Designing a Conceptual Framework for Reusable Alternate Reality Games Master Thesis in Media Software Design 2014

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Designing a Conceptual Framework for Reusable Alternate Reality Games Master Thesis in Media Software Design 2014 Designing a conceptual framework for reusable Alternate Reality Games Master Thesis in Media Software Design 2014 By Robert Stanescu Supervisor: Carl Magnus Olsson Examiner: Jan Persson Contact Information Author: Robert Stanescu Email: [email protected] Supervisor: Carl Magnus Olsson Email: [email protected] Malmö University, Department of Computer Science Examiner: Jan Persson Email: [email protected] Malmö University, Department of Computer Science 1 Abstract The main drawback of Alternate Reality Gaming, compared to other genres, is that it lacks reusability; typically it cannot be played freely by anyone, anytime, anywhere. However, with the help of modern technology, especially in the mobile devices section, this can be overcome, at least to a certain extent. Therefore, we propose a conceptual framework built upon these challenges raised by other ARGs, a framework meant for game designers and developers that wish to create reusable ARGs, to add reusability to their own ARGs or even turn their digital games into a mixed experience. We designed it by reviewing relevant literature of past ARGs that had a reusable or a digital component, from which we have drawn conclusions and mixed them with our own ideas. Then we tested it iteratively by developing two prototypes and evaluating them through user feedback. Keywords: alternate reality game ARG, augmented reality AR, conceptual framework 2 Contents Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 6 Chapter 2. Related Research........................................................................................ 8 2.1. Background ........................................................................................................ 8 2.2. Reusability ....................................................................................................... 10 2.3. Location and Context Awareness ..................................................................... 12 2.4. Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 3. Methodology .............................................................................................. 14 Chapter 4. Iteration 1 .................................................................................................. 16 4.1. Conceptual Framework .................................................................................... 16 4.1.1. Communication ......................................................................................... 16 4.1.2. Visual ........................................................................................................ 17 4.1.3. Audio ......................................................................................................... 17 4.1.4. Content Generation ................................................................................... 17 4.2. Prototype.......................................................................................................... 18 4.2.1. Design ....................................................................................................... 18 4.2.2. Development ............................................................................................. 21 4.3. Evaluation ........................................................................................................ 23 Chapter 5. Iteration 2 .................................................................................................. 25 5.1. Conceptual Framework .................................................................................... 25 5.1.1. Communication ......................................................................................... 25 5.1.2. Visual ........................................................................................................ 26 5.1.3. Audio ......................................................................................................... 26 5.1.4. Content Generation ................................................................................... 26 5.2. Prototype.......................................................................................................... 27 5.2.1. Design ....................................................................................................... 27 5.2.2. Development ............................................................................................. 31 5.3. Evaluation ........................................................................................................ 35 Chapter 6. Discussion ................................................................................................. 38 Chapter 7. Conclusions ............................................................................................... 40 Chapter 8. References and Appendix ......................................................................... 41 8.1. References ....................................................................................................... 41 8.2. Appendix .......................................................................................................... 44 3 Table of Figures Figure 1. People playing an ARG .................................................................................... 6 Figure 2. Why So Serious? – The Dark Knight ARG ........................................................ 9 Figure 3. Ingress gameplay ............................................................................................. 9 Figure 4. Clandestine Anomaly – AR generated content ............................................... 10 Figure 5. Paper Prototype – Scenario ............................................................................ 19 Figure 6. Storyflow ......................................................................................................... 20 Figure 7. App screen ..................................................................................................... 21 Figure 8. App interface .................................................................................................. 22 Figure 9. One of the testers searching for the AR location............................................. 23 Figure 10. Storyflow ....................................................................................................... 28 Figure 11. ―Earth‖ website ............................................................................................. 29 Figure 12. ―Earth‖ clue - before and after AR ................................................................. 