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Black Soldiers at Fort Hays, Kansas, 1867-1869 a Study in Civilian and Military Violence

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Black Soldiers at Fort Hays, Kansas, 1867-1869 a Study in Civilian and Military Violence University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, Center for Winter 1997 Black Soldiers At Fort Hays, Kansas, 1867-1869 A Study In Civilian And Military Violence James N. Leiker University of Kansas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Leiker, James N., "Black Soldiers At Fort Hays, Kansas, 1867-1869 A Study In Civilian And Military Violence" (1997). Great Plains Quarterly. 1973. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/1973 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Quarterly by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. BLACK SOLDIERS AT FORT HAYS, KANSAS, 1867 .. 1869 A STUDY IN CIVILIAN AND MILITARY VIOLENCE JAMES N. LEIKER Historians of the western army contend with opening the West for white settlement. Despite many romanticized myths. Few of those myths, their important functions, uniformed African in recent years, have held the popular con­ Americans continually suffered racism and dis­ sciousness as has that of the army's first black crimination from frontier civilians and even regulars, known as "buffalo soldiers." By now, from some of their own white officers. l the origins of the segregated regiments are For much of this century, both popular cul­ quite familiar. In 1866, with the nation's act­ ture and professional historians overlooked the ing military force having dwindled ro a frac­ buffalo soldiers. The gallant stereotype of pa­ tion of its Civil War size, the Republican triotic, blue-jacketed warriors bringing civili­ Congress encouraged the enlistment of newly zation to the plains failed to accommodate the freed slaves and northern free blacks. Assigned presence of armed blacks. Although scholars to remote western areas, black units played an began to draw public attention toward black instrumental role over the next few decades in soldiers as early as the 1960s, the dedication of a buffalo soldiers monument at Fort Leavenworth in 1992 fully captured the popu­ lar imagination, partly because of Colin Powell's visible involvement. The Leaven­ worth project was accompanied by a veritable explosion of buffalo soldiers commemorations including museum displays, documentaries, James N. Leiker is a doctoral candidate in history at newspaper and journal articles, and reenact­ the University of Kansas. He has published "Voices ment societies. Where once the public imag­ from a Disease Frontier: Kansas and Cholera, 1867" in Kansas History. ined the West only in terms of white soldiers and red Indians, the present fascination repre­ sents a positive step in defining the region as a [GPQ 17 (Winter 1997): 3-171 meeting ground for numerous races and cul­ tures, a step that scholars should applaud. 3 4 GREAT PLAINS QUARTERLY, WINTER 1997 Yet not all have been enthusiastic about Although holding limited options, buffalo sol­ proclaiming buffalo soldiers' contributions to diers' individual reactions to civilian antago­ western conquest. From a Native American nism played a vital role in local race relations. standpoint, lionizing the black regiments to redress historical neglect appears no more just SETTING THE SCENE nor progressive than the Anglo myths that ex­ cluded them. When the U.S. Postmaster Gen­ Fort Hays, located in northwest Kansas, eral announced a commemorative buffalo serves as an example of black agency. Active soldiers stamp in 1994, representatives of the from 1865 to 1889, its garrison protected stage­ American Indian Movement demanded both coach and railway traffic along the Smoky Hill the stamp's withdrawal and a public apology.2 River to Denver.3 Stationed there in the late For all the topic's recent attention, few grasp 1860s, troops from the Thirty-eighth Infantry its frustrating irony: that black males, them­ and Tenth Cavalry (both consisting entirely selves victims of white prejudice, voluntarily of black soldiers) comprised the majority of aided the subjugation of Native peoples for the post's enlisted men up to 1869. Though the benefit of Anglo expansion. This scenario engaged in several Indian battles, the average illustrates the complicated, even paradoxical, black soldier had more reason to fear civilians nature of American race relations. Unfortu­ or even comrades than Indians; more injuries nately, significant questions are overshadowed and killings resulted from altercations in camp by the topic's "contribution" aspects, helping or nearby Hays City than from combat. While to provide a focus for national and racial pride, Fort Hays's troubles were not