate to the Union’ that Stewarts’s Major General,” lost by Dutchman” and advised, “The the subject of emancipation 444 votes. Stewart, however, won democracy had better let such will be agitated in Missouri until statewide by less than 300 votes men as Kribben stay at home for she has become a free state?” 26 over Opposition candidate James American citizens cannot learn Rollins and, in January, appointed the duty they owe their country Kribben announced his Kribben Division Inspector for on advice from a foreigner.” 24 candidacy to fill a vacancy in the the 1st Military District of the St. Louis delegation to the Militia in St. Louis, with the rank While National Democrats Missouri House at a special of colonel.30 swept the state offices in fall/winter ’20

pg. 22 Jayhawkers had been pg. 23 crossing the border to free slaves, and Governor Stewart reluctantly sent militia units to Bates and Vernon A prominent jurist later wrote, the Germans in his audience that fifty-eight for the opposition.38 When the House met to counties in Missouri. “Few lawyers were better known James B. Gardenhire, his opponent organize, Representative Sitton in his day than Kribben and he for the legislature, had been a After Douglas declared the zeroed in on Representative exercised a large influence with Know-Nothing. A reviewer called pro-slavery Lecompton Kribben from the left, citing the German population.” 31 his performance “one of the most Constitution was a “fraudulent the same speech and stating Members of the German Peters logical and powerful arguments submission,” Congress rejected sarcastically, “If the National family hired Kribben to defend in behalf of Democratic it and ordered another election Democratic Party sent such men them after they were indicted for principles and policy, and that resulted in a new expression here he was a National Democrat.”41 beating their slave Lucy nearly to against the conglomeration of of “popular sovereignty” from Sitton “divested himself of death. With increasing concern Know-Nothingism and Black a large majority of anti-slavery the exclusive proprietary in the German community over Republicanism, here denominated Kansas voters and seemed to settle title conferred on him by the the plight of slaves, the Anzeiger [by] the Union Party.” 34 He took the Kansas question. However, Republican” and shared it with had assured its readers the Peters the position that, if the Constitution Jayhawkers had been crossing the Kribben. The Glasgow Weekly family had agreed to manumit allowed a slaveholder to be border to free slaves, and Governor Times now reported the divestiture Lucy, and the German community divested of his slave property, no Stewart reluctantly sent militia “created some merriment and a could stop raising money to buy one’s property was safe, arguing: units to Bates and Vernon good deal of feeling on the part her freedom. The paper was counties in Missouri. Kribben of Mr. Kribben,” who explained outraged when the family, on the informed Stewart that he that, to keep the Germans from A man’s abstract notion as to disagreed with his decision, advice of their lawyer, changed its whether slavery, which had voting for Gardenhire, he had to Some pro-slavery Missourians were suspicious of Governor Robert explaining, “The step to send Stewart, who had been president of the Hannibal & St. Joseph mind and noted “a remarkable been entailed upon us by the make a stronger free-soil speech Railroad, because one of its largest shareholders was the family fact that a German family that so mother country, was right or troops there now will make a than him and make sure it was of Eli Thayer of Boston, a known abolitionist who had argued the cruelly mistreated a poor defenseless wrong, had nothing to do with noise in the world; it may give “good enough Morgan.” 42 600,000 acres of land along the railroad would be more valuable the question now agitating if Missouri were a free state. (Image: Missouri Historical Society) negro woman that even in a slave our enemies a hold again on the the public mind. It was among 39 state the law intervened . . . and it us, and it was not merely a Kansas question.” After Sitton thanked Kribben is a German who as lawyer for matter of dollars and cents, for his youthful service to Van Stating he had changed his mind slaves in Missouri by abolitionist After the election, the the family resisted the single step but a question of good Buren and nominated him for after a two-year stay in Europe, he John Brown. When the Militia faith involving personal and heralded the fact that that could have redeemed in the Republican speaker, Krekel wrote with some explained, “When I returned, the Act, appropriating $30,000 to inalienable rights—rights Representative James O. Sitton eyes of their fellow citizens and sarcasm of his own: “Mr. Kribben change that had taken place in my enable the governor to “suppress that cannot be disregarded from Gasconade County was the make right again the injustice without endangering is said to be an able gentleman, mind during my absence was the and bring to justice the banditti only emancipationist elected to committed on humanity.” 32 our whole social and a good advocate/lawyer, a cause of the difference between on the western border of the 35 the legislature. But ultra-pro- political fabric. German whom he, Sitton, largely Mr., Benton and myself, prior state” came to the floor of the slavery newspapers continued After Colonel Kribben became credits with his election, and to which time I was his personal House, Kribben introduced a to attack representative-elect a candidate for one of the ten St. Kribben, owning no slaves, Mr. Kribben is sure to make a friend.” 44 Sitton then ended the substitute bill increasing the Kribben from the right, claiming 43 Louis County seats in the Missouri asked the simple question, “If they splendid speaker!” charade, criticizing the National appropriation to $50,000. While that while contending abolition House in 1858, he informed the really intend that the Negro shall Democratic Party by claiming no the substitute was defeated, the was unconstitutional, he had Kribben said he was ashamed governor of complaints by “the be free, why do they not set the man “can get an office who does original bill passed and expanded suggested, “if it could be winked he had supported van Buren and German Companies” of the militia, example by manumitting their not change ground, holler ‘Nigger’ the powers of the governor to 36 out of the state, he would set blamed it on his youth, explaining: writing, “I wish you to remind own slaves.” That same month and commence pulling Negro deal with Jayhawkers.46 his eyes to winking quite fast.” them of their duty as military men Krekel, who still owned a slave, wool over everybody’s eyes.” 45 and officers,” and to inform them claimed the National Democrats One article concluded that such The predilections of most Like Krekel earlier, Kribben foreign persons who come to that their behavior “is not only had “sinned against the people a speech “leaves little room to Kribben would have an had to battle the “Sunday rejoice over the defeat of black this country, not acquainted reprehensible and unmilitary, and how no man, who was still with the institution of slavery, opportunity to demonstrate his fanatics” in the legislature, who but renders them subject to honest and open about Missouri, Republicanism in Jefferson are adverse to it. I do not anti-abolitionist credentials. called Kribben “a low-flung, Court Martial.” 33 could still support this party.” 37 City,” while another regretted, deny that such were my Governor Stewart sent the vulgar Dutchman.” 47 As they had first impressions; but on On Election Day, Kribben “Cordell is endorsed by the General Assembly a special with Krekel, nativists like When Kribben spoke in National. Kribben is endorsed subsequent acquaintance became one of seventy-four with its workings I discovered message detailing troubles along Representative Charles Drake Jefferson City in favor of the by them, and Senator Douglas its harmony with the the border with the Kansas used his criticism of the Sunday National Democrats elected 40 National Democrat candidate to the Missouri House of will be shortly.” Constitution, and my views territory, including the freeing of Law to suggest he was no better Enos B. Cordell, he reminded Representatives, compared to underwent a transformation. than an abolitionist: fall/winter ’20

pg. 24 pg. 25 A former Jacksonian Democrat, Francis Blair (1791-1876) left the party over expanding slavery into the western territories and helped create the new Republican Party in 1854. At the 1860 Republican In January 1860 the legislature considered a convention, Blair supported Abraham Lincoln after it became clear that his first choice for the presidency, “Free Negro Bill” to re-enslave all free blacks. fellow Missourian Edward Bates, would not be nominated. (Image: Missouri Historical Society)