30 Figure 13. "Fire" website ................................................................................................ 31 Figure 14. App interface (screens) ................................................................................. 32 Figure 15. Call screen .................................................................................................... 33 Figure 16. Users/Sessions by country ........................................................................... 35 Figure 17. User-made choices ....................................................................................... 36 Figure 18. Devices used for testing the prototype .......................................................... 36 Figure 19. User Behavior Flow ...................................................................................... 37 4 List of Acronyms ARG Alternate Reality Game AR Augmented Reality NPC Non-Player Character API Application Programming Interface OTA Over The Air PC Personal Computer GPS Global Positioning System AI Artificial Intelligence QR (code) Quick Response Code SMS Short Message Service MMS Multimedia Messaging Service OS Operating System POI Point of Interest ADT Android Development Tools SDK Software Development Kit UI User Interface 5 Chapter 1. Introduction The video game industry is one of the largest components of the entertainment industry nowadays with billions of dollars in revenue [1] and it is continuously growing through newer and more powerful technologies. However, almost all games try to turn the player into someone else, to bring the user into that character's fictitious world. Therefore, this paper proposes a conceptual framework for a game that does the opposite, it brings the game into the user's world, with the help of one of the most common component of our everyday life, the mobile device. This device becomes a magical artifact, a tool that connects the game world and the reality through the use of Augmented Reality. The idea of bringing the game into reality is deeply explored by the concept of Alternative Reality Games (ARGs) [2]. This macro-trend [3] represents the future of gaming as ―all types of entertainment have been unconsciously converging on an ARG- like destination‖ [4]. The term of ARG will soon disappear as it will ―merely be assumed to be the case for every type of entertainment or game‖ [4]. Figure 1. People playing an ARG However, at the moment ARGs present a major drawback, and that is reusability [5], or the absence thereof. First, these games are played only once, during a specific time frame, they evolve around specific locations and with a limited number of players who discovered the game before it started [Figure 1]. Therefore, they lack repeatability because of time and location constraints. Second, ARGs require a large amount of human effort in order to run
Recommended publications
  • Chapter 2 3D User Interfaces: History and Roadmap
    30706 02 pp011-026 r1jm.ps 5/6/04 3:49 PM Page 11 CHAPTER 2 3D3D UserUser Interfaces:Interfaces: HistoryHistory andand RoadmapRoadmap Three-dimensional UI design is not a traditional field of research with well-defined boundaries. Like human–computer interaction (HCI), it draws from many disciplines and has links to a wide variety of topics. In this chapter, we briefly describe the history of 3D UIs to set the stage for the rest of the book. We also present a 3D UI “roadmap” that posi- tions the topics covered in this book relative to associated areas. After reading this chapter, you should have an understanding of the origins of 3D UIs and its relation to other fields, and you should know what types of information to expect from the remainder of this book. 2.1. History of 3D UIs The graphical user interfaces (GUIs) used in today’s personal computers have an interesting history. Prior to 1980, almost all interaction with com- puters was based on typing complicated commands using a keyboard. The display was used almost exclusively for text, and when graphics were used, they were typically noninteractive. But around 1980, several technologies, such as the mouse, inexpensive raster graphics displays, and reasonably priced personal computer parts, were all mature enough to enable the first GUIs (such as the Xerox Star). With the advent of GUIs, UI design and HCI in general became a much more important research area, since the research affected everyone using computers. HCI is an 11 30706 02 pp011-026 r1jm.ps 5/6/04 3:49 PM Page 12 12 Chapter 2 3D User Interfaces: History and Roadmap 1 interdisciplinary field that draws from existing knowledge in perception, 2 cognition, linguistics, human factors, ethnography, graphic design, and 3 other areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Correlating the Effects of Flow and Telepresence in Virtual Worlds: Enhancing Our Understanding of User Behavior in Game-Based Learning
    CITATION: Faiola, A., Newlon, C., Pfaff, M., & Smysolva, O. (2013) Correlating the effects of flow and telepresence in virtual worlds: Enhancing our understanding of user behavior in game-based learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 1113-1121. (Elsevier) Correlating the effects of flow and telepresence in virtual worlds: Enhancing our understanding of user behavior in game-based learning Anthony Faiola a , Christine Newlon a, Mark Pfaff a, Olga Smyslova b a Indiana University, School of Informatics (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, USA b Kaiser Permanente, USA ABSTRACT Article history: Recent research on online learning suggests that virtual worlds are becoming an important environment Available online xxxx to observe the experience of flow. From these simulated spaces, researchers may gather a deeper under- standing of cognition in the context of game-based learning. Csikszentmihalyi (1997) describes flow as a Keywords: feeling of increased psychological immersion and energized focus, with outcomes that evoke disregard Flow for external pressures and the loss of time consciousness, issuing in a sense of pleasure. Past studies sug- Telepresence gest that flow is encountered in an array of activities and places, including those in virtual worlds. The Human–computer interaction authors’ posit that flow in virtual worlds, such as Second Life (SL), can be positively associated with Virtual worlds degrees of the cognitive phenomenon of immersion and telepresence. Flow may also contribute to a bet- Gaming Online learning ter attitude and behavior during virtual game-based learning. This study tested three hypotheses related to flow and telepresence, using SL. Findings suggest that both flow and telepresence are experienced in SL and that there is a significant correlation between them.
