Cryptology’s Role in the Early Development of Computer Capabilities in the United States This publication is a product of the National Security Agency history program. It presents a historical perspective for informational and educational purposes, is the result of independent research, and does not necessarily reflect a position of NSA/CSS or any other U.S. government entity. This publication is distributed free by the National Security Agency. If you would like additional copies, please email your request to
[email protected] or write to: Center for Cryptologic History National Security Agency 9800 Savage Road, Suite 6886 Fort George G. Meade, MD 20755-6886 Cover: A World War II COLOSSUS computer system. Cryptology’s Role in the Early Development of Computer Capabilities in the United States James V. Boone and James J. Hearn Center for Cryptologic History National Security Agency 2015 Preface ryptology is an extraordinary national endeavor where only first place counts. This attitude was prevalent among the partici- pantsC in the U.K.’s Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) activities at Bletchley Park1 during World War II. One of GC&CS’s many achievements during this time was the development and exten- sive use of the world’s first large-scale electronic digital computer called COLOSSUS. The highly skilled military personnel assigned to Bletchley Park returned to the U.S. with this experience and, aug- mented by the experience from other government-supported devel- opment activities in the U.S., their ideas for using electronic digital computer technology were quickly accepted by the U.S.