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The Many Unknowns About Plovers and Sandpipers of the World: Introduction to a Wealth of Research Opportunities Highly Relevant for Shorebird Conservation

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The Many Unknowns About Plovers and Sandpipers of the World: Introduction to a Wealth of Research Opportunities Highly Relevant for Shorebird Conservation The many unknowns about plovers and sandpipers of the world: introduction to a wealth of research opportunities highly relevant for shorebird conservation TheunisPiersma, Popko Wiersma& Jan van Gils Piersma, T., Wiersma, P. & van Gils, J. 1997. The many unknownsabout plovers and sandpipersof the world: introductionto a wealth of research opportunitieshighly relevant for shorebird conservation. Wader Study Group Bull. 82: 23-33. We reviewthe current information,especially with respectto conservationbiology, about the plover (Charadriidae) and sandpiper(Scolopacidae) families, based on informationassembled for the family-chaptersin the Handbook of the Birds of the World, Volume 3 (del Hoyo et al. 1996). The existing information about 155 species is summarized in a comprehensivetable (Appendix1), and some informativestatistics have been derived. Existingknowledge is very unequallydistributed. For example, for those plovers and sandpipersbreeding in South America only, nothingis known about the demographyof of the species. Species confinedto Africa and Asia are slightlybetter known, but also here demographicand feeding ecological knowledgeis absent in most cases. Best studied are species in the remaining regions of the world, but even for species breeding in Europe any demographicalknowledge, so criticalfor soundconservation practise and management,is lackingfor a third of the species. There are no fewer than 27 plover and sandpiper species about which virtually nothing is known. Inland species such as several lapwings, plovers, woodcocks and snipes with restricted distributionin South America, Africa and Asia, feature prominentlyin this list; a third of these species are known to face conservationproblems. There is work to be done by waderologists all over the world. T. Pierstoa & J. van Gils, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands;E-mail: theunis•nioz. nL P. Wiersma,Zoological Laboratory, University of Groningen,P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands. INTRODUCTION hope that the knowledge eventually gained will help to safeguard endangered wader species in due course. Duringthe preparationof the speciesdescriptions, species distributionmaps and family texts of the two most diverse families of waders (the Charadriidaeand the Scolopac- METHODS idae) for the Handbookof the Birdsof the World,Volume 3 (del Hoyo, Elliott& Sargital 1996), the three of us For the preparationof the species-texts(Piersma & assembled a lot of information in a fairly comprehensive Wiersma 1996; Piersma et al. 1996), most of the regional and systematicway (Piersma & Wiersma 1996, Piersma handbookswere examined, all "Recent publicationson et al. 1996). Ouringthis process,we became acutely waders"published in the Wader Study Group Bulletinwere aware of the paucity of informationon many species, scanned, and several computerised literature searches suggestingmuch scopefor basic investigationsin most were made. The relevant information was assembled partsof the world, and we also realizedthe need for under the headings "Taxonomy","Distribution", further integrativeand comparativestudies on the biology "Descriptivenotes", "Habitat", "Food and Feeding", of these families. In this brief review we present a "Breeding","Movements", "Status and Conservation"and tabulated summary of our findings(Appendix 1). As the "Bibliography".For the compilationin Appendix 1 we used knowledgebase for the otherwader families may not be our original, unedited bibliographiesand counted the directlycomparable, we have refrainedfrom the number of publicationsspecifically devoted to the biology temptationto do a similar exercisefor them as well. of the species concernedto assign it to one of the six categoriesof the publicationrecord. To indicatethe strengthand weaknessesin the worldwide knowledgeabout ploversand sandpipers,we have On the basis of the distributionmap and the "distribution" summarizedthe informationin Appendix1 furtherin a sectionwe assigned each species to one or more series of tables. Of most relevance, of course, is an continents,adding Oceania (the islands of the Pacific identificationof the state of knowledgeabout rare and Ocean) as the seventh region. In AppendixI we then endangeredwader species. If this reviewstimulates listed the official conservationstatus accordingto the relevantexplorations and focussessome of the necessary IUCN criteria as adopted and assigned by BirdLife field and desk efforts, we have achieved our aims. We International(Collar eta/. 