    [Show full text]
  • Immersive Virtual Reality Methods in Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychology: Meeting the Criteria of the National Academy Of
    Immersive virtual reality methods in cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology: Meeting the criteria of the National Academy of Neuropsychology and American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology Panagiotis Kourtesisa,b,c,d* and Sarah E. MacPhersone,f aNational Research Institute of Computer Science and Automation, INRIA, Rennes, France; bUniv Rennes, Rennes, France; cResearch Institute of Computer Science and Random Systems, IRISA, Rennes, France; dFrench National Centre for Scientific Research, CNRS, Rennes, France. eHuman Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; fDepartment of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; * Panagiotis Kourtesis, National Research Institute of Computer Science and Automation, INRIA, Rennes, France. Email: [email protected] Abstract Clinical tools involving immersive virtual reality (VR) may bring several advantages to cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology. However, there are some technical and methodological pitfalls. The American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) and the National Academy of Neuropsychology (NAN) raised 8 key issues pertaining to Computerized Neuropsychological Assessment Devices. These issues pertain to: (1) the safety and effectivity; (2) the identity of the end-user; (3) the technical hardware and software features; (4) privacy and data security; (5) the psychometric properties; (6) examinee issues; (7) the use of reporting services; and (8) the reliability of the responses and results. The VR Everyday Assessment Lab (VR-EAL) is the first immersive VR neuropsychological battery with enhanced ecological validity for the assessment of everyday cognitive functions by offering a pleasant testing experience without inducing cybersickness. The VR-EAL meets the criteria of the NAN and AACN, addresses the methodological pitfalls, and brings advantages for neuropsychological testing.
    [Show full text]
  • New Realities Risks in the Virtual World 2
    Emerging Risk Report 2018 Technology New realities Risks in the virtual world 2 Lloyd’s disclaimer About the author This report has been co-produced by Lloyd's and Amelia Kallman is a leading London futurist, speaker, Amelia Kallman for general information purposes only. and author. As an innovation and technology While care has been taken in gathering the data and communicator, Amelia regularly writes, consults, and preparing the report Lloyd's does not make any speaks on the impact of new technologies on the future representations or warranties as to its accuracy or of business and our lives. She is an expert on the completeness and expressly excludes to the maximum emerging risks of The New Realities (VR-AR-MR), and extent permitted by law all those that might otherwise also specialises in the future of retail. be implied. Coming from a theatrical background, Amelia started Lloyd's accepts no responsibility or liability for any loss her tech career by chance in 2013 at a creative or damage of any nature occasioned to any person as a technology agency where she worked her way up to result of acting or refraining from acting as a result of, or become their Global Head of Innovation. She opened, in reliance on, any statement, fact, figure or expression operated and curated innovation lounges in both of opinion or belief contained in this report. This report London and Dubai, working with start-ups and corporate does not constitute advice of any kind. clients to develop connections and future-proof strategies. Today she continues to discover and bring © Lloyd’s 2018 attention to cutting-edge start-ups, regularly curating All rights reserved events for WIRED UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Telepresence in Virtual Worlds
    Exploring Telepresence in Virtual Worlds Dan Zhang z3378568 A thesis in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Information Systems and Technology Management UNSW Business School March 2018 PLEASE TYPE THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname or Family name: Zhang First name: Dan Other name/s: Abbreviation for degree as given in the University calendar: PhD School: School of Information Systems and Technology Management Faculty: UNSW Business School Title: Exploring telepresence in virtual worlds Abstract 350 words maximum: (PLEASE TYPE) Virtual worlds, as the computer-based simulated environments incorporating various representations of real-world elements, have great potential to not only transform the structures and operation modes of various industries but also change the way people work, do business, learn, play, and communicate. However, the existing sharp distinctions between virtual worlds and the real world also bring critical challenges. To address these challenges, the concept