There was a time, and I hope against the majority of them. For order of succession included the there will ever be, when the it is well known that three-fourths speaker, and the Constitution abolitionist who brought of the children of the fatherland, required the governor be a his views into this state of Missouri, and attempted to as they have been termed by his natural-born citizen. After the exercise them, was regarded friend, belonged to the other swearing in, another labeled him and treated as a traitor. There side.” 50 That fact made National “an avowed infidel,” relating, “We is not less of treason in a man Democrats worry about the police saw him kiss the Bible, which he who comes from a foreign shore to plant in our soil his in St. Louis, under local control, denounces as a batch of ‘cunningly 54 poisonous seeds to subvert who greatly outnumbered the devised fables.’” The legislature our customs and overturn our local militia, under the governor. again passed the Free Negro Bill, institutions, even though it In December 1859, Colonel and the governor again vetoed be according to law. We have the institution of slavery and Kribben resolved the dilemma it. The attempted override failed the institution of Sunday, in favor of his constituents when by a vote of 58 to 30, just short of the latter not less dear to us he joined Representative Sitton the two-thirds required.55 than the former. If we permit and spoke against a Metropolitan meddlesome hands to Police Bill to put the St. Louis In December 1859, Krekel exercise their ingenuity upon and two others nominated 63 our institutions, in a few years police under the governor, which American liberty will not be failed to pass.51 men as delegates to the State worth the paper upon which Opposition Convention at a the word could be written.48 In January 1860 the legislature meeting in St. Charles County considered a “Free Negro Bill” that condemned abolitionism Drake reminded everyone that to re-enslave all free blacks found and nullification equally.56 By

Kribben was an apostate, arguing, in Missouri on September 1, February the Demokrat was warning Charles D. Drake, a St. Louis attorney, was a Whig during “Instead of regarding those great 1861, and Representative Kribben its readers, “do not any longer the 1840s before moving to Washington. He returned to St. Louis in 1850, established a successful law practice, principles promulgated by our again displeased pro-slavery permit yourself to be charmed by and won a special election to the Missouri House of fathers, who shed their blood on extremists. Arguing the the sonorous name ‘Democrat,’” Representatives in 1859 as a Democrat, serving only hard fought ground, we are told to legislature had no constitutional explaining, “Today’s Democratic one term. (Image: Missouri Historical Society) look to Europe, to pattern after right to confiscate property of Party has no national vitality— the great truths of the French Negroes, he explained, “I do it is a factional and conceited Revolution! Why Sir, the God not know of any measure more organization—inwardly of Wisdom who superintends destructive to the Southern deteriorated to the point of the nations is dethroned by that rights than this measure. It is spreading one single idea.” 57 observe, “The recent Abolition Kribben was intended to catch that when Krekel appeared document, and materialism, calculated to work destructively letter of Edward Bates has broken the Free-soil German vote in St. before the Pennsylvania delegation the God of the French, is to be to the Democratic Party.” 52 The State Opposition up the Opposition before it Louis.” 59 When the Democratic along with Blair in support of placed in his stead.” 49 The bill passed the legislature Convention met in Jefferson City has fairly organized, and Bob National Convention convened Bates, he “controverted the idea and the governor vetoed it. during the special session and Stewart’s desertion of the in Charleston, South Carolina, that Bates could carry Missouri, When Kribben moved to table elected Krekel as a vice president, Railroads and Christ. Kribben’ s on April 23, 1860, northern said that outside of St. Louis a bill, awaiting memorials from his After Governor Stewart adopted a platform that opposed election to the speakership of the Democrats wanted to reaffirm and a few German settlements constituents, Drake said he had called a special session for which “the errant heresies of the so-called House of Representatives, have the platform of 1856, promising represented by Krekel and no idea memorials could change Kribben was elected speaker, National Democratic Party in thrown the Democracy into congressional noninterference Muench no Republican could Kribben’s mind “unless, indeed, ultra-pro-slavery newspapers regard to the subject of slavery ‘confusion worse confounded.’” 58 with slavery. Extremist delegates get a vote; that the state was they included every man, woman complained Kribben was “not in the territories,” and endorsed from the Deep South demanded for Douglas.’” 60 and child from the fatherland, the so sound on the nigger,” and Edward Bates for president and The controversy over Speaker federal protection for slavery in German population of St. Louis.” called his election an “Abolition Krekel for state representative. Kribben’ s leadership highlighted the territories, and when they did After the Convention In reporting his reply to Drake, Triumph in the Missouri The Missouri Republican Party the dissatisfaction of the ultra- not get their way, they walked out. nominated Abraham Lincoln, 53 the Republican pointed out, “So Legislature!” When the session also endorsed Bates for president pro-slavery faction with the Krekel, citing a “change in the far from being influenced by the opened, an ultra-pro-slavery in March, after he wrote a letter National Democrats, causing the Krekel was a delegate to the aspects of the political affairs,” signatures of his countrymen in member argued Kribben’s election agreeing with the Republican Weekly West to complain, “This Republican National Convention in declined the nomination of the St. Louis, he [Kribben] had the was unconstitutional because the National Platform on slavery, same National Democratic Party Chicago in May. Illinois delegate Opposition for the legislature, misfortune of having to contend causing the Weekly West to openly avows that the election of Gustave Koerner later explained formally joined the Republican fall/winter ’20

