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Life in the American Colonies American Colonies Life in the netw rks There’s More Online about life in the American Colonies American colonies. 1607–1770 CHAPTER 4 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • How does geography infl uence the way people live? Lesson 1 • How do new ideas change the way people live? • Why does confl ict develop? Colonial Economy Lesson 2 Colonial Government Lesson 3 Culture and Society Lesson 4 Rivalry in North America The Story Matters . At fi rst glance, the painting is simple—just a woman and her small baby. Look deeper, however, and you can see more. The portrait dates from the 1670s, just 50 years after the Pilgrims fi rst arrived in New England. It shows Elizabeth Freake, wife of a Boston merchant and lawyer John Freake, with baby Mary. Notice the fi ne fabrics mother and child are wearing. For many colonial Americans such as the Freakes, life is no longer a struggle for survival. In fact, it is increasingly prosperous and comfortable. Burstein Collection/CORBIS 87 081_083_DOPA_SE_MS_C04_CO_659693.indd 81 PDF PROOF 2/15/11 11:31 AM Program: DOPA Component: Student Vendor: Six Red Marbles Grade: Middle School FL CHAPTER 4 Place and Time: America 1607 to 1770 Colonial America was rich The kitchen was the in natural resources, such heart of the American as lumber, fi sh, and furs. home in colonial In many of the colonies, times. Maintaining the fi re was an important the land was well-suited task. The fi re was used to agriculture, producing to cook the food, crops like wheat, corn, provide warmth, and tobacco, rice, and indigo. boil the water for In some colonies, industries washing the clothes. developed to process and transport the wealth of the new land. W Step Into the Place MAP FOCUS The Colonial Economy map shows the diff erent regions of the thirteen colonies . R i along with their major industries. p ip s s si 1 PLACE Where was shipbuilding a is Perhaps no other person represented the M major industry? rise of the American colonies better than Benjamin Franklin. A successful 2 REGION What crops were businessperson, a scientifi c genius, and a common to both the Middle Colonies skilled political leader—Franklin and the Southern Colonies? showed many of the best traits of the 3 CRITICAL THINKING growing colonial society. Drawing Conclusions Why do you think the New England Colonies developed industries that were not based in agriculture? (b) Topham/The Image Works, (t)The Granger Collection, NYC (t)The Works, Image Topham/The (b) Gulf of Me Step Into the Time 16 c. 1570 1619 TIME LINE Which events on Iroquois Confederacy forms The fi rst Africans arrive in Virginia reg the time line hint at confl ict in AMERICAS colonial North America? 1550 1600 WORLD EVENTS 1 6 88 Life in the American Colonies 081_083_DOPA_SE_MS_C04_CO_659693.indd 82 PDF PROOF 3/7/11 4:32 PM Program: DOPA Component: Student Vendor: Six Red Marbles Grade: Middle School FL NGSSS covered in Place and Time MAP Explore the interactive netw rks version of this map on NETWORKS. Students will understand the following benchmarks There’s More Online! TIME LINE Explore the interactive from the Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards. version of this time line on SS.8.A.2.3 Diff erentiate economic systems of New England, Middle and NETWORKS. Southern colonies including indentured servants and slaves as labor sources. SS.8.G.1.1 Use maps to explain physical and cultural attributes of major regions throughout American history. SS.8.G.1.2 Use appropriateMass.Mass. geographic tools and terms to identify45°N and describe signifi cant places and regions in American history. The Colonial Economy c. 1750 Lake N.H. Huron n Falmouth a g i L. Ontario Portsmouth h c Albany i NEW ENGLAND M Boston COLONIES e N.Y. Mass. k R a n L ie o Er s Conn. e Delaware d Newport Lak u Susquehanna R. R. H R.I. 40°N R. ash Pa. ab New York W N New Castle N.J. S Baltimore MIDDLE E N W I . COLONIES R A c Md. a T S m Del. o N t o U P O 65°W Virginia Chesapeake Bay io R. M Oh York R. N Williamsburg ATLANTIC IA . James R. R H OCEAN C Norfolk i A p . R L ip e R s se A o s es P a i n P P North n 35°N s n e o s e A e ke i T R he D Carolina . M e e R an . New Bern Wheat and corn d a Tobacco South Rice and indigo Carolina Wilmington Sa v Fishing and whaling a n SOUTHERN n a Cattle h COLONIES R . Fur trapping Georgia Charleston Ironworks cmulg O ee Lumber R . Savannah Rum distillery 0 200 miles Shipbuilding 30°N 0 200 km Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection (b) Topham/The Image Works, (t)The Granger Collection, NYC (t)The Works, Image Topham/The (b) Gulf of Mexico 85°W 80°W 75°W 70°W 1754 French and