Cooperation Or Competition?

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Exploring the Universe: Cooperation or Competition? European Forum Alpbach 2013 Shuang-Nan Zhang Director, Center for Particle Astrophysics Institute of High Energy Physics Chief Scientist, Space Science Division National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 Day 4 2 The role of the shuttle for space science: astronomy as example Launched the first three of NASA’s four Great Observatories, Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (1991–2000), Hubble Space Telescope (1990), Chandra X-ray Observatory (1999-), and Spitzer Space Telescope 3 4 Astronaut saved CGRO 1991–2000 5 Shuttle saved and kept HST alive 1990.4.24 date purpose 1 1993.12 Repair primary mirror 2 1997.2 Repl 2 cam, 1 rec, etc. 3A 1999.12 Repl 6 gyro, FGS, comp 3B 2002.3 Repl 1 cam, solar array 4 2009.5 Instl many instruments 6 The last (4th) HST service mission Originally planned in 2005, but the Columbia disaster in 2003 made NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe to cancel all manned SMs. But in January 2004, O'Keefe said he would review his decision due to public outcry. The new NASA Administrator nominee, Michael D. Griffin, in April 2005 stated he would consider a manned SM to HST. In 2006.10, Griffin decided SM4 in 2008.10. But HST's main DHU failed in 2008.09, SM4 was postponed to incorporate a replacement for DHU. SM4 in 2009.05 HST fully functional beyond 2014. No more HST service, since no more Shuttle! 7 China’s Manned Space Program In 1967-68, China decided 1st manned spacecraft design Shuguang (dawn)-1 1st satellite launched into orbit on 1970. Manned program started officially on in 1971.4 as Project 714 two astronauts into space before 1973 But soon canceled due to the culture revolution In 1986.3, Project 863 started as a shuttle program, but two years later adopted a simpler space capsule design. In 1992.1, the current Project 921 (Shenzhou program: Divine vessel ) kicked off In 1999, Shenzhou-1 was launched and recovered In 2003, 1st Chinese astronaut was sent on Shenzhou- 5 to space and returned 21 hours later. 8 International Space Station without China In late 1980’s, NASA tried to tie ESA and Japan to its Freedom Space Station program, why? preventing those nations from becoming major, independent competitors? In 1989, USSR was dissolved and the cold war ended USA and Russia began to talk about ISS China was also interested in joining, but refused by USA. In 1992, China decided to develop the 921 manned space program, after two canceled programs in 70’s and 80’s 3 stages: manned capability spacelab space station. In 1993, USA and Russia agreed on ISS, along with ESA and Japan, but without China. When MIR ended? on March 23, 2001, why and how? 9.

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