pg. 26 pg. 27 After the Deep South states seceded in December,

Bates wished Krekel had in January 1861 new Governor Claiborne waited until his letter endorsing Fox Jackson called for Missouri to secede. . . . Lincoln and after the Baltimore Conventions before leaving the Opposition. He believed, “If there be but one Democratic candidate, it (the Union Party) has no possible degrees of enthusiasm, secession 1859, ordered the militia to Unionists were assisting runaway chance. And if there be two— by Missouri and the use of muster in St. Louis. In response, slaves, Major Krekel, who was Douglas and a fire-eater—most of the Southern Union Men (so force to preserve the Union. pro-Union Home Guard appointed provost marshal miscalled) will have to affiliate The became their regiments, composed primarily for St. Charles, Warren, and with the extreme Southern Republican Democrats, and perhaps be mouthpiece, and after the of Germans, formed in St. Louis Lincoln counties in December, absorbed by them.” The Diary of legislature called a Convention under Blair’s leadership. After followed Gamble’s conservative Edward Bates, 1859-1866, June 16, 1860. Howard K. Beale, ed. to decide the issue, Kribben was they were federalized, Captain policies designed to protect (Image: Missouri Historical Society) listed as one who could be Nathaniel Lyon launched a slave property. After receiving “supported by all who endorsed successful pre-emptive strike on complaints that Major Hugo the resolution passed at May 10. When the legislature Hollan’s command was helping the late Union meeting at passed a Military Bill creating a slaves escape from their masters, the Courthouse.” 71 State Guard, outlawing other he sought authority “to dismount military organizations, and and disarm Major Hollan’s By mid-February the specifying all spoken commands battalion and send it to St. Louis.” Conditional Union Party had were to be in English, Krekel After several more complaints Party, and became a presidential for Douglas. Over the previous soil emancipation Douglasites adopted a “Declaration of wrote Blair complaining it Hollan’s command was broken up elector for Lincoln in the First months he had faced off against in St. Louis. The Douglas leaders Principles” and appointed a allowed the secessionists, but and his men were placed in two District.61 The Democratic Republicans and Breckenridge are becoming desperate and we slate of candidates. After Krekel not the unionists, to organize, different regiments.76 Convention reconvened in Democrats. The Missouri advise they be watched.” 68 addressed a gathering of mostly and informing him, “We propose Baltimore, where Stephen Democrat reported on “the German “Unconditional drawing together on the Fourth Major Krekel admitted Douglas was nominated on the inevitable Col. Kribben, who That same month, Krekel Unionists” in St. Charles County, of July our whole Union Guard Missourians might not yet 1856 platform. The extreme made a more stupid speech than spoke at a Lincoln rally in St. the Demokrat explained that the and I wish you to write fully to support emancipation in a letter pro-slavery delegates met later in usual, which is saying a good Charles and another in St. Louis, German population of the county me as to your views and wishes to Blair in May, suggesting, “In Baltimore and nominated John deal.” 64 Kribben challenged Carl about which the Missouri was “through and through for the in the premises.” 74 order to do anything with slavery Breckinridge, formally splitting the Schurz, a Lincoln supporter, Democrat reported, “Mr. Krekel’s Union under the Constitution, in Missouri, it is necessary to 72 Democratic Party. For lieutenant to a debate at Cooper Union in remarks were received with great without any ‘ifs’ or ‘buts.’” At that meeting, Krekel, who place the separation of the races governor Missouri Republicans New York City, but he failed applause, and as he closed, three Kribben spoke at a meeting to had sold his slaves, was elected in the foreground.” He claimed nominated former Whig James to attend.65 cheers were given for ‘Honest Old explain “the vast difference to command the St. Charles four-fifths of the more than 1,000 69 B. Gardenhire. For attorney Abe.’” While Lincoln won in St. between the Black Republican Home Guard that became known interviews he had conducted general they nominated Krekel, In Alton, Illinois, a fight broke Louis County, with many Germans ‘Unconditional Union ticket’ as “Krekel’s Dutch.” Meanwhile, as provost marshal were with whose presence on the ticket was out between Breckenridge and supporting Douglas in St. Charles and the Constitutional Union Lyon’s troops proceeded to non-slaveholders who “expressed significant in that he was still Douglas Democrats, causing the County, his 533 votes there were ticket—the one going the full Jefferson City, causing Governor little interest in the institution a slaveholder, evidence that the Republican to report that Kribben far short of the 1,000 predicted length of Mr. Lincoln’s doctrine, Jackson and the pro-Confederate but did not want to become the Republicans were not a party “was interrupted in his abuse of by the Demokrat. As Douglas won to apply coercion and whip the legislature to flee. The future of equal of the Negro.” He warned of abolitionists.62 the Republicans by the cry of a the state, it was clear that seceding states back into the slavery was little discussed until against too radical an approach to free fight, and in the twinkling Kribben, not Krekel, “understood Union: and the other demanding August, when General John C. emancipation when he predicted: When the legislature of an eye he was left solitary the times” in Missouri. the just rights of all states in the Frémont declared martial law adjourned, Kribben returned to and alone. . . .” 66 A speaker at a union.” 73 In Missouri, delegates and ordered the emancipation TimeTime and and reflection reflection willwill soonsoon his militia duties and the Douglas Breckenridge rally in St. Louis After the Deep South states were elected, and, when the of slaves of disloyal persons. workwork a avast vast change change in in the the views views of the non-slave-holding campaign. In June, to meet “directed his remarks against the seceded in December, in January Convention met, with secessionists President Lincoln, at the behest of the non-slave-holding portion 1861 new Governor Claiborne portion of our people, and continued lawlessness by Kansas neophytes Drake, Kribben and in the minority, it decided against of pro-Union slaveholders, made ofunless our people, some rash,and unlessfoolish some and Jayhawkers, Kribben sent arms others, who had sneaked into Fox Jackson called for Missouri secession. In Washington, it clear that slaves, like other rash,impracticable foolish and scheme impracticable shall be to militia in Southwest Missouri, the party for office and failed to to secede and appointed a new Lincoln appointed Edward Bates property, would be confiscated schemeset on shallfoot bybe ourset onoveranxious foot by our apologizing for the delay get it, [and] were now trying to Division Inspector for the 1st friends, I can see the practical as his Attorney General. only if they were being used to overanxiousend of slavery friends, in Missouri. I can see But the 67 Military District. Those opposed 75 and blaming the “miserable disrupt the party.” After fusion of aid the rebellion. practicalthere is dangerend of slavery in our friends in Mis - management of thing[s] at Lincoln and Douglas supporters in to secession, who became known The legislature then passed a souri.overleaping But there themselves, is danger andin our headquarters.” 63 When the St. Oregon in October, Breckenridge as “conditional unionists,” met Metropolitan Police Bill putting The Convention established a friendsthis danger, overleaping I fear the themselves, more on Louis militia paraded in October, supporters claimed, “This at the St. Louis courthouse, and the St. Louis police under the provisional government and andaccount this danger, of the Iquestion fear the being more Kribben was one of the speakers. 70 control of the governor who, appointed Hamilton Gamble as made a political hobby by Colonel Kribben was reported would exactly suit Mr. Speaker onpolitical account aspirants. of the question77 being absent, probably campaigning Kribben, Palm, and other free They opposed, with varying pursuant to the Militia Act of governor. While some anti-slavery made a political hobby by fall/winter ’20

