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Political Culture of Individualism and Collectivism Political Culture of Individualism and Collectivism by Kwang-Il Yoon A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Political Science) in The University of Michigan 2010 Doctoral Committee: Professor Ronald F. Inglehart, Chair Professor Gregory B. Markus Professor Daphna R. Oyserman Associate Professor Ted Brader Copyright © Kwang-Il Yoon 2010 To my late father, Sung-Yong Yoon and my mother, Shin-Ok Kim ii Acknowledgements It is my great pleasure to acknowledge the help I have received in my graduate studies at the University of Michigan. I owe my success to the support and encouragement from people I met here. First, I would like to thank the members of my dissertation committee. It has been my privilege to work with all these mentors to whom I owe an enormous intellectual debt. Professor Ronald Inglehart, who was the reason why I decided to study here, has been supportive of my research and generously allowed me to observe how he organizes the World Values Survey project. Professor Daphna Oyserman, whose work inspired this dissertation, has always been prompt to give me insightful feedback. Professor Greg Markus, who taught me political behavior, has reminded me how important it is, as a political scientist, to see a “big picture” when I deal with numbers and equations. Professor Ted Brader, who introduced me to political psychology, has taught me how to do a rigorous analysis in the field and how to teach students seriously. Second, I cannot thank Maia Bergman enough for constant moral support and encouragement. She has always appreciated my work and gone out of her way to help me financially and otherwise by hiring me whenever I did not teach and need work. She is one of the nicest and kindest souls that I have ever known. I am extremely fortunate to know her. iii I also would like to thank Okyeon Yi, Ha-Lyong Jung, Konsik Lee, Hyeong-ki Kwon, Byoung-inn Bae, Chang-Jo Lee, Myounghoon Jang, Eun Chul Kim, Won-Seop Song, Jegoo Lee, Won-ho Park, Junghwa Lee, Sang-Jung Hahn, Jeongwon Yang, Su- Hyun Lee, Nam Kyu Kim, Mi Hwa Hong, Na Youn Lee, and Hyeon-ho Hahm, friendship with whom helped me realize that there is a home away from home. Rex Patterson, who had been my boss at Rackham for quite some time, and Lili Kivisto and Michelle Spornhauer, who had always tried to help me find a job, also made me feel at home here and I thank them for their kindness and consideration. The University of Michigan deserves my special thanks for generously supporting my education and family. Moreover, I have met all these amazing people here. This is a special place I will never forget. Finally, I am especially grateful to my wife, Sun-mi Kim, who has patiently waited for me to finish this dissertation, working and raising our adorable daughter, Ann Yebin for the last two years in Korea. She deserves a special credit for that and I am sure that Ann will agree with me. She is a terrific role model to our Ann. I also would like to thank my mother, Shin-Ok Kim and my parents-in-law, Il Joong Kim and Sun Young Kwon, who have helped to raise Ann since she was born. They have always been there for me. I am most glad that I can reunite with my family whom I love dearly. iv Table of Contents Dedication ........................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ................................................................................................................... vii Abstract ............................................................................................................................ viii Chapter I. Introduction ..................................................................................................1 II. Political Culture and Individualism and Collectivism: A Theoretical Review ........................................................................................................5 III. Political Psychology of Individualism and Collectivism ...........................50 IV. Multilevel Model of Individualism and Collectivism: Attribution of Responsibility ..........................................................................................115 V. Conclusion ...............................................................................................165 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................170 v List of Tables Table 3.1 The Number of Observations for Country by Wave 91 3.2 Individualism and Collectivism Index with Country Level Ratings 92 3.3 Effects of Individualism on Trust 99 3.4 Effects of Collectivism