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III. Annexation of Crimea in 2014 1 저작자표시-비영리-변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는 아래의 조건을 따르는 경우에 한하여 자유롭게 l 이 저작물을 복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연 및 방송할 수 있습니다. 다음과 같은 조건을 따라야 합니다: 저작자표시. 귀하는 원저작자를 표시하여야 합니다. 비영리. 귀하는 이 저작물을 영리 목적으로 이용할 수 없습니다. 변경금지. 귀하는 이 저작물을 개작, 변형 또는 가공할 수 없습니다. l 귀하는, 이 저작물의 재이용이나 배포의 경우, 이 저작물에 적용된 이용허락조건 을 명확하게 나타내어야 합니다. l 저작권자로부터 별도의 허가를 받으면 이러한 조건들은 적용되지 않습니다. 저작권법에 따른 이용자의 권리는 위의 내용에 의하여 영향을 받지 않습니다. 이것은 이용허락규약(Legal Code)을 이해하기 쉽게 요약한 것입니다. Disclaimer 국제학석사학위논문 Why Do Russia and Europe Clash on Crimea? A Constructivist Interpretation Focusing on Different Conceptions of Sovereignty 왜 러시아와 유럽은 크림반도에서 충돌하는가? 주권인식 차이 중심의 구성주의적 해석 2016년 8월 서울대학교 국제대학원 국제학과 국제협력전공 김 민 지 Why Do Russia and Europe Clash on Crimea? A Constructivist Interpretation Focusing on Different Conceptions of Sovereignty Thesis by Min Ji Kim Graduate Program in International Cooperation For the Degree of Master of International Studies August 2016 Graduate School of International Studies Seoul National University Seoul, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Why Do Russia and Europe Clash on Crimea? A Constructivist Interpretation Focusing on Different Conceptions of Sovereignty Min Ji Kim Graduate School of International Studies Seoul National University This thesis explores the reasons why Russia and Europe clash on Crimea focusing on different conceptions of sovereignty in Russia and Europe. In an effort to provide a Constructivist interpretation of the clash in the Ukrainian peninsula of Crimea, this study investigates the concepts of sovereignty adopted in Russia and Europe as a foundation for their clash. In addressing the main research question “Why do Russia and Europe clash on Crimea?” the main thesis laid out is that Russia and Europe’s conceptions of sovereignty significantly differ, and this difference serves as a critical impetus for the clash between Russia and Europe on Crimea. The first part of the analysis demonstrates the different conceptions of sovereignty in Russia and Europe, while the second part provides the reasons for such discrepancy. It is revealed that the conceptions of sovereignty in Russia and Europe diverge from one another at the core due to their unique national identities. Whereas the Russian concept, driven by its hegemonic identity, distinguishes legal (de jure) and real (de facto) sovereignties, the European construct of sovereignty conception, driven by the shared sense of establishing peace and equality among states, is a unitary and undiscriminating conception. The main objective of this research was to provide a Constructivist interpretation for the clash between Russia and Europe on Crimea. This study shows that the different conceptions of sovereignty – influenced by states’ national identity – serve as a reason behind the clash, which substantiates that acknowledging national identity and discovering states’ understanding of foreign policy concepts could serve a useful purpose in understanding international relations. Key words: Crimea, Russian Foreign Policy, European Foreign Policy, Sovereignty, National Identity, Hegemonic Identity, Isocratic Identity. Student Number: 2014-24291 List of Abbreviations CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy CIS Commonwealth of Independent States ECSC European Coal and Steel Community EEAS European External Action Service EU European Union FPA Foreign Policy Analysis IR International Relations MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs RSFSR Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic USSR` Union of Soviet Socialist Republics WWII World War II List of Tables and Annexes Table 1. Main Features of Empire and Hegemony --------------------------------------- 63 Table 2. Hegemonic Features observed in Russia---------------------------------------- 67 Table 3. Different Conceptions of Sovereignty in Russia and Europe ---------------- 93 Annex I. Declaration of Sovereignty of the RSFSR (1991) (Original Russian text) -- 101 Annex II. Declaration of Sovereignty of the RSFSR (1991) (English translation) ---- 105 Annex III. Declaration on Russian Identity (2014) (Original Russian text) -------- 108 Annex IV. Declaration on Russian Identity (2014) (English translation) ----------- 111 Annex V. Official statements by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia (2014) --- 113 Annex VI. Official statements by the European External Action Service (2014) - 118 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations List of Tables and Annexes I. Introduction 1. The Annexation of Crimea in 2014 ..................................................................... 1 2. Why Russia? ......................................................................................................... 3 3. Russia and Europe ............................................................................................... 6 4. Research Question .............................................................................................. 10 5. Structure of the Thesis ....................................................................................... 11 II. Theoretical Framework and Methodology 1. Constructivism ................................................................................................... 14 1-1. Limitations of competing Realist Theory ................................................................ 14 1-2. Choice of Constructivism ............................................................................................. 17 2. Key Conceptions and Proposition..................................................................... 21 2-1. National Identity and Foreign Policy ........................................................................ 21 2-2 National Identity and Conception of Sovereignty .................................................. 24 2-3. Sovereignty ........................................................................................................................ 25 2-4. Concept of Sovereignty in Foreign Policy .............................................................. 29 3. Research Methodology ...................................................................................... 30 3-1. Foreign Policy Analysis ................................................................................................ 30 3-2. History Analysis .............................................................................................................. 35 3-3. Discourse Analysis .......................................................................................................... 36 III. Annexation of Crimea in 2014 1. The Annexation of Crimea in 2014 ................................................................... 38 1-1. Overview ............................................................................................................................ 38 1-2. The 2014 Crimean Crisis .............................................................................................. 41 2. Different Conceptions of Sovereignty in Russia and Europe ......................... 44 2-1. De jure and de facto Sovereignty ............................................................................... 45 2-2. Absoluteness of Sovereignty ........................................................................................ 54 IV. National Identity and Concept of Sovereignty 1. Different Conceptions of Sovereignty ............................................................... 57 2. Russian National Identity .................................................................................. 58 2-1. National Identity in Russia ........................................................................................... 58 2-2. Imperial Legacy and Hegemonic Identity ............................................................... 61 2-3. Hegemonic Identity and Concept of Sovereignty ................................................. 71 3. The European Identity ....................................................................................... 77 3-1. Identity of Europe ............................................................................................................ 77 3-2. Legacy of the WWII and Isocratic Identity ............................................................. 79 3-3. Isocratic Identity and Concept of Sovereignty ....................................................... 87 V. Conclusion 1. Different Conceptions of Sovereignty in Russia and Europe ......................... 91 2. Limitations of the Study and Further Research .............................................. 96 3. Concluding Remark ........................................................................................... 99 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 121 Annexes Acknowledgement I. Introduction 1. The Annexation of Crimea in 2014 In the beginning of 2014, the Ukrainian peninsula of Crimea became a subject of increasing tensions between Russia, Ukraine, and the Western world. The outcome of the much-disputed Crimean crisis resulted in the annexation of Crimea to the Russian Federation along with a deterioration of Russia’s position in the international arena. The crisis caused more than 100 fatalities and the social, political and economic turmoil in Ukraine. It was also the venue of clash between Russia and Europe, which did not end with the formal accession of Crimea to the Russian Federation. The West calls it an illegal infringement of Ukraine’s sovereign territory. Russia claims it as the salvation of its people from an atrocious illegal regime in Ukraine. No matter how
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