pg. 28 pg. 29

“We must carefully discriminate and see that we don’t carry our opposition to an extent so as to injure what we seek to uphold.” –Arnold Krekel

That summer, Krekel signed of the Union, unless accompanied and made arrests for mere the call for the Missouri State by & through abolition.” 80 criticism of federal officials or Radical Emancipation Convention policies.” 84 After the State in Jefferson City, where delegates That fall, unionists were Democratic Convention in from eighteen counties met and supporting Conservative October, Barton Able, a chose Krekel as a vice-president. incumbent Ninth District Republican who had been a While its very existence evidenced Congressman James Rollins, delegate to the National the pace of change, many whose opponent was thought to Convention in 1860, complained “Charcoals” still approached have the support of secessionists. that Bogy, again a Democratic emancipation as a war measure; However, Rollins came out candidate for Congress, and primarily concerned with how it against Lincoln’s Preliminary Kribben, again a candidate for would benefit whites. However, Emancipation Proclamation in the Missouri House, had made the Convention did create September and predicted, “When a speech critical of abolitionists, a Radical Party, for which the civil power shall be restored Black Republicans, the costs of Krekel became Ninth District by the success of patriot arms, the the war, and martial law. Kribben ‘status’ of the ‘contraband’ will be Kribben spoke at a meeting of Conditional Unionists at the St. Louis courthouse committeeman. It pledged took a Loyalty Oath on October as Missouri considered secession. Dred Scott, with his wife Harriet, sued for, to oppose the conservative purely a judicial question, to be 28, and neither he nor Bogy were and were granted, their freedom after a trial there in 1847 in a case that was overruled determined by the Constitution 85 by the Supreme Court ten years later when it decided slaves were property “Claybanks” led by Governor arrested, charged, or elected. and had no right to sue. (Image: Missouri Historical Society) Gamble, and it nominated and laws.” After the opponent candidates, planning to make pulled out of the race with Rollins However, William Kribben, support for emancipation a test “because their opinions were brother of Christian, who had legislature debated the issue, the an irrevocable ordinance of direction. Congressman Clement of Union loyalty in the November identical,” Krekel announced as a taken the loyalty oath the previous Demokrat suggested Germans freedom within one year, with a Vallandigham was convicted in a 81 election. Shortly thereafter, Radical candidate in October. year, asked his brother for assistance opposed slavery “because it limited apprenticeship, and military court after an anti-war General John Schofield, a after the provost marshal arrested stands in direct contrast to their compensation to truly loyal owners. speech in May 1863. He was sent The treatment “Krekel’s 89 Conservative, relieved Krekel him for attempting to convey feelings of justice and morality.” Equally important, Krekel still through the enemy lines to the Dutch” afforded the slaveholders as provost marshal.78 letters to the enemy on the In fact, many Germans realized cautioned, “We must carefully Confederacy, from which he of Callaway County convinced steamboat he was piloting.86 At that land being cultivated by discriminate and see that we made his way to Canada. After By the end of that summer, Governor Gamble to disband the Christian’s request, Henry A. slaves, whose owners had purchased don’t carry our opposition to an Vallandigham won the Democratic Krekel had realized “the times regiment and order the return to Clover wrote the provost marshal the best land before the Germans extent so as to injure what we nomination for governor 92 have advanced,” and he could the people of “their possessions, that he had known William arrived, would be for sale after seek to uphold.” of Ohio in absentia in 1863, 90 no longer “stand still.” Schofield horses, and Negroes acquired Kribben for years and was emancipation. Krekel admitted Kribben met with him in 82 ordered Krekel’s regiment to through a Jayhawker procedure.” “surprised to think that he could slavery “stands in the way of full After an ordinance passed Canada and concluded: active duty. Encouraged when In response, the Neue Zeit have done anything to make him enjoyment of the freedom of granting freedom to certain slaves President Lincoln replaced suggested Gamble sought only to susceptible to military charges.” 87 white men” and argued that the in 1876, following a six-year Vallandigham is the protect slavery and alleged, “We economic future depended on apprenticeship, the Demokrat representative man of the Schofield with the Radical Samuel Similarly, Barton Able, who had great West. If elected Curtis in September, Krekel led know also that he persecuted every complained about Christian’s free soil and free labor, concluding complained, “The entire ordinance is a network of contradictions governor of Ohio in the fall, his men into Callaway County, officer with his disgrace who dealt speech four months earlier, wrote that if the negro obtains his he could become a powerful severely with the rebels—thus freedom in the process, “the and lies and would never have ally of those who schemed described as “the headquarters of that he believed William was 93 the in North Missouri.” 79 Loan, Krekel, Penick &c—and falsely accused. These letters blame, if blame it be, attaches gotten the people’s sanction.” to pull the state’s troops Sisesch out of the war and create a His men did what Krekel had that he protected everyone that and evidentiary problems at to those who are disposed to Men like Blair, Gamble, and Bates, who had led the effort to Northwest confederacy, reported Hollan for doing earlier was at heart a pro-slavery man the hearing led to William’s complain, who have staked their although he insisted he 83 that year—liberating slaves of or traitor. . . .” acquittal in May.88 all on slavery, and are seeking to limit the spread of slavery and sought to only to end the those suspected of disloyalty. make it the cornerstone of the preserve the Union, were now war and bring the southern General Curtis’ provost marshal 91 States back into the Union. That same month, Attorney After Lincoln’s Emancipation new civilization.” severely criticized by Krekel and general lamented that past 94 As Governor, he could also General Bates complained about Proclamation on January 1, other Radicals. forbearance by the authorities become a prospect for the “the extreme wing of the 1863 (which did not apply to After the legislature failed presidency, challenging “has led these people to believe While Krekel was not standing Republican Party—men who, slave states like Missouri not “in to act, Gamble called the the eastern politicians and that it is their ‘constitutional’ still on the emancipation issue, the money men who had whether from intemperate zeal, rebellion”) Governor Gamble Convention into session in June right to speak and conspire to- to consider gradual emancipation. neither was Kribben, though their hearts set on electing or studious cunning, will accept proposed gradual emancipation 95 gether as they may choose,” he was moving in the opposite General McClelland. nothing, not even the restoration with compensation. While the Krekel was still willing to accept fall/winter ’20