of telepresence—the user’s feeling of ‘being there’ in the virtual environments—is adopted as it is considered a direct and essential consequence of a virtual world’s reality. To cultivate this feeling, it is essential to understand what factors can lead to telepresence. However, some literature gaps on telepresence antecedents impede the understanding of telepresence antecedents and affect the adoption of the telepresence construct in the design of virtual worlds. To address these issues, this study explores the concept of telepresence in the context of virtual worlds. Specifically, by adopting means-end chain (MEC) theory, the study aims to investigate the antecedents of telepresence; to reveal the inter-relationships among these antecedents by building a hierarchical structure; and to develop an innovative approach for user segmentation to understand in-depth individual differences in perceiving telepresence.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating the Advantages of Physical and Digital Elements in Hybrid
    EVALUATING THE ADVANTAGES OF PHYSICAL AND DIGITAL ELEMENTS IN HYBRID TABLETOP GAMES MASTER’S THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE HTW BERLIN – UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL MEDIA AND COMPUTING Submitted by: Tobias Wehrum ([email protected]) First Supervisor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Carsten Busch Second Supervisor: André Selmanagić Date and Place: September 23, 2014, Berlin Acknowledgements With this thesis I will complete my studies of International Media and Computing at the HTW Berlin. For that reason I want to express my gratitude to everyone who supported me during my studies in general and this thesis in particular. Firstly, I would like to thank Prof. Dr.-Ing. Carsten Busch for providing me with the opportunity to write this thesis, for his support and for the freedom I was granted while researching, designing and developing. I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude for the support of André Selmanagić, whose supervision guided me during these months, whose feedback and corrections vastly improved every aspect of this thesis and who was always willing to listen to any issues I encountered. I am very grateful for all the participants of the testing sessions and for everyone who spent their time discussing concepts and ideas for this thesis, especially the Berlin game development community which provided a lot of interesting input and food for thought. Special thanks go to Marina Bahlke who proofread a large part of this thesis. Her feedback lead to the correction of many mistakes and unclear sentences. I am also thankful to Kurt Chapman, who provided some last-minute proofreading and corrections.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance in an Alternate Reality Game
    The Malthusian Paradox: Performance in an Alternate Reality Game ELIZABETH EVANS, MARTIN FLINTHAM, SARAH MARTINDALE University of Nottingham Nottingham NG81BB, UK { elizabeth.evans, martin.flintham, sarah.martindale }@nottingham.ac.uk Tel: +44 115 748 4041 Fax: +44 115 823 2551 URL: www.nottingham.ac.uk Abstract. The Malthusian Paradox is a transmedia alternate reality game (ARG) created by artists Dominic Shaw and Adam Sporne played by 300 participants over three months. We explore the design of the game, which cast players as agents of a radical organisation attempting to uncover the truth behind a kidnapping and a sinister biotech corporation, and highlight how it redefined performative frames by blurring conventional performer and spectator roles in sometimes discomforting ways. Players participated in the game via a broad spectrum of interaction channels, including performative group spectacles and 1-to-1 engagements with game characters in public settings, making use of low- and high-tech physical and online artefacts including bespoke and third party websites. Players and game characters communicated via telephony and social media in both a designed and an ad-hoc manner. We reflect on the production and orchestration of the game, including the dynamic nature of the strong episodic narrative driven by professionally produced short films that attempted to respond to the actions of players; and the difficulty of designing for engagement across hybrid and temporally expansive performance space. We suggest that an ARG whose boundaries
    [Show full text]
  • Metaverse Roadmap Overview, 2007. 2007