Indian War begins 1651 First Navigation Act 1676 Bacon’s Rebellion c. 1740 Great Awakening peaks 1763 King George issues nia regulates colonial trade takes place in Virginia Proclamation of 1763 1650650 1700 17500 1800 1644 Qing Dynasty established in China 1748 Montesquieu 1762 Catherine the Great 1689 publishes The Spirit of Laws English Bill of Rights signed begins rule in Russia c. 1700 Asante Kingdom rises in West Africa 1756 Seven Years’ War begins 89 081_083_DOPA_SE_MS_C04_CO_659693.indd 83 PDF PROOF 3/7/11 4:32 PM Program: DOPA Component: Student FL Vendor: Six Red Marbles Grade: Middle School FL O C netw rks H NORTH IS T I Th There’s More Online! AMERICA R B W BIOGRAPHY to Olaudah Equiano co CHART/GRAPH So The African Slave Trade GRAPHIC ORGANIZER Lesson 1 fa The Triangular Trade MAP The Triangular Trade Colonial Economy T PRIMARY SOURCE M • Life on a Plantation en • Conditions on a Slave Ship ESSENTIAL QUESTION How does geography infl uence the way people live? En an It Matters Because Yo The unique resources and conditions that existed in each colony an helped shape colonial economies and ways of living. in NGSSS covered in “Making a Living in the Colonies” to SS.8.A.2.3 Diff erentiate economic systems of Making a Living in the Colonies New England, Middle and Southern colonies GUIDING QUESTION How did the economic activity of the three regions refl ect be including indentured servants and slaves as labor sources. their geography? 14 SS.8.A.2.7 Describe the contributions of key pe groups (Africans, Native Americans, women, Life in colonial America was based largely on agriculture. Most and children) to the society and culture of A colonial America. colonists farmed or made their livings from businesses related to SS.8.E.1.1 Examine motivating economic farming, such as milling fl our. Geography played an important factors that infl uenced the development of M the United States economy over time role in the colonies’ economic development. Colonists learned to including scarcity, supply and demand, w opportunity costs, incentives, profi ts, and adapt to the climate and terrain of the region where they lived. entrepreneurial aspects. an SS.8.E.2.3 Assess the role of Africans and other Commercial New England bu minority groups in the economic development of the United States. In New England, long winters and thin, rocky soil made large- sm SS.8.G.1.2 Use appropriate geographic tools and terms to identify and describe scale farming diffi cult. Most farmers here practiced subsistence signifi cant places and regions in American farming (suhb • SIS • tuhns)—producing enough to meet the G history. m SS.8.G.5.1 Describe human dependence on the needs of their families, with little left over to sell or trade. New physical environment and natural resources England farmers often depended on their children for labor. su to satisfy basic needs in local environments in the United States. Everyone in the family worked—spinning yarn, milking cows, d Continued on page 91 fencing fi elds, and sowing and harvesting crops. Women made N cloth, garments, candles, and soaps for their families. Throughout New England were many small businesses. L Nearly every town had a mill for grinding grain or sawing Th lumber. People used waterpower from streams to run the mills. to Large towns attracted skilled craftspeople. Among them were an blacksmiths, shoemakers, furniture makers, and gunsmiths. Granger Collection, (r) GettyThe Images c) cl, (l, Historical Society/Bridgeman Art Library Collection of the New-York se Reading HELPDESK Taking Notes: Describing Content Vocabulary su As you read, use a diagram like this one • subsistence farming • triangular trade en to describe the triangular trade routes. • cash crop • slave code ca • diversity in 90 Life in the American Colonies 084_091_DOPA_SE_MS_C04_L1_659693.indd 84 PDF PROOF 3/10/11 11:33 AM Program: DOPA Component: Student Vendor: Six Red Marbles Grade: Middle School FL Shipbuilding was an important New England industry. The lumber for building ships came from the region’s forests. Workers fl oated the lumber down rivers to shipyards in coastal towns. The Northern coastal cities served as centers of the colonial shipping trade, linking the Northern Colonies with the Southern Colonies—and America with other parts of the world. Fishing was also important. Some New Englanders ventured far out to sea to hunt whales for oil and whalebone. The Middle Colonies Most people in the Middle Colonies were farmers. This region New York City, shown here in the enjoyed more fertile soil and a slightly milder climate than New late 1750s, was a bustling center of trade and population in the England.
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