pg. 30 pg. 31 . . . compared to Conservatives, “Kribben and associates has the advantage of being honest.” –Missouri Democrat

their belief that Lincoln this occasion. Well sir, so be it.” 105 a convention to “put Missouri on “entertains an undue partiality for A month later, Kribben, with its road to freedom and greatness,” Cuffy and is disposed to push two young children, had to deal stating it was more important him forward entirely too rapidly, with the death of his wife, Edith, now “than any personal preference when he puts a bayonet in his at the age of 28. He did not, as to the presidency can possibly hand,” and concluded that, however, have to deal with the be!” 109 By the end of July, Radical compared to Conservatives, new provost marshal general, support for Fremont had nearly “Kribben and associates has the Colonel John Sanderson. disappeared. Identifying only advantage of being honest.” 102 three exceptions, the Radical James Judge did. In April, a Neue Zeit reported, “In Missouri, Krekel, also unhappy with deputy provost marshal arrested nobody appears to be willing to President Lincoln and refusing to him in St. Louis on the evening of make Fremont speeches,” and “stand still,” was one of seventy his divorce trial, at which Krekel “Arnold Krekel and Frederick When the war caused a decline in enrollment, St. Charles College suspended operation in Missouri delegates to the Slave represented Judge’s wife, after Muench are really opposed.” 110 the summer of 1861. After Provost Marshall Krekel evicted the family of the college State Freedom Convention held he stated in a saloon that he president, the building was converted into a prison in December 1862. When some members of the Board of Curators failed to take the Convention oath, the legislature passed a in Louisville, Kentucky. There, wanted to see the Confederacy A provost marshal had bill in 1863 declaring all their positions vacated and appointing a new board that included Krekel passed a resolution calling recognized. He was convicted of intercepted a letter from Krekel and Charles Drake. (Image: courtesy of St. Charles County Historical Society) for an amendment to the U.S. violating his oath and ordered Kribben to Colonel Robert Constitution “to secure freedom to pay a fine of $10,000. After Renick suggesting he also attend to every human being within its Krekel reported to Sanderson the meeting in Canada with other In September Krekel attended had not been standing still. He in writing that letter, so well 103 the Missouri Radical Emancipation pointed out the president “says calculated to give quiet to the jurisdiction.” When he passed that, after paying the judgment peace-at-any-price Democrats. and Union Convention that called that the Radicals in Missouri, are State, every good and loyal man another limiting the president awarded his wife, Judge had only Sanderson used it as evidence of a for a new State Convention to too fast in their desire to overturn should give him the benefit of to a single term, the Anzeiger $6,000, he was imprisoned and, conspiracy by a secret organization pass an emancipation ordinance slavery in that state, when they his endorsement at the polls, by insisted, “The passage of this with no notice of the proceedings, called the Order of American and replace the Gamble are only attempting to do in a voting the anti-Jacobin ticket.” 100 resolution was by no means a the sheriff sold at auction his Knights to inaugurate another provisional government. Krekel slower way what he, by the one Vallandingham lost on Election victory of the ultra-Radicals, for property for half of what it was rebellion in the loyal states of the Col. Krekel repudiated the charge worth, and the government paid West.111 He claimed Vallandigham was one of three men it nominated single act of his proclamation, Day, and so did Krekel. 106 96 that it was an indirect declaration Krekel for collection of the fine. had conferred with “conspirators,” for the Missouri Supreme Court. has done suddenly through all 104 It also appointed a committee, led the states in rebellion.” 98 Despite the war effort, against Mr. Lincoln.” including Kribben, who “met in In June, the Democratic State by Charles Drake and including nativism remained. Reporting on conclave, upon foreign soil, to Martial law remained an convention met in St. Louis Krekel, to present grievances As Election Day neared, the a Radical meeting in St. Charles confer with him and aid him in important intimidation tool “to resurrect and reorganize the against Conservatives to President Missouri Democrat reported efforts early in 1864, the Republican the organization of this secret in the hands of the Radicals Democratic Party in Missouri,” 112 Lincoln in Washington. When by Conservatives to persuade suggested, “It would be impossible league of sworn traitors.” and its abuses an equally which according to the Secretary of the Treasury Salmon “unbought” Democrats to oppose for me to give you even a synopsis While many, including President important public relations tool Missouri Democrat, “has of late Chase invited them to his home, the Radicals, but it suggested of Colonel Krekel’s speech: so Lincoln, questioned the accuracy in the hands of Democrats and years been submerged in the Attorney General Bates refused some of them, including Kribben, interlarded was it with Teutonic and political motivation of the Conservative Unionists. After weight of treason which clung to report, the to join them, explaining, “I refuse “seemed disposed, therefore, to phrases, that one who is a native- 107 Missouri Democrat Kribben authored resolutions it.” When Democrats, united in flatly to hold social, friendly preserve their Democratic integrity, born citizen finds difficulty in published it in its entirety. at a Democratic meeting in St. their opposition to emancipation, intercourse with men, who daily even though it be on short rations, comprehending his meaning. Another paper insisted evidence Louis, a colleague suggested, “I split again on continuation of denounce me and all my friends, rather than take up their bed and Suffice it that he talked much, as a was “at hand” concerning the say I don’t know but the brakes the war, Kribben now did not as traitors.” 97 Lincoln later board with the Republican and matter of course, about the nigger. motives of the conferees, 99 may be put on tomorrow, and “stand still,” but he became a wrote a letter denying the the Claybank leaders.” The . . .” The reporter added, “The “which in due time, no doubt, will that Chris. Kribben, for the “Peace Democrat,” calling for an 113 delegation’s requests. Republican claimed Krekel was meeting then adjourned, and a reach the public eye.” The “imbued with all the abominable major portion of the ‘freedom resolutions he has promulgated immediate cessation of hostilities Republican criticized Sanderson’s here, and I, humble as I am, for and a negotiated settlement “extremely bungling style, full of Some of the delegates Red Republican doctrines of shriekers’ repaired to the nearest 108 proceeded to New York where Europe.” It further argued a vote beer saloon to finish up the endorsing them, may be ordered with the Confederacy. contradictions and inconsistencies,” they were hosted by the German for the Conservative candidates night in drinking.” 101 down South—or somewhere else and regretting that those The following month, Krekel National Club at the Cooper was “an endorsement of the truth (laughter)—or ordered to answer implicated had “all channels of wrote a letter to the Missouri 114 Institute. In his speech, Krekel of President Lincoln’s letter to The Missouri Democrat was at headquarters for what we denial closed to them.” Democrat explaining the need for suggested that Lincoln, like him, Drake & Co. As he did right kinder to “Kribben & Co.” and have chanced to say upon fall/winter ’20