unique, the un­ a cry of "we were there too." Nor have aca­ usual mingling of a predominantly black mili­ demic historians pursued the more difficult tary with growing numbers of white civilians questions as aggressively as they should. New led to racial violence that mirrored and even Western History, which has debunked many surpassed that in other western communities.4 myths surrounding white occupation and Given Kansas' early reputation among Afri­ shown its catastrophic consequences for mi­ can Americans as a safe haven for freedmen, norities, generally ignores the army's role in such an assertion might seem surprising. After western conquest. Military histories have added all, Kansas had been among the first states to tremendously to knowledge about the subject muster black volunteers into Union service.s but most employ traditional approaches that Even after the Civil War, images of "Bleeding are more event-centered and descriptive than Kansas" and John Brown enhanced the state's analytical and interpretive. prestige among southern blacks as a place of The time appears right for a serious reap­ opportunity and freedom. In the late 1870s, praisal of the army's first black regulars, one thousands of "exodusters"-emigrants fleeing that resists the temptation to cast them either the South after Reconstruction-chose Kansas as villainous enforcers of white oppression or as their destination. While most exodusters heroic subjects of injustice. The former depic­ found only disillusionment in the so-called tion rests on the questionable assumption that "Canaan of the Prairies," active state charity blacks shared whites' racist attitudes toward organizations worked diligently to ease the refu­ Indians; the latter, more common view treats gees' plight.6 In addition, Kansas claimed sev­ them as passive victims, stoically enduring dis­ eral black communities, among them crimination. Both rob the buffalo soldiers of Nicodemus, established in 1877 only fifty miles conscious agency, seeing them not as histori­ northwest of Hays City. If any state could have cal actors but merely as "acted upon." In fact, been expected to tolerate a high population when uniformed blacks entered the hostile ra­ of black soldiers, it should have been Kansas. cial climate of western towns, some acquiesced While the legacies of abolition and the to white racism but others violently resisted. Civil War may have encouraged relative open- BLACK SOLDIERS AT FORT HAYS, KANSAS 5 FIG. 1. Main street, Hays City, Kansas, 1871 . Courtesy of Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka, Kansas. ness in the state's eastern communities, how­ Understanding the reception of black sol­ ever, isolated locales like Fort Hays initially diers in Hays City first necessitates an exami­ shared little with Lawrence and Leavenworth. nation of the military and social atmosphere at During the black units' peak enlistment in the Fort Hays. As Indian raids diminished by late late 1860s, the new forts and towns truly epito­ 1867, three Tenth Cavalry companies were mized the "frontier," the peripheral edge of recalled for winter rest at Fort Riley, leaving white settlement socially and geographically. Fort Hays largely under the protection of black While "frontier" as an analytical concept has infantry.s Because of its central location and been criticized for its ethnocentric connota­ proximity to the railroad, Fort Hays served as tions, the term retains usefulness for discover­ General Philip Sheridan's administrative head­ ing how racial hatreds were transferred to the quarters and a depot for goods arriving by rail developing region. 7 By examining how the ci­ during the 1868-69 campaign. Although small vilian community perceived and interacted cavalry detachments remained until 1871, in­ with black soldiers, we can draw a clearer pic­ fantry comprised the garrison's majority. Thus, ture of how the black military experience if Fort Hays could claim a "semi-permanent" helped to shape western race relations. black population up to 1869, the Thirty-eighth 6 GREAT PLAINS QUARTERLY, WINTER 1997 FIG. 2. Buffalo soldiers at Fort Hays guarding a U.S . express overland stage coach preparing to depart for Denver. Courtesy of Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka, Kansas. Infantry fit that role better than the more tran­ fired indiscriminately at anyone-white, black, sient Tenth Cavalry. or Indian-who ventured too close. Lest the Narratives often focus on the cavalry's dra­ frightened infantrymen fire on peaceful Na­ matic offensive campaigns and overlook in­ tive people and provoke conflict, officers or­ fantrymen, who performed the more routine dered them to deal cautiously with anyone who tasks of escorting surveying parties,
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