1994). Many speciesgive no 23 immediate conservation concern and are called "Not- 3) reproductivebiology (mating system, breeding GloballyThreatened". Species that may have a problem biology,parent-offspring relationships), are "Near-Threatened". Accordingto the IUCN criteria, 4) migrationsystem (use of flyways by different speciesin dire straightsare either"Vulnerable"(awarded a segments of population,geography of wintering and 10% chance of going extinctin the next 100 years), breedinggrounds, (re-) fueling strategies), and "Endangered"(with a 20% chanceof goingextinct in the next20 years) or "Critical"(with a 50% chanceof going 5) food and foraging. extinctwithin five years). Obviously,there is a degree of subjectivityin making these assignments,but this seems unavoidable. The Apartfrom the officialconservation status, Appendix 1 patternsof No's and Yes's shouldnevertheless give a fair givesa listingof the degreeof knowledgeabout five topics pictureof the state of our knowledgebase. that are most relevant for conservationbiology. For each specieswe haveasked ourselves, on the basisof the information assembled for the Handbook of the Birds of the World, whether nothing("No"), something ("+") or quite TAXONOMIC DIVERSITY AMONG PLOVERS AND much ("Yes")is knownabout respectively SANDPIPERS 1) populationsize, The diversityamong the Charadriidaeis illustratedin 2) demographicstructure (age composition,sex ratio, Figure 1. recruitment,survival and mortalityfactors), MagellanicPlover 1 species (Pluvianellus) lapwings 25 species (Vane#us,Erythrogonys) plovers 41 species (Pluvialis,Charaddus, Elseyornis, Peltohyas,Anarhynchus, Phegornis,Oreopholus) Figure1. Subdivisionofthe plovers, Charadriidae, inthree subfamilies, illustrating thediversity ofthis wader family, with listings of the currently recognizedgenera, and total numbers of extantspecies. The white-on-black name is that of the family, whilst the shaded boxes give sub-family names.This is a black-and-whitereprint (by permission ofthe editors) ofa figureby ,•,ngels Jutglar & Etel Vilar6 in del Hoyo et al. (1996: p. 384). With the exceptionof the MagellanicPlover (Pluvianellus outgroupto the othertwo, havingderived from a common socialis;subfamily Pluvianellinae), clearly not belongingto ancestorearly on. Perhaps,Pluvialis should not be the cladeof ploversand usuallyawarded family status, includedin the subfamilyCharadriinae, but rather have a biochemicalevidence suggests that all modernplovers subfamilyof its own. It has beensuggested several times share the same commdn ancestor. Although the family is that the ploversare a familythat originatedat low commonlydivided into two subfamilies,the lapwings latitudesin the southernhemisphere, the regionwhere (Vanellinae)and the true plovers(Charadriinae), the Grey mostspecies are aroundtoday. The ploverfamily should andgolden plovers of the genusPluvialis may be an have evolved under rather arid, semidesert conditions, 24 specializingon smallprey that are mostactive at night. single subfamily of snipe-alikes,the exact positionof the Onlythe genusPluvialis, of whichall four speciesbreed in three dowitchers(Limnodromus) remains unresolved. tundra areas aroundthe Arctic Ocean, may have its origin Most previousauthors have listedthem with the snipes, in the northern hemisphere. but others have put them with the tringinesandpipers, and for both hypothesesthere is somethingto say. The The greatdiversity of the sandpiperfamily, Scolopacidae, tringine-wadersare very likelyto be composedof different which consists of some six subfamilies (woodcocks, evolutionarylineages. Recent work suggeststhat the snipes,turnstones, sandpipers, tringine-waders and shanks and tattlers may be closely related to the phalaropes),with the Tringinaebeing subdivided further in phalaropes,and that this combined lineage is a sister godwits& curlews,shanks and Polynesiansandpipers, is group to the woodcocksand snipes. The godwits illustratedin Figure 2. There is little doubtthat the (Lirnosa)and the curlews(Nurnenius and Bartrarnia) Scolopacidaeis monophyletic,but there are problemswith appear to be two independenttaxa, quite unrelatedto the the biologicalsubdivision of this variablefamily. Four of rest of the Tringinae, possibly branching off at the base of the subfamilies(the woodcocks,turnstones, sandpipers, the scolopacidfamily. The positionof the Tuamotu and phalaropes)are almostcertainly monophyletic. Apart Sandpiperand its two extinctrelatives remains unresolved from a possiblemerger of woodcockswith snipesinto a in view of a lack of modern phylogeneticstudies. i•.••, .....:•:. •..-'':•',,•'• -.-.-.• - ;::•,•,•....•, .,,•r • .•-•.•. - . woodcocks snipesand dowitchers turnstones sandpipers phalaropes 6 species 21 speci• 2 species 24 spedes 3 species (Scolop•) (C•n•o•ha, Lymnoc•tes, (Arenaria) (Aphriza,Calidris, (Steganopus,Phalaropus) Gallinago,Limnodrom•) Eurynorhynchus, Lirnicola,Micropalarna, Tryngites,Philornachus) I NUMENIINIII •••:•"'• .•... ;?•........ godwitsand curlews
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