    A Cross-Industry Public Foresight Project Co-Authors Contributing Authors John Smart, Acceleration Studies Foundation Corey Bridges, Multiverse Jamais Cascio, Open the Future Jochen Hummel, Metaversum Jerry Paffendorf, The Electric Sheep Company James Hursthouse, OGSi Randal Moss, American Cancer Society Lead Reviewers Edward Castronova, Indiana University Richard Marks, Sony Computer Entertainment Alexander Macris, Themis Group Rueben Steiger, Millions of Us LEAD SPONSOR FOUNDING PARTNERS Futuring and Innovation Center Graphic Design: FizBit.com accelerating.org metaverseroadmap.org MVR Summit Attendees Distinguished industry leaders, technologists, analysts, and creatives who provided their insights in various 3D web domains. Bridget C. Agabra Project Manager, Metaverse Roadmap Project Patrick Lincoln Director, Computer Science Department, SRI Janna Anderson Dir. of Pew Internet’s Imagining the Internet; Asst. International Prof. of Communications, Elon University Julian Lombardi Architect, Open Croquet; Assistant VP for Tod Antilla Flash Developer, American Cancer Society Academic Services and Technology Support, Office of Information Technology Wagner James Au Blogger, New World Notes; Author, The Making of Second Life, 2008 Richard Marks Creator of the EyeToy camera interface; Director of Special Projects, Sony CEA R&D Jeremy Bailenson Director, Virtual Human Interaction Lab, Stanford University Bob Moore Sociologist, Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), PlayOn project Betsy Book Director of Product Management, Makena Technologies/There;
    [Show full text]
  • What Is a Virtual World? Definition and Classification
    Education Tech Research Dev https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-018-9577-y RESEARCH ARTICLE What is a virtual world? Definition and classification Carina Girvan1 Ó The Author(s) 2018. This article is an open access publication Abstract In 2008, articles by Bell and Schroeder provided an initial platform from which to develop a coherent definition of the term ‘virtual worlds’. Yet over the past ten years, there has been little development of the term. Instead there is confusion in the literature, with the introduction of new terms which are at times used to classify the type of virtual world and at others are used synonymously with the term. At the same time there has been a resurgence of interest in the potential of virtual reality which further muddies the con- ceptual waters. While the lack of a clear and common understanding of a term is not uncommon, there are implications for researchers and practitioners. To address these issues, this paper presents a new framework for the definition of virtual worlds, arguing what it is for a world to be virtual, the user experience that is a necessary part of this and the technical features which afford this. For the first time the relationships between commonly confused terms and technologies are identified to provide a much needed conceptual clarity for researchers and educators. Keywords Virtual world Á MUVE Á 3D learning environment Á Definition Introduction Thus far, definitions of virtual worlds lack an essential conceptualisation of what a virtual world is. The propensity towards a techno-centric definition has its advantages as it allows for a myriad of user experiences, however it results in confusion between technologies with similar technical features, most likely because a virtual world, much like a smart phone, relies on a combination of different technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • A Platform for Location-Aware Trans-Reality Games
    fAARS: A Platform for Location-Aware Trans-reality Games Lucio Gutierrez, Eleni Stroulia, Ioanis Nikolaidis Computing Science Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E8, Canada {lucio, stroulia, nikolaidis}@ualberta.ca Abstract. Users today can easily and intuitively record their real-world experi- ences through mobile devices, and commodity virtual worlds enable users from around the world to socialize in the context of realistic environments where they simulate real-world activities. This synergy of technological advances makes the design and implementation of trans-reality games, blending the boundaries of the real and virtual worlds, a compelling software-engineering problem. In this paper, we describe fAARS, a platform for developing and de- ploying trans-reality games that cut across the real and parallel virtual worlds, offering users a range of game-play modalities. We place fAARS in the context of recent related work, and we demonstrate its capabilities by discussing two different games developed on it, one with three different variants. Keywords. Game platform; trans-reality games; virtual worlds; mobile games 1 Introduction Location-based games are a type of pervasive games that use the physical space of our entire world as a game board [8]. Their implementation relies on special-purpose middleware that integrates the players’ smart-phones so that they can share informa- tion about their location, surroundings and actions. The players’ game experience can be further enhanced with parallel virtual worlds, so that they can experience the game in the real world and in alternate realities, possibly at the same time. This technologi- cal convergence, on one hand, and the pervasiveness of the “gamification” concept across many aspects of our activities today, on the other, has brought to the forefront a new breed of pervasive games called “trans-reality games”.