on Trust 100 3.5 Effects of Individualism on Trust Index 101 3.6 Effects of Collectivism on Trust Index 102 3.7 Effects of Individualism on Intolerance 103 3.8 Effects of Collectivism on Intolerance 104 3.9 Effects of Individualism on Membership 105 3.10 Effects of Collectivism on Membership 106 3.11 Effects of Individualism on Subjective Well-Being 107 3.12 Effects of Collectivism on Subjective Well-Being 108 3.13 Effects of Individualism on National Pride 109 3.14 Effects of Collectivism on National Pride 110 3.15 Effects of Individualism on Political Interest 111 3.16 Effects of Collectivism on Political Interest 112 3.17 Effects of Individualism on Political Action Scale 113 3.18 Effects of Collectivism on Political Action Scale 114 4.1 Effects of Individualism on Free Choice 151 4.2 Effects of Collectivism on Free Choice 152 4.3 Effects of Individualism on Fate vs. Control 153 4.4 Effects of Collectivism on Fate vs. Control 154 4.5 Effects of Individualism on Government Responsibility vs. Individual 155 Responsibility 4.6 Effects of Collectivism on Government Responsibility vs. Individual 156 Responsibility 4.7 Effects of Individualism on Government Ownership vs. Private 157 Ownership of Business and Industry 4.8 Effects of Collectivism on Government Ownership vs. Private 158 Ownership of Business and Industry 4.9 Effects of Individualism on Income Redistribution 159 4.10 Effects of Collectivism on Income Redistribution 160 4.11 Effects of Individualism on Claiming Government Benefits Justifiable 161 4.12 Effects of Collectivism on Claiming Government Benefits Justifiable 162 4.13 Effects of Individualism on Tax Cheating Justifiable 163 4.14 Effects of Collectivism on Tax Cheating Justifiable 164 vi List of Figures Figure 3.1 Individualism in OECD Countries over the Five Waves of the World 93 Values Survey 3.2 Collectivism in OECD Countries over the Five Waves of the World 93 Values Survey 3.3 Individualism-Collectivism Ratings at the Country Level 94 3.4 Trust in General 94 3.5 Trust Index 95 3.6 Intolerance Index 95 3.7 Membership Index 96 3.8 Subjective Well-Being 96 3.9 How Proud of Nationality 97 3.10 Political Interest 97 3.11 Political Action Index 98 4.1 Freedom of Choice and Control 147 4.2 Fate vs. Control 147 4.3 Government vs. Individual Responsibility 148 4.4 Government vs. Private Ownership of Business and Industry 148 4.5 Income Redistribution 149 4.6 Claiming Government Benefits Justifiable 149 4.7 Tax Cheating Justifiable 150 vii ABSTRACT Political Culture of Individualism and Collectivism by Kwang-Il Yoon Chair: Ronald F. Inglehart The dissertation is based on the premise that culture affects individuals’ political attitude and behavior via internalized cultural values and as “human-made” environments under which they think and act. It specifies culture as individualism and collectivism, which have been widely studied as the central organizing dimensions of culture. The constructs have also been advanced as crucial to the scientific study of culture. The analysis draws on the limits and achievements of two theoretical frameworks: political culture and culture-oriented psychology. The political culture approach has been proposed to provide a unifying theoretical framework that bridges the gap between micro- and macro- level analysis. Existing empirical political culture literature, however, shows that the aggregate level analysis has been the dominant approach to the study of political culture. The alternative, culture oriented psychology has provided the ways to analyze how culture affects an individual’s psychology but the effort to identify the cultural effects on political attitude and behavior has been largely absent. viii Thus, the empirical analysis of this dissertation attempts to identify the cultural effects of individualism and collectivism on the individual’s political attitude and behavior while disentangling the individual and national level effects based on multilevel modeling. It uses the five waves (1981-2007) of the World Values Survey for thirty OECD member countries and attempts to establish a stronger case for the external validity of the findings. The analysis finds that in general individualism and collectivism matter both for the elements of civic culture/social capital and for political responsibility attribution. The significant cultural effects show up either at one level or at both: Individualism affects trust, tolerance, membership, and political participation positively while collectivism affects these civic culture/social capital variables negatively. In contrast,
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