pg. 32 Martial law was ineffective pg. 33 against bushwackers in St. Charles. ENDNOTES

President Lincoln was Kribben continued to denounce complained about Krekel’s 1 “Spirit of the German Press,” Daily The St. Charles County portion of the 13 “Speech of Col. Lewis V. Bogy” Missouri Republican, July 31, 1863. History of St. Charles, Montgomery, and (St. Louis: St. Louis Times office, 1852). renominated, and the Democrats Lincoln in two languages. His influence: “The Convention William Taussig was born in 1826 in Warren Counties was reissued in 1997 nominated George McClellan, a claim that there was “no more seems to be running the same Prague and educated at the University as the History of St. Charles County, 14 Republican, July 31, 1852. The following “War Democrat,” who supported vilely treacherous man” than career as the French Legislative of Prague before coming to the United 1765–1885 by the Partria Press with year the Continental Sunday was under States in 1847. He became a judge of an introduction by Paul R. Hollrah and attack after the Grand Jury in St. Louis, continuation of the war and Lincoln did not go over well in Assembly, and the Turners’ the St. Louis County Court as a reform an index, referred to hereafter as the packed with “temperance men and restoration of the Union. However, the president’s home town, and Hall begins to assume the powers candidate and was reelected in 1863 “1885 history.” All page references are Sabbath-bats,” began a persecution of the party platform was written by a second speech by Kribben in of the Jacobin Club.” 124 as presiding judge. to the 1997 edition. German innkeepers for serving alcoholic Vallandingham and other “Peace German was cancelled in beverages on Sundays. When a circuit 2 Walter D. Kamphoefner, “Arnold Krekel: 4 Daily Madisonian, November 14, 1844. judge held Boernstein in contempt for 119 President Lincoln nominated Democrats,” including Kribben. Springfield. On Election Day A Republican for Immigrant Rights and refusing to answer questions under After McClellan repudiated the it became clear that now Kribben Krekel as a federal judge on Racial Equality,” Boone-Duden Historical 5 1885 History, 201–3. Boon’s Lick Times, oath about tavern keepers who platform in his acceptance letter, “no longer understood the March 6, and the United States Society Newsletter (April 2015). Krekel March 14, 1846. Frederick A. Hodes, advertised in his newspaper, he retained 120 Senate confirmed him three days attended a school in Mannheim before Rising on the River, St. Louis 1822–1850 Kribben to represent him. the Chicago Tribune reported, times.” Lincoln was reelected, being apprenticed to a spice merchant in (Tooele, Utah: Patrice Press, 2009), “Chris Kribben, another peace Missouri voters approved a state later. Krekel did not take the bench Cologne. By the age of five, Kribben had 634–35. 15 Demokrat, July 31, 1852. apostle, and one of the electors at constitutional convention by a 68 immediately, but campaigned shown a talent for languages and began for the new constitution, written to study Latin before attending private 6 Boon’s Lick Times, August 12, 1847. 16 Anderson, Abolitionizing Missouri, large in this State, declares that percent majority, and Krekel was school in Cologne. Krekel attended St. 18–19. Edith Delafield was born at unless some explanation of this elected as a delegate. When the under the influence of Charles Charles College and studied surveying, 7 Perry McCandliss, History of Missouri, Columbus, Ohio, on March 23, 1836. letter is made, satisfactorily to convention gathered in St. Louis Drake, who had thoroughly while Kribben worked as a clerk in his 1820–1860, Volume II (Columbia: The Kribbens had two children, the peace wing of the party, he in January 1865, the Radicals were alienated the German community. family’s grocery in St. Charles. Ibid. It was University of Missouri Press, 1971), Bertram D. and Edith Wallace. Germans The new constitution was later pointed out, “Christian Kribben had 243–44. While serving, Kribben with non-German wives and who and his friends will fly the track. in complete control, electing not only mastered by study our laws, published accounts of the Mexican War had immigrated early were more likely In the rank and file, this revolt Krekel, now described as “an soundly beaten in St. Louis and but he had fully mastered our language. in the Republican and other newspapers to be pro-slavery. Harrison Anthony is open and violent.” 115 extremist of the most pronounced St. Charles County, causing He spoke it as fluently and correctly around the country and rose to the Trexler, Slavery in Missouri, 1804–1865 Edward Bates to write, “And so, as any lawyer at the bar. Besides this, rank of colonel. He put his linguistic (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins type,” as president and Charles he was . . . logical and forcible in his talents to good use, beginning a study Press), 1914, 166, n. 112. Walter D. Nevertheless, Kribben became Drake vice-president of the Mr. Drake is plucked bare, and declarations, at times reaching the of Spanish and, while stationed at Kamphoefner, “Arnold Krekel: A an at-large McClellan presidential convention.121 Its first action was cast down upon his own dunghill. domain of impassioned eloquence.” Chihuahua, edited a newspaper printed Republican for Immigrant Rights and elector in Missouri. Reporting to emancipate the remaining In St. Charles, Krekel fares no Ibid. The History of the Bench and Bar half in Spanish and half in English. Racial Equality,” Boone-Duden Historical on a rally in Springfield, Illinois, better.” 125 Nevertheless, the new in Missouri: with Reminiscences of the Society Newsletter (April 2015). slaves in Missouri, and Krekel Prominent Lawyers of the Past, and a 8 Demokrat, January 6, 1859. Krekel the Daily Dispatch suggested, signed the Ordinance of constitution was ratified by the Record of the Law’s Leaders of the “never had any sympathy with the 17 Washington Sentinel, “Letter by D.R. “The speech of Chris. Kribben Emancipation on January 11, 1865. statewide vote. Krekel took the Present. Ed. by J.D. Stewart (St. Louis: pro-slavery tendencies and antecedents Atchison,” June 17, 1854. Bay, was a violent secession one, such bench, no longer to be part of the The Legal Publishing Company, 1898). of his party.” 1885 History, 200. Gratz Brown, Frank Blair, and Alexander Kayser were also at the meeting. as the Honorable Chris would Congressman Blair had pointed continuing political debate over 3 Paul C. Nagel, The German Migration 9 Demokrat, January 31, 1852. Kristen find unhealthy to deliver at his out almost three years earlier that the “negro question.” to Missouri, My Family’s Story (Kansas Layne Anderson, Abolitionizing Missouri 18 F.I. Herriott, Senator Stephen Douglas home in St. Louis,” which was still he and Krekel had come to the City: Kansas City Star Books, 2002), (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University and the Germans in 1854 (Illinois under Martial Law.116 same conclusion—that “it was the Christian Kribben died on 61. The pastor of a German Protestant Press, 2016), 32–33. State Historical Society, 1912), 15. June 16, 1865, and would also not congregation in St. Charles described Anderson, Abolitionizing Missouri, 47. negro question, and not the slavery Kribben as “a disowned member of 10 Demokrat, May 29, 1852. Martial law was ineffective question which made the war.” 122 be part of the debate. General the Catholic Church disowned for 19 Republican, July 27, 1854. Anderson, 11 against bushwhackers in St. The unity of the Convention Alexander Donovan eulogized misdemeanors and is an agent for that New Albany Daily Tribune, Abolitionizing Missouri, 51–52. The Charles, where Kribben spoke him as “a profound lawyer, an infidel and infamous newspaper — the May 28, 1852. Republican, now anti-Benton with the quickly dissolved as, having Antipriest.” St. Charles County Circuit decline of the Whig Party, challenged at a McClellan rally on October decided the “slavery question,” able advocate, a statesman of Court Records, State v. Heyer, Box 21. 12 Ibid., May 22, 1852. When Kribben Alexander Kayser, a leading pro-Benton first. A few days later, fifty the Convention turned to the profound learning, the able Likewise, the thirty-eight members of resigned from his position as editor German in St. Louis, to debate Kribben volunteers, mostly Germans, speaker of the popular branch of the Friends of Religious Enlightenment of the newspaper a week later, Krekel in English and German. Kayser “Negro question.” Krekel, not who founded the Association of Rational reported, “The reasons for his resignation responded, “I say: I am willing at the joined Colonel Krekel after he yet ready to “stand still,” stated, the Legislature, and the efficient Christians in 1844 elected Friedrich appear to be differences with the times fixed by me, to meet any Whig 126 reportedly warned, ‘It was no ‘In knocking the chains from four representative.” Ten days after Muench president and Krekel a director. paper’s founders and owners. We wish or enemy of Democracy, be his name longer a time to speak, the Kribben’s death , Frank Blair Anita M. Mallinckrodt, From Knights to him all the best.” Demokrat, May 29, 1852. Kribben, Stephen Arnold Douglas, million of our people our work Pioneers: One German Family in or John Cutthroat Richardson of present demanded action; he had has been but half done. We must returned to St. Louis to lead Westphalia and Missouri (Carbondale: Quincy. Against which, on the other come with his boys ready to fight elevate them in the scale of opposition to the Radicals. Southern Illinois Press, 1994), 230. A side, I despise the assistance of no 117 the bushwhackers.” A week later humanity, for if they were excluded Kribben would have been very contemporary reported Krekel Democrat. Republican, July 26, 1854. the reported comfortable in the postwar “embraced liberal views on religious Missouri Democrat from all political privileges the matters at a very early age, and though Kribben had moderated his views old spirit of the master would Democratic Party, for which Blair perhaps not an infidel in the real on the war, supporting “fighting soon assert itself, and the became the vice-presidential meaning of that word, he does not the rebels with the olive branch in candidate in 1868.127 believe in the divine origin of the Bible or power of the aristocrat would be the biblical account of creation.” History 123 one hand and the sword in stronger than ever.” Edward of St. Charles County, 1765–1885 (reprint, 118 the other.” Bates called for a halt and St. Louis: Paul V. Cochrane, 1969), 107. fall/winter ’20