    [Show full text]
  • Delivering Educational Multimedia Contents Through an Augmented Reality Application: a Case Study on Its Impact on Knowledge Acquisition and Retention
    TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology – October 2013, volume 12 issue 4 DELIVERING EDUCATIONAL MULTIMEDIA CONTENTS THROUGH AN AUGMENTED REALITY APPLICATION: A CASE STUDY ON ITS IMPACT ON KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION AND RETENTION David Pérez-López, Manuel Contero Instituto de Investigación en Bioingeniería y Tecnología Orientada al Ser Humano (I3BH) Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper presents a study to analyze the use of augmented reality (AR) for delivering multimedia content to support the teaching and learning process of the digestive and circulatory systems at the primary school level, and its impact on knowledge retention. Our AR application combines oral explanations and 3D models and animations of anatomical structures. A validation study was conducted with fourth grade students in order to evaluate the effect of our tool on knowledge retention. In this study, we attempt to verify whether students using the AR application retained more concepts that those learning the topic in a traditional setting. Results show an increased knowledge retention on students using AR multimedia contents as opposed to those following a traditional course, which validates AR technology as a promising tool to improve students’ motivation and interest, and to support the learning and teaching process in educational contexts. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, many educational institutions in developed countries are facing a lack of interest and motivation in students towards traditional academic practices. The growing distance between teaching procedures and the students’ technological way of life contributes to widen the gap. Up to the 19th century, formal education focused almost exclusively on lectures and recitations.
    [Show full text]
  • Interaction Principles of 3D World Editors in Mobilephones with Focus on the User Experience
    EXAMENSARBETE INOM DATALOGI OCH DATATEKNIK, AVANCERAD NIVÅ, 30 HP STOCKHOLM, SVERIGE 2020 Interaction Principles of 3D World Editors in MobilePhones with Focus on the User Experience VINCENT ERIK WONG KTH SKOLAN FÖR ELEKTROTEKNIK OCH DATAVETENSKAP Sammanfattning 3D v¨arldsredigerare anv¨ands omfattande i mobilapplikationer f¨or ma- nipulering av virtuella v¨arldar, men det finns ingen generell designram- verk f¨or de b¨asta interaktionprinciperna f¨or v¨arldsredigerare i mobiltele- foner. Genom att studera interaktionsprinciper, koncept, och funktioner som anv¨ands i konsumentbaserade v¨arldsredigerare, denna studies fokus ligger p˚autveckling och design av en prototyp, sedan evalueras inter- aktionsprinciperna, uppdelade i f¨oljande anv¨andaromr˚aden: urval, place- ring, manipulering. Resultatet fr˚an en heuristisk evaluering som st¨odjs av anv¨andartester visar p˚aatt det finns en majoritet som f¨oredrar f¨oljande kombination av interaktionsprinciper f¨or ett b¨attre anv¨andarupplevelse: en organiserad och simplifierad butiksgr¨ansnitt f¨or urval, rutn¨atssystem ¨over det friasystemet f¨or placering av virtuella objekt, och en kombina- tion av snabb- och l˚angsam tryck f¨or manipulering av virtuella objekt i 3D v¨arldsredigerar-prototypen f¨or mobiltelefoner skapad f¨or denna studie. 1 Interaction Principles of 3D World Editors in Mobile Phones with Focus on the User Experience Vincent Erik Wong [email protected] EECS School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden Abstract to overload the user interface, which is not an optimal solu- 3D world editors are widely used in mobile applications for tion in terms of UX especially for small touch-based screen manipulation of the virtual world, however, there are no devices (i.e.
    [Show full text]