Aspects Ethnobotaniques Et Etude De La Variabilite Morphologique, Biochimique Et Phenologique De Detarium Microcarpum Guill

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Aspects Ethnobotaniques Et Etude De La Variabilite Morphologique, Biochimique Et Phenologique De Detarium Microcarpum Guill FACULTEIT BIO- INGENIEURSWETENSCHAPPEN Academiejaar 2004-2005 ASPECTS ETHNOBOTANIQUES ET ETUDE DE LA VARIABILITE MORPHOLOGIQUE, BIOCHIMIQUE ET PHENOLOGIQUE DE DETARIUM MICROCARPUM GUILL. & PERR. AU MALI ETNOBOTANIE EN STUDIE VAN DE MORFOLOGISCHE, BIOCHEMISCHE EN FENOLOGISCHE VARIABILITEIT VAN DETARIUM MICROCARPUM GUILL. & PERR. (MALI). Par/door ir. Amadou Malé KOUYATE Thèse présentée pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur (Ph.D) en Biosciences Ingénieurs Section Agronomie Proefschrift voorgedragen tot het bekomen van de graad van Doctor in de Bio-ingenieurswetenschappen Richting Landbouwkunde Op gezag van Rector: Prof. dr. A. DE LEENHEER Decaan: Promotoren: Prof. dr. ir. H. VAN LANGENHOVE Prof. dr. ir. P. VAN DAMME DECLARATION-STATEMENT L’auteur et le promoteur autorisent la consultation de ce travail uniquement pour l’usage personnel.Toute autre utilisation est interdite par la loi d’impression. La reproduction d’une partie de ce travail doit se faire avec l’accord au préalable de l’auteur. De auteur en de promotor geven toelating dit doctoraatswerk voor consultatie beschikbaar te stellen en delen ervan te copiëren voor persoonlijk gebruik. Elk ander gebruik valt onder de beperkingen van het auteursrecht, in het bijzonder met betrekking tot de verplichting uitdrukkelijk de bron te vermelden bij het aanhalen van de resultaten uit dit werk. The author and the promoter give the permission to use this dissertation for consultation and to copy parts of it for personal use. Any other use is subjected to copyright laws, more specificallly the source must be extensively when using results from this work. Gent, 24 Janvier 2005 Prof. dr. ir. P. VAN DAMME ir. Amadou Malé KOUYATE Promoteur Auteur ii A mes parents feu Fama Kouyaté et feue Mâh Goundo Koné A mon grand-frère feu Mountaga Kouyaté A mon ami feu Madani Diénépo A ma très chère épouse Aoua Traoré A mes enfants Mamadou Bidian, Fousseini, Cheikh Hamed Tidiane iii REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens à remercier solennellement Prof. Dr. ir. P. Van Damme qui n’a ménagé aucun effort pour assurer la direction de cette thèse avec beaucoup de disponibilité, de rigueur scientifique et de compréhension. Qu’il trouve ici toute ma gratitude. J’exprime toute ma reconnaissance à la Coopération suisse et Intercooperation suisse, pour leur appui financier qui a permis la réalisation de ce travail. Je tiens à remercier du fond du cœur Dr. James Gasana qui est l’initiateur de l’octroi de la bourse de formation doctorale. Qu’il en soit remercié. Mes remerciements sincères s’adressent aux membres de la commission d’examen de cette thèse en l’occurrence Prof. Dr. ir. George Hofman, Prof. Dr. Paul Goetghebeur, Prof. Dr. Reheul, Prof. Dr. ir. George De Wulf, Prof. Dr. François Malaisse, Prof. Dr. Jean-Pierre Sorg, Dr. ir. Toon Defoer, Dr. Ina Vandebroek. Leurs observations et suggestions visant à l’amélioration qualitative de cette thèse ont été d’un apport inestimable. Encore fois, qu’ils trouvent ici toute ma gratitude. Dr. Toon Defoer, je vous dis grand merci pour m’avoir conseillé de venir faire ma thèse à l’Université de Gand. Qu’il en soit remercié. J’adresse mes sincères remerciements à Lieven De La Marche, Attaché de Coopération Internationale, au Bureau de la Coopération Internationale de l’Ambassade de la Belgique au Mali, pour son appui inestimable. Qu’il trouve ici toute ma reconnaissance. A l’Institut d’Economie Rurale, je voudrais remercier le Directeur Général Dr. Bino Témé et tout son personnel. Mes remerciements chaleureux s’adressent à mon parrain scientifique Dr. Ibrahima N’Diaye pour son suivi constant et ses remarques pertinentes. A la Faculté des Sciences en Bio-Ingénierie, je tiens à remercier Prof. Dr. ir. Stephan De Neve et Dr. Bruno Meulenaer pour avoir supervisé nos analyses de sols et biochimiques, respectivement. Je remercie Mademoiselle Heidi Wouter pour ses conseils statistiques. Mes sincères remerciements s’adressent aux stagiaires Andreas Meyer de l’Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Zürich, Jean Hugé et Sarah Goyens de la Faculté des Sciences en Bio-Ingénierie de l’Université de Gand qui ont contribué significativement et positivement à la réalisation de ce travail. Je dis grand merci à mes amis du Laboratoire d’Agronomie Tropicale et Subtropicale et d’Ethnobotanique pour leurs conseils constants. Il s’agit de Annita Goethals, Tinneke Dirckx, Wouter Vanhove, Thomas Evert, Marleen Delanoy, Sofie Ruysschaert, Achille Assogbadjo, Bernard Lelou, Vahid Roohi, Hamid Reza Karimi, Mohammad Rafieiolhossaini, Pejman Tahmasebi et Johan Geirnaert. J’adresse mes chaleureux remerciements au Prof. Dr. Jean-Pierre Sorg qui m’a fait profiter de sa longue expérience en matière de