pg. 34 pg. 35

ENDNOTES continued

20 Heinrich H. Maurer, “Early German 31 Bay, Reminiscences of the Bench 46 Randolph Citizen, January 28, 1859. 50 New York Daily Tribune, December 55 “St. Louis News,” in Madison 62 Gerteis, Civil War St. Louis, 76. Nationalism in America,” American and Bar of Missouri, 352–53. Harriet C. Frazier, Runaway and Freed 16, 1959. Bay, Reminiscences of the Wisconsin State Journal, March 22, 1860. Journal of Sociology 22, No. 4 Missouri Slaves and Those Who Helped Bench and Bar of Missouri, 352–53. The The special session was called to address 63 Ch. Kribben to Capt. J.F. Snyder, June (January 1917), 530–31. Demokrat, July 32 Anderson, Abolitionizing Missouri, Them, 1763–1865 (Jefferson, N.C.: same political fact created a dilemma the unfinished railroads in Missouri. 25, 1860, Dr. John F. Snyder Collection, 22, 1854. Krekel responded that he had 52–55. McFarland & Company, Inc., 2004), 150. for National Democrats when it came The election of Kribben as speaker MHM. After the request from Col. John been “brought up in the Catholic In April the governor dispatched troops to governance issues in St. Louis, a led one political observer to explain, F. Snyder, Kribben agreed to comply “by Church myself, with an aged father, 33 Chr. Kribben to Robert Marcellus to the border with orders not to cross political subdivision of the state, “The so-called Anti Railroad men, the the time General Frost returned from sisters, and brothers now worshiping Stewart, June 9, 1858, Robert into Kansas Territory. Tony R. Mullis, “The whose legislature they controlled. In Coffee men, and the enemies of Drake, Washington.” Jas. S. Hackney to Col. J.F. at its altars in our very midst. . . .” Marcellus Stewart Collection, Missouri Illusion of Security: The Government’s December 1858, Blair’s newspaper, are said to have combined on him, and Snyder, May 16, 1860; B.F. Massey to Anderson, Abolitionizing Missouri, 77. State Archives. Response to the the Missouri Democrat, criticized the thus secured the nomination.” Corwin Snyder, June 4, 1860; Jas. S. Hackney Jayhawker Threat of Late 1860,” in three-member St. Louis County Court, to Snyder, February 29, 1860, Dr. John to Col. J.F. Snyder, June 11, 1860; Patrick 21 Demokrat, June 24 and July 29, 1854. 34 Missouri Republican, July 28, 1858. Earle and Burke, eds., Bleeding Kansas, on which anti-slavery city residents were F. Snyder Collection, Missouri History Gorman to Col. J.F. Snyder, June 15, 1860, Bleeding Missouri, 110. grossly underrepresented. After the Museum (hereafter, MHM). Railroad men Dr. John F. Snyder Collection, MHM. 22 Ibid., July 22, 1854. 35 Ibid. legislature passed a bill replacing the called Kribben “a captious and partial Receipt of the 45 muskets, however, 47 Randolph Citizen, February 5, 1859. existing county court with a seven- presiding officer,” and they complained prompted a complaint that “the arms, 23 Republican, September 26, 1856. 36 Ibid. Sunday fanatics called the delegation member (five from the city and two from about the “factious efforts of half a though perfectly clean and in order, are from St. Louis “Beer House and Whiskey the county) commission elected on a dozen ruthless politicians, those efforts very indifferent and unfit for service.” J.F. 24 Hannibal Messenger, July 29, 1856. 37 “Mass Union Meeting at Cottleville,” Shop politicians striving only to pass general ticket, Governor Stewart vetoed seconded by a speaker who has shown Snyder to G.A. Parsons, Journal of the Krekel condemned those who called Demokrat, July 8, 1958, in Mallinckrodt, such local bills as would propitiate the it, claiming it was unconstitutional. After himself incompetent for his duties.” House of the State of Missouri, 1860, 656. for an “America ruled by Americans.” A History of Augusta, Missouri and Dutch, including Sunday sales and an unsuccessful attempt to override, Republican, March 12, 1860, reprinted in Mallinckrodt, Knights to Pioneers, 289. its Area 1:41, 1:26. a County (Court) Bill.” Liberty Tribune, Kribben introduced a compromise bill the Liberty Tribune, March 16, 1860. The 64 Missouri Democrat, August 25, 1860. Kribben also spoke to Democrats April 1, 1859. addressing the constitutional concerns bill passed, and the governor vetoed it. of German birth at Tammany Hall in 38 Demokrat, July 29, 1858. St. Louis but replacing the county court, but The House had passed a resolution to 65 North Iowa Times, October 10, 1860. New York City. Brooklyn Eagle, Evening News, August 3, 1858. Demokrat, 48 Republican, February 5, 1859. See with five commissioners (three elected adjourn, and many members had gone October 7, 1856. August 5, 1858. Allison Clark Efford, Anderson, Abolitionizing Missouri, 74–75. in the city and two in the county). The home. When the Senate did not concur, 66 Ibid., July 25, 1860. Press and Tribune, “Race Should be as Unimportant as When Kribben argued that coercive governor signed the bill, but Blair later the House ordered the sergeant-at-arms July 25, 1860. 25 McClure, “A Century of Missouri Ancestry: German Radicals and African measures by the legislature could described Kribben as “the author of the to go after the absentees, but Speaker Politics,” 321. American Citizenship in the Missouri never make individuals moral, Drake odious county court bill, authorizing the Kribben countermanded the order and 67 Press and Tribune, September 26, Constitution of 1865,” Missouri responded by quoting the findings of governor to impose officers upon us the legislature adjourned sine die 1860. Ibid., August 25, 1860. 26 National Era, May 7, 1857. Historical Review (hereafter, MHR), a Grand Jury on the evil effects of not of our choosing,” Democrat, July 16, without considering an override of the Vol. 104, No. 3 (April 2010): 148. Sunday amusements, including Sunday 1860. Hannibal Messenger, March 8, 1859. veto. Glasgow Weekly Times, March 22, 68 Glasgow Weekly Times, October 27 Glasgow Weekly Times, July 23, 1857. theatricals. After moving to St. Louis, Thomas S. Barclay, The Movement 1860. St. Joseph Weekly Free Democrat, 4, 1860. 39 See Ch. Kribben to Robert M. Stewart, Christian Kribben and his younger for Municipal Home Rule in St. Louis March 24, 1860. 28 Ibid., August 27, 1857. Pro-slavery August 25, 1858, MSA, where Kribben brother, William, became active in the (Columbia: University of Missouri Studies, 69 Missouri Democrat, November 2, feelings had led the citizens to change expressed his lack of confidence German theater; Christian also played 1943), 24–26. 56 “Procedures of the Opposition 1860. “The Republican Meeting the name of Van Buren County, just in General Frost. See also Pearl T. in a symphony orchestra. Heinrich Meeting,” Demokrat, December 29, 1859, in Augusta,” Demokrat, October 7, south of Jackson County, to Cass Ponce, “The Noise of Democracy: The Boernstein, a prominent stage manager, 51 Liberty Tribune, December 23. 1859. in Mallinckrodt, History of Augusta, 1:31. 1860, in Mallinckrodt, History of County in 1848. Lecompton Constitution in Congress described Christian Kribben as one of Augusta, 1:47. and Kansas,” in Jonathan Earle and the two “best romantic leads I was able 52 Missouri Democrat, January 13, 1860. 57 “Preparation for Struggle,” Demokrat, 29 Republican, July 21, 1857. Diane Mutti Burke, eds., Bleeding Kansas, to raise.” Heinrich Boernstein, Memoirs Louis Gerteis, Civil War St. Louis February 2, 1860, in Mallinckrodt, 70 Republican, January 13, 1861. Bleeding Missouri (Lawrence: University of a Nobody: the Missouri years of an (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, History of Augusta, 1:38. 30 Lexington Express, reprinted in the Press of Kansas, 2013), 85–92. Austrian Radical, 1849-1866, edited 2001), 312–13. The bill also banned 71 Ibid. Liberty Tribune, September 3, 1858; by Steven Rowan (St. Louis: Missouri manumission without a $2,000 bond 58 Republican, March 6, 1860. The letter Republican, January 7, 1858. Kribben was 40 Glasgow Weekly Journal, October 7, Historical Society Press, 1997), 241. that the freedman will leave and not made it impossible for him to be the 72 “The Union Meeting in under the command of General Daniel M. 1858. Lexington Express, reprinted return to the state, and freedmen under candidate of the Opposition, “which Cottleville,” Demokrat, February 14, Frost. State statute allowed the governor in Liberty Tribune, September 3, 1858. 49 New York Daily Tribune, January 10, 18 were to be apprenticed until they failed to perfect their organization in 1861, in Mallinckrodt, History to appoint one inspector for each district 1859. An ultra-pro-slavery newspaper turned 21. Janesville Morning Gazette, Missouri.” C.H. McClure, “A Century of of Augusta, 1:55. in the state, who “shall regard himself 41 Missouri Democrat, December wrote, “Mr. Kribben hails from St. Louis — December 28, 1859. Missouri Politics,” MHR, Vol. 15, No. 321. as acting on behalf of the State, for the 30, 1858. is a foreigner — a national Democrat with Republican, March 28, 1860. 73 Ibid., February 15, 1861. preservation of its military honor, as well anti-slavery, anti-Sunday, Red Republican 53 Glasgow Weekly Times, March 15, as its arms and munitions, and he shall 42 Glasgow Weekly Times, January 6, proclivities.” Glasgow Weekly Times, 1860. Lexington Express, reprinted in 59 Weekly West, March 24, 1860. 74 A. Krekel to F.P. Blair, June 1, 1861, in prefer and prosecute charges against 1959. “Good enough Morgan” February 29, 1859. the Liberty Tribune, March 23, 1860. James Peckham, Gen. Nathaniel Lyon any and all officers and soldiers whose was a talking point used to influence 60 Memoirs of Gustave Koerner, and Missouri in 1861 (New York: conduct shall be prejudicial to voters temporarily in the period 54 Liberty Tribune, March 23, 1860. 1809–1866, 2:88-89, cited in “The American News Company, 1866), 215. the interest of either.” 1857 Missouri preceding an election. Republican Party in the ‘Border-Slave’ Former speaker John Coffee, Dr. John F. the Session Laws, 36. States,” 159. Snyder and Daniel M. Frost all served 43 Demokrat, January 6, 1859. as officers in the Confederate Army. 61 Anzeiger, June 15, 1860. Edward 44 New York Daily Tribune, January Bates wished Krekel had waited until his 10, 1859. “Lincoln letter and after the Baltimore Conventions,” in The Diary of Edward 45 Ibid. Bates, 1859–1866, June 16, 1860, edited by Howard K. Beale (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1933), 135. fall/winter ’20

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ENDNOTES continued

75 Phillips, Damn Yankee, 215–39. Gerteis, 83 Neue Zeit, in Missouri Republican, 92 Ibid. 102 Missouri Democrat, March 1, 1864. 115 Chicago Tribune, September 14, 1864. Civil War St. Louis, 94. Former governor October 15, 1863. Anderson, In “Bidding for the Rebels,” the same Stewart attempted to join the Union Abolitionizing Missouri, 140. 93 Mallinckrodt, trans., “Missouri newspaper identified “a very spirited 116 Daily Dispatch, September 3, 1864. Army, but his health kept him from Emancipation,” Demokrat, July 16, 1863, competition between two enterprising Anderson, Abolitionizing Missouri, 140. serving. See also Dennis K. Boman, 84 Gari Carter, Troubled State: Civil War in Mallinckrodt, History of Augusta, political firms, whose bidding of late Lincoln and Citizens’ Rights in Civil War Journals of Franklin Archibald Dick 1:99. has been a most lively character. One 117 “St. Charles County under Arms,” Missouri (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State (Kirksville: Truman State University Press, of these, Messrs. Kribben & Co., a Demokrat, October 6, 1864, in University Press, 2011), 44. The standard 2008), 91, 114, 119. 94 Ibid. Remarks of Arnold Krekel at democratic house, whose principal place Mallinckrodt, History of Augusta, 1:118. for emancipating slaves had been Warrenton, June 13, 1863, MHM, 8; of business is at Washington Hall in Liberty Tribune, October 7, 1864. established by Congress in the 85 Republican, November 5, 1862. Loyalty Benjamin Merkel, “The Anti-Slavery this city, made the first proposition.” Confiscation Act passed in early August oath of Christian Kribben, October 28, Controversy in Missouri, 1819–1865,” 32. Missouri Democrat, March 3, 1864. 118 Republican, October 14, 1864. 1861. Boman, Lincoln and Citizens’ 1862. Radical C.P. Johns received 6,386 Rights, 56–57. votes, Conservative S.T. Glover received 95 Klement, The Copperheads in the 103 Republican, February 24, 1864. 119 Chicago Tribune, October 12, 1864. 5,397 votes, and Kribben received 3,396 Middle West (Chicago: University of 76 Boman, Lincoln and Citizens’ Rights, votes. Republican, November 10, 1862. Chicago Press, 1960), 50, 99. After 104 Ibid., February 29, 1864 120 “Spirit of the German Press” Daily 117. Under orders to exclude slaves of meeting with New York Governor Missouri Republican, July 31, 1863. loyal masters from Union camps, Krekel 86 William Kribben to Theobold Engel, Horatio Seymour in Albany in August, 105 State Sentinel, February 27, 1864. In Gerteis, Civil War St. Louis, 197. Klement, wrote his commander in March 1862, March 4, 1863, F1638; March 23, 1863, Kribben wrote Colonel Robert Renick February 1864, the Supreme Court ruled Dark Lanterns, 136–51. “A Negro boy gave valuable information F1638, Provost Marshal’s Papers, expressing his frustration. “I sincerely courts had no power to issue a writ of in conducting the command, and I would MSA. William asked Christian to get believe that Seymour is infinitely more habeas corpus to a military commission. 121 Galusha Anderson, Story of a Border ask for permission to retain him until him a speedy trial or parole and sought radical at heart than he can be permitted Ex parte Vallandigham, 1 Wallace, 242. City during the Civil War (Boston: the war is over, as he cannot safely permission to travel with a guard to express for he is a public officer,” he Little, Brown, and Company, 1908), 344. return.” Lieutenant Colonel A. Krekel to to see his brother, who was to act said, accusing him of “cowardice.’” 106 Proceedings of military commission General John M. Schofield, St. Charles, as his counsel. Frank Van Der Linden, Dark Intrigue: against Judge, May 12, 1864; Letter from 122 Donnie D. Bellamy, “The Persistence March 10, 1862, OR, 7:333. The True Story of Civil War Conspiracy Arnold Krekel to Colonel Sanderson, of Colonization in Missouri,’ MHR, Vol. 72 87 Clover to Dick, February 26, 1863, (Golden, Colo.: Fulcrum Publishing, September 24, 1864; Accounting by (October 1977): 13. 77 Missouri Democrat, June 12, 1862. F1638, Provost Marshal’s Papers, MSA. 2007), 88–89. Sheriff Gatzweiler, F 1353; Accounting by Sheriff Gatzweiler, F 1353; Missouri’s 123 Gallatin North Missourian, May 11, 1865. 78 Anderson, Abolitionizing Missouri, 88 Letter from Barton Able to Col. F.A. 96 Weekly National Intelligencer, Union Provost Marshal Papers, MSA. 100–103. Dick, March 6, F1638; Parole, Special September 10, 1863; Anderson, Judge v. Booge, St. Charles County 124 The Diary of Edward Bates, 447. Bates Order 138: Kribben Acquitted, Released. Abolitionizing Missouri, 135–36. Circuit Court records, 13, 45, 50. had resigned from Lincoln’s cabinet. 78 Walter D. Kamphoefner, Germans in May 23, 1863, F1359, Provost Marshal’s the Civil War (Chapel Hill: North Carolina Papers, MSA. William Kribben was 97 Edward Bates to Hamilton Gamble, 107 Missouri Democrat, June 17, 1864. 125 Ibid., 486. Krekel would be Press, 2006), 345. piloting a steamboat traveling from October 10, 1863, Broadhead Papers, instrumental in the founding of Cairo to Memphis when federal officials MHS, Diary of Edward Bates, September 108 Ibid. The Missouri delegation selected Lincoln Institute in Jefferson City, the 80 Edward Bates to Hamilton Gamble, discovered it was carrying rebel mail, 30, 1863, 308. to attend the Democratic National predecessor of Lincoln University. He September 21, 1862, Bates Family and Kribben was a suspect based on the Convention in Chicago was composed served on its first board of directors, Papers, MHM. testimony of a female slave and a free 98 Weekly National Intelligencer, October entirely of “Peace Democrats.” lectured, and raised funds. Barnes-Krekel black woman. Provost Marshal Letters 8, 1863; Missouri Democrat, October Hall was the first women’s dormitory 81 Missouri Democrat, January 20, 1863. Case in Brief, February 20, 1863, F1593; 5, 1863; New York World, October 3, 109 Missouri Democrat, July 11, 1864. The at Lincoln constructed in 1881. Walter D. Chicago Daily Tribune, October 30, Statement of Charles W. Conklin, 1863; Washington Evening Star, Missouri Democrat insisted this position Kamphoefner, “Arnold Krekel,” 1862. Demokrat, October 30, 1862, in February 24, 1863, F1638; Statement September 3, 1863. conflicted sharply with the express Mallinckrodt, History of Augusta, of Christine Simmons, February 25, opinions of some of “the more imperious 126 Republican, June 17, 1865. Missouri, 1:81. 1863, F1638; Statement of Sarah Grey 99 Weekly National Intelligencer, of the German leaders, who wish to February 26, 1863, F1638; Statement of October 1, 1863; Missouri Democrat, subordinate all other questions to the 127 Mallinckrodt, trans, “Federal Judge 82 Missouri Democrat, December 17, Kribben, N.D. F1638; Letter from Allen October 21, 1863. single one of the Presidency.” Arnold Krekel,” Demokrat, July 19, 1888, 1862. “The Infamy against Krekel and the Blacker to Colonel F.A. Dick, May 14, in Mallinckrodt, History of Augusta, Germans Becomes Greater,” Demokrat, 1863, F1638; Letters from Allen Blacker, 100 Missouri Democrat and Republican, 110 Neue Zeit, August 1, 1864, from 3:543. Anderson, Abolitionizing December 4, 1862, in Mallinckrodt, May 14, 1863, F1638. Missouri’s Union November 2 and 3, 1863. A strong Missouri Democrat, August 17, 1864. Missouri, 1–2. History of Augusta, 1:84. While his Provost Marshal Papers, MSA. showing by Radicals in state military exploits earned Krekel the vote circuit-judge elections convinced Lincoln 111 Frank L. Klement, Dark Lanterns: of almost all voters in uniform and nearly 89 “Protest Meeting at Augusta,” that recruiting slaves was politically Secret Political Societies, Conspiracies 80 percent in St. Charles County, some Demokrat, March 26, 1863, in feasible in Missouri and “all able-bodied and Treason Trials in the Civil War (Baton in the German press criticized U.S. Mallinckrodt, History of Augusta, colored men, whether free or slave,” Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, Senator John Henderson, who tried to 1:92. were received into the service. 1984), 177–78. Klement, Copperheads get Krekel to reach “an accommodation Blassingame, “The Recruitment on of the Middle West, 178. of principles” with Rollins, and blamed 90 Kamphoefner, Westphalians, 131, 134, Negro Troops in Missouri during the Henderson when Krekel received 123–124. “Germans Increase Land Civil War,” MHR, 326–29. 112 New York Times, October 19, 1864, less than three percent of the combined Holdings,” Demokrat, October 2, 1879, from Missouri Democrat, July 28, 1864. vote in Audrain, Boone, Monroe, Pike in Mallinckrodt, History of Augusta, 101 Missouri Republican, February 7, and Ralls counties on Election Day. 2:405. 1864. See also Benjamin Merkel, “The 113 Missouri Democrat, July 31, 1864. Chicago Daily Tribune, October 30, Anti-Slavery Controversy in Missouri, 1862. Demokrat, October 30, 1862, in 91 Remarks of Arnold Krekel at 1819–1865,” 43–44. 114 Republican, July 29, 1864. Klement, Mallinckrodt, History of Augusta, 1:81. Warrenton, June 13, 1863, MHS, 8; Dark Lanterns, 87–88.