recherche forestière. Qu’il trouve ici toute ma reconnaissance pour les services déployés. A Intercooperation, mes chaleureux remerciements s’adressent à Dr. Jürgen Blaser, à François Picard et à Marina Ogier qui a été ma très chère collaboratrice. Je dis grand merci au personnel des projets Jekasy et d’Appui à la Commission Régionale des Utilisateurs des Résultats de Recherche. Je remercie Dr. Pascal Cuny qui a été mon très cher collaborateur. iv Au Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique de Sikasso, j’exprime ma reconnaissance au Directeur Dr. Abdoulaye Hamadoun et son personnel. Mes sincères remerciements s’adressent au personnel de la Station de la Recherche Agronomique de Farako-Longorala, Monsieur Baba Fomba Chef d’Antenne de l’Equipe Systèmes de Production et Gestion des Ressources Naturelles de Bougouni, et au personnel de l’Antenne de l’Equipe Systèmes de Production et Gestion des Ressources Naturelles de Kadiolo pour leur appui constant. Je remercie Mamady Sanogo chef du parc auto, Siaka Traoré informaticien et Boubacar Diaw documentaliste pour leur disponibilité. Au Programme Ressources Forestières, je voudrais remercier le Chef de Programme Dr. Harouna Yossi et tout son personnel. Je voudrais remercier très sincèrement Messieurs Yaya. K. Diallo chauffeur au Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique de Sikasso et Hamidou Diawara observateur dans le cadre de cette thèse, pour leur contribution inestimable à la réalisation de ce travail. Qu’ils en soient très fortement remerciés. Mes vifs remerciements s’adressent à Dr. Mamadou Kané Directeur du Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique de Niono, Dr. Amadou Kodio Directeur du Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique de Mopti pour leur hospitalité. Je tiens à exprimer ma profonde reconnaissance à Monsieur Mamadou Bassi Simpara pour son amitié sans faille. Mes remerciements s’adressent à Abdoulaye Kamara, Bokary Allaye Kelly et Nicolas Picard pour leurs conseils en biométrie. Mes sincères remerciements s’adressent à Messieurs Ségui Konaté et Mama Soumaré, et leurs familles respectives à Gand pour leur hospitalité qui n’a jamais fait défaut. Je remercie Marleen, Isabelle et tous les locataires de l’OBSG pour leur accueil. Mes chaleureux remerciements à Flora Chadare pour son soutien moral et logistique, Alice N’Goran et Mikaïla Kanana. Je ne saurais terminer sans avoir une pensée profonde pour mes parents qui se sont investis de leur vivant pour que j’aille le plus loin possible dans mes études. Que leur âme repose en paix. Amen. J’attribue la palme d’or à une personne qui a contribué efficacement à la réussite de ce travail et consenti d’énormes sacrifices. Je la nomme ma très chère épouse Aoua Traoré. Qu’elle en soit récompensée. Mes saluts paternels à mes amis Baty Doucouré, Ibrahim Kouyaté, Aminata Daou, Mamadou Bidian Kouyaté, Fousseini Kouyaté et Cheickh Hamed Tidiane Kouyaté. Mes vifs remerciements s’adressent à tous ceux qui, de près ou loin, ont contribué à la réalisation de ce travail. v Table des matières Page Résumé ix Liste des tableaux xiii Liste des figures xv Sigles et acronymes xvi Introduction générale 1 1. Problématique et justification 1 2. Objectifs 4 3. Questions de recherche 4 Chapitre 1 6 Présentation de la zone d’étude 6 1.1 Géographie et population 6 1.2 Relief et hydrographie 7 1.3 Climat, sol et végétation 8 1.4 Agriculture 10 1.5 Mines 12 Chapitre 2 13 Revue botanique, biogéographique et écologique de Detarium microcarpum 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Description des espèces de Detarium 13 2.3 Detarium microcarpum 17 2.3.1 Nomenclature 17 2.3.2 Habitat et distribution 18 2.3.2.1 Habitat 18 2.3.2.2 Distribution 18 2.3.2.3 Description botanique 18 2.4 Comportement des jeunes plantules de Detarium microcarpum en plantation 20 Chapitre 3 22 Perceptions des communautés locales sur Detarium microcarpum 22 3.1 Introduction 22 3.2 Objectifs spécifiques 24 3.3 Matériel et méthodes 24 3.3.1 Présentation de la zone d’étude 24 3.3.2 Critères de choix des villages d’enquête 25 3.3.3 Aperçu sur les ethnies enquêtées 26 3.3.4 Conduite et déroulement de l’enquête 27 3.3.5 Traitement et analyse des données 29 3.4 Résultats et discussion 30 3.4.1 Toposéquence et types de sol 30 3.4.2 Modes de reproduction 31 3.4.3 Commercialisation des produits 33 3.4.4 Utilisations médicinales 35 3.4.5 Utilisations magiques 41 3.4.6 Utilisations vétérinaires 41 3.4.7 Utilisations courantes et non médicinales 42 3.4.8 Niveau de fertilité des sols 46 3.4.9 Importance socioculturelle 46 3.4.10 Gestion des arbres 49 3.4.10.1 Gestion des arbres dans les champs 49 3.4.10.2 Cueillette et ramassage des fruits 49 3.4.10.3 Période et hauteur de coupe 50 vi 3.4.11 Critères de différenciation paysans des individus 51 3.4.12 Nature des pressions 52 3.5 Conclusions 53 Chapitre 4 55 Caractérisation morphologique de Detarium microcarpum 55 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